Kawasaki disease (KD) is the most common cause of paediatric acquired heart disease, which may be attributed to the combined effects of infection, immunological response, and genetic susceptibility. The most severe complication in KD is acute coronary artery lesions (CALs), including myocardial infarction and coronary artery aneurysms. Mounting evidence indicates that adhesion molecules and chemokines play an important role in inflammation and cardiovascular disease on basis of pathogenesis. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association of seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of adhesion molecules and chemokines (P-selectin 290G>A, PSGL-1 62G>A, MCP-1 -2518A>G, SDF-1 -801G>A, PECAM-1 L125V, PECAM-1 S563N and PECAM-1 R670G) with the risk of KD, sequelae of CALs and initial intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment failure. A total of 301 KD children (185 without acute and chronic CALs, 81 with acute but without chronic CALs, and 33 with acute and chronic CALs) and 246 sex-matched healthy controls were recruited in the case-control study. In addition, 166 cases from the above KD children and 332 parents were recruited to carry out case-parent trio study. We found that PECAM-1 3 SNPs polymorphisms were not associated with above several risks, except for CALs in chronic stage. As compared with non-Leu-Ser-Arg haplotype, Leu-Ser-Arg haplotype was associated with a significant increased risk for CALs in the chronic stage (AOR 2.50, 95% CI 1.05-6.00, P=0.039). Analyses based on the diplotypes of PECAM-1 also showed that Leu-Ser-Arg allele had a significant increased risk of CALs in chronic stage in dominant manner (AOR 2.98, 95% CI 1.15-7.72, P=0.024). In addition, carriers of Leu-Ser-Arg allele had significant increased counts of platelet (¡Ñ1000/Cumm) (672.6¡Ó207.6 versus 563.1¡Ó196.8; P=0.027) within 10 days of diagnosis of KD. Moreover, we also found a significant correlation between each SNP and polymorphonuclear neutrophil counts by genotype analysis. As for other genes, there were no markedly different outcomes regardless of the risk of KD, sequelae of CALs or initial IVIG treatment failure. In conclusion, the haplotype Leu-Ser-Arg of PECAM-1 is a genetic marker of susceptibility to sequelae of chronic CALs for KD patients. However, the role of PECAM-1 SNPs in CALs formation in the chronic stage in KD patients still needs further evaluation.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most prevalent and lethal cancers in the United States. The mechanisms by which tumor cells sense their microenvironment have profound importance in driving the progression of malignancy and evasion from treatment. Specialized microenvironment-sensing cell surface receptors such as cell adhesion molecules allow tumor cells to survey and respond to their microenvironment. We have recently identified a novel cell adhesion molecule named immunoglobulin-containing and proline-rich receptor 1 (IGPR-1) that is normally expressed in both endothelial and epithelial human cell types; however, its potential role in human malignancy remains unknown. To investigate the role IGPR-1 plays in CRC tumor growth, we overexpressed IGPR-1 in human HT29 and HCT116 colon adenocarcinoma cells and examined the effect of IGPR-1 on tumor growth and the mechanisms involved in a cell culture system. The data demonstrate that overexpression of IGPR-1 enhances CRC cell proliferation and survival in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the extracellular domain of IGPR-1 is required for its ability to support tumor growth. While deletion of the extracellular domain of IGPR-1 impaired its ability to promote tumor cell survival, stimulation of the chimeric IGPR-1 consisting of the extracellular domain of human colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of IGPR-1 promoted tumor cell survival. Additionally, the presence of serine 186 and 220 in the cytoplasmic domain is important for IGPR-1 activity in tumor cells. This work identifies IGPR-1 as an important protein in the regulation of CRC cell growth and survival, and this makes it a possible therapeutic target in the clinical management of CRC.

abstract: Specific dendritic morphologies are a hallmark of neuronal identity, circuit assembly, and behaviorally relevant function. Despite the importance of dendrites in brain health and disease, the functional consequences of dendritic shape remain largely unknown. This dissertation addresses two fundamental and interrelated aspects of dendrite neurobiology. First, by utilizing the genetic power of Drosophila melanogaster, these studies assess the developmental mechanisms underlying single neuron morphology, and subsequently investigate the functional and behavioral consequences resulting from developmental irregularity. Significant insights into the molecular mechanisms that contribute to dendrite development come from studies of Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam). While these findings have been garnered primarily from sensory neurons whose arbors innervate a two-dimensional plane, it is likely that the principles apply in three-dimensional central neurons that provide the structural substrate for synaptic input and neural circuit formation. As such, this dissertation supports the hypothesis that neuron type impacts the realization of Dscam function. In fact, in Drosophila motoneurons, Dscam serves a previously unknown cell-autonomous function in dendrite growth. Dscam manipulations produced a range of dendritic phenotypes with alteration in branch number and length. Subsequent experiments exploited the dendritic alterations produced by Dscam manipulations in order to correlate dendritic structure with the suggested function of these neurons. These data indicate that basic motoneuron function and behavior are maintained even in the absence of all adult dendrites within the same neuron. By contrast, dendrites are required for adjusting motoneuron responses to specific challenging behavioral requirements. Here, I establish a direct link between dendritic structure and neuronal function at the level of the single cell, thus defining the structural substrates necessary for conferring various aspects of functional motor output. Taken together, information gathered from these studies can inform the quest in deciphering how complex cell morphologies and networks form and are precisely linked to their function. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Neuroscience 2013

L’athérosclérose est une maladie inflammatoire chronique de la paroi artérielle, caractérisée par une infiltration des leucocytes consécutive à l’accumulation de lipoprotéines au sein de l’intima. Les molécules d'adhésion jouent un rôle important dans la progression de l’athérosclérose par leur implication dans l’infiltration des leucocytes au niveau du site de lésion. CD146 est une molécule d’adhésion présente sur les cellules endothéliales et sur certaines populations leucocytaires. Il a été récemment montré une augmentation de sa forme soluble lors de l’athérosclérose et de ses complications. De plus, son expression augmente au sein des plaques d’athérosclérose. En revanche, son implication dans la formation de la plaque d’athérosclérose n’a jamais été étudiée.Nous avons évalué le rôle in vivo de CD146 grâce au modèle murin APOEKO/CD146KO. Nous montrons que CD146 joue un rôle protecteur dans l’athérosclérose en inhibant la sécrétion de la chimiokine RANTES. La régulation de RANTES médiée par CD146 est dépendante de la voie VEGFR2-p38/MAPK. Dans une seconde étude, nous montrons que l’implication de CD146 dans l’athérosclérose est dépendante du régime alimentaire. Enfin dans une étude pilote, nous proposons une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique de l’athérosclérose via l’injection de microvésicules CD146+. Nous montrons que l’apport du CD146 membranaire conduit à une réduction de RANTES, des neutrophiles circulants et de la plaque d’athérosclérose.En conclusion, l’ensemble de ces travaux apporte de nouvelles données dans la compréhension de la pathologie de l’athérosclérose en identifiant CD146 comme une nouvelle cible thérapeutique dans le traitement de l’athérosclérose. / Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall characterized by the leukocyte infiltration consecutive to the accumulation of lipoproteins within the intima. Adhesion molecules play an important role in the progression of atherosclerosis since they are involved in the leukocyte infiltration at the lesion site. CD146 is an adhesion molecule detected on all endothelial cells of the vascular tree and also expressed on some subpopulations of leukocytes. Recently, few studies have shown that soluble form of CD146 is increased in atherosclerosis and its clinical complications. In addition, CD146 expression increases in atherosclerotic plaque. However, its involvement in atherosclerotic plaque formation has never been investigated. We evaluate the in vivo role of CD146 thanks to APOE KO/CD146 KO mice model. We demonstrate that CD146 plays a protective role in atherosclerosis by inhibiting the secretion of the RANTES chemokine responsible for neutrophils and monocytes recruitment within atherosclerotic plaque. RANTES regulation mediated by CD146 is dependent on VEGFR2-p38/MAPK pathway. In a second study, we show that the involvement of CD146 in atherosclerosis is dependent on the diet. Finally, in a pilot study, we propose a new therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis through the injection of CD146 + microvesicles. We demonstrate that bringing CD146 membrane isoform through microvesicles leads to a reduction of RANTES, circulating neutrophils and atherosclerotic plaque.Overall, this work provides advances in atherosclerosis for a better understanding of its mechanisms by identifying CD146 as a new therapeutic target in the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Angiogenesis is a physiological process by which new blood vessels develop from preexisting vasculature. The process of converting endothelial cells into fully developed blood vessels involves multiple coordinated cellular events that occur through the collaboration that exists between a variety of growth factors, receptors and adhesion molecules. The immunoglobulin-containing and proline rich receptor-1 (IGPR-1) is an IgSF containing adhesion molecule that has been recently identified as a novel regulator of angiogenesis in vitro. In this study, we provide evidence that IGPR-1 promotes cell survival in porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAE) and plays a role in the inhibition of p38 MAPK in vitro. Deletion of the extracellular domain of IGPR-1 abolished IGPR-1’s ability to inhibit phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and promote the survival of endothelial cells. Likewise, mutation of serines 186 (A186-IGPR-1) and 220 (A220-IGPR-1) on the cytoplasmic domain of IGPR-1 was also found to reduce both the promotion of cell survival and inhibition of p38 MAPK. These findings suggest that both domains of IGPR-1 are important for endothelial cell survival and the activation p38 MAPK.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23806号 / 医博第4852号 / 新制||医||1058(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 森信 暁雄, 教授 上野 英樹, 教授 椛島 健治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Yes / Alterations of Endothelial cells (ECs) play a critical role in different pathogenesis of many serious human diseases, and dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is an indicator for human disorders. Endothelial dysfunction is considered to be an early indicator for atherosclerosis, which is characterised by overexpression of adhesion molecules, including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) released via neutrophils is an important mediator of endothelial cell function. Ambient production of superoxide anion (O2−) and subsequently H2O2 at low levels is critical for regulating endothelial cell functions and proliferation. In this study, we investigated the effects of H2O2 on the expression of adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Intracellular superoxide anion production was detected by using p-Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT) assay. Our results showed that administration of 100μM of H2O2 on HUVECs for 2, 6, 12 and 24 h induced a time-dependent increase in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA and protein expression levels with a significant increase observed from 6 h. HUVECs exposed to H2O2 exhibit increased O2−, suggesting that H2O2 induced oxidative stress may be a reasonable for atherosclerosis. This increase can be reduced by the flavonoid, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). The modulation of endothelial cell function through this mechanism may underlie the contribution of H2O2 to the development of vascular disease.

No description available.

The neural cell adhesion molecule L1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and it mediates many adhesive interactions during brain development. Mutations in the L1 gene are associated with a spectrum of X-linked neurological disorders known as CRASH or L1 syndrome. The objective of this thesis was to use the zebrafish model to investigate the molecular mechanisms of L1 functions and the pathological effects of its mutations. Zebrafish has two L1 homologs, L1.1 and L1.2. Inhibition of L1.1 expression by antisense morpholino oligonucleotides resulted in phenotypes that showed resemblances to L1 patients. However, knockdown of L1.2 expression did not result in notable neural defects. Furthermore, analysis of the expression pattern of L1.1 has led to the discovery of a novel soluble L1.1 isoform, L1.1s. L1.1s is an alternatively spliced form of L1.1, consisting of the first four Ig-like domains and thus a soluble secreted protein. L1.1 morphants exhibited disorganized brain structures with many having an enlarged fourth/hindbrain ventricle. Further characterization revealed aberrations in ventricular polarity, cell patterning and proliferation and helped differentiate the functions of L1.1 and L1.1s. While L1.1 plays a pivotal role in axonal outgrowth and guidance, L1.1s is crucial to brain ventricle formation. Significantly, L1.1s mRNA rescued many anomalies in the morphant brain, but not the trunk phenotypes. Receptor analysis confirmed that L1.1 undergoes heterophilic interactions with neuropilin-1a (Nrp1a). Peptide inhibition studies demonstrated further the involvement of L1.1s in neuroepithelial cell migration during ventricle formation. In the spinal cord, spinal primary motoneurons expressed exclusively the full-length L1.1, and abnormalities in axonal projections of morphants could be rescued only by L1.1 mRNA. Further studies showed that a novel interaction between the Ig3 domain of L1.1 and Unplugged, the zebrafish muscle specific kinase (MuSK), is crucial to motor axonal growth. Together, these results demonstrate that the different parts of L1.1 contribute to the diverse functions of L1.1 in neural development.

No description available.