Orientador: Celio Kenji Miyasaka / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T23:28:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fonseca_CarenFernandaNavarroda_M.pdf: 642682 bytes, checksum: 5ba563cf4536604afdecde132b47d3fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A Fosfatidilcolina (PC) exerce vários efeitos no organismo humano. Este fosfolipídeo é encontrado em abundância nas membranas celulares e, juntamente com a fosfatidiletanolamina, somam mais de 75% do total de fosfolipídeos presentes nestas. A PC vem sendo utilizada em clínicas dermatológicas, de estética e emagrecimento, pois, parece ser eficaz para eliminar gordura localizada, em especial no abdome, quadril, joelhos, pescoço e pálpebras inferiores. Este trabalho teve por objetivo, estudar os efeitos da PC solubilizada em diferentes compostos (deoxicolato de sódio, etanol, detergente Tween® 80 e albumina) sobre os adipócitos epididimais isolados de ratos machos da linhagem Wistar. Atualmente, não há estudos científicos conclusivos liberando o seu uso farmacológico e, portanto, há a necessidade de mais pesquisas que definam seus mecanismos de ação. Para atingirmos o objetivo proposto, utilizou-se o método de isolamento e contagem dos adipócitos e também a determinação do glicerol no meio de incubação. Sendo assim, o tratamento que obteve maior quantidade de glicerol produzido foi o Tween® 80 e Tween® 80 + PC no tempo de incubação de 15 minutos e o DS + PC no tempo de incubação de 30 minutos / Abstract: The phosphatidylcholine (PC) has severa effects on the human body. This phospholipid is found in abundance in cell membranes and, together with phophatidylethanolamine, up over 75% of total phospholipids present in these. The PC has been used in clinical dermatology, weight loss of aesthetics and therefore appears to be effective for removing localized fat, especially in the abdomen, hips, knees, neck and lower eyelids. This work was aimed at, to study the effects of PC solubilized in different compounds (sodium deoxycholate, ethanol, Tween ® 80 detergent and albumin) on adipocytes isolated epididymis of male rats of Wistar strain. Currently, there is no conclusive scientific studies drug releasing its use and therefore there is a need for more research to define its mechanisms of action. To achieve the proposed objective, we used the method of isolation and counting of adipocytes and the determination of glycerol in the middle of incubation. Thus, the treatment they received higher amount of glycerol produced was the Tween ® 80 and Tween ® 80 + PC in the incubation period of 15 minutes and DS + PC in the incubation time of 30 minutes / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Orientador: Dora Maria Grassi-Kassisse / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T16:45:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francesconi_ElainePatriciaMaltezSouza_D.pdf: 3201819 bytes, checksum: 12b57dbd9c491f94ccbc38e657b254fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O adipócito é a unidade funcional do tecido adiposo branco e o principal reservatório de energia, tendo um papel chave na investigação fisiológica dos mecanismos controladores da estocagem e mobilização de lipídeos e hoje sabe-se ser um importante sítio produtor de lactato. A obesidade e o diabetes tipo II estão associados, no homem, com um aumento na concentração de lactato sanguíneo e é mediado pelo adrenoceptor subtipo a1. Iniciamos este trabalho avaliando a relação das concentrações plasmáticas de glicose, insulina e lactato em indivíduos normais e indivíduos obesos mórbidos antes e durante a realização do clamp euglicêmico-hiperinsulinêmico. Apenas a insulinemia no jejum estava aumentada significativamente no grupo de homens obesos o que sugere fortemente que existe uma menor sensibilidade à insulina neste grupo experimental. O índice de HOMA neste estudo apontou para uma maior resistência insulinica no grupo de homens obesos, que foi significativamente maior principalmente ao final do clamp, sendo inclusive maior para homens obesos em relação a mulheres obesas. Verificamos uma inter-relação importante com a hiperinsulinemia, pois á medida que a insulina aumenta ao longo do clamp, a concentração de lactato decresce significativamente. As concentrações plasmáticas de lactato apresentaram-se bastante elevadas em indivíduos com IMC entre 40-55 Kg/m2, diminuindo â medida que o IMC estava próximo de 70 kg/m2. No tempo 180 de clamp do grupo obeso, a concentração de lactato caiu a ponto de alcançar numericamente os valores basais do seu respectivo grupo controle. Os adipócitos isolados de obesos mórbidos produziram mais glicerol em todas as concentrações utilizadas de noradrenalina em relação ao grupo de eutróficos, inclusive no basal. Quando foi adicionado o prazosin (mM), houve um aumento na produção de glicerol. Em nossos ensaios observamos que o tecido adiposo isolado de obesos apresenta uma produção basal de lactato significativamente elevada. Quando o estímulo utilizado foi a noradrenalina, a produção foi significativamente maior em adipócitos isolados de obesos quando comparados a eutróficos. A quantidade de lactato produzida pela noradrenalina em adipócitos isolados de obesos foi semelhante àquela produzida pela cirazolína, agonista seletivo de adrenoceptores a1. Nenhum antagonista utilizado, prazosin, WB4I04 ou BMY7378, produziu qualquer efeito sobre a produção de lactato, seja em eutróficos ou obesos. Quando a produção de lactato em adipócitos isolados foi induzida pela insulina, não houve diferença significativa na quantidade de lactato produzida por adipócitos de obesos quando comparados com eutróficos, exceto na concentração de 500 mU/ml. A estimulação máxima induzida pela insulina em eutróficos foi de 3 vezes e foi maior que aquela observada em adipócitos isolados de obesos que foi de 2,4 vezes. Estes resultados permitem inferir que não é a insulina o principal secretagogo de lactato responsável pela produção aumentada em adipócitos isolados de obesos. Por outro lado, quando co-íncubamos noradrenalina com crescentes concentrações de insulina pudemos observar uma produção de lactato significativamente mais elevada, em todos os pontos, proveniente de adipócitos isolados de obesos. Podemos concluir que os adipócitos de indivíduos obesos produzem lactato diferencial mente em relação ao gênero, e este lactato pode estar sendo usado em outras vias metabólicas auxiliando no desencadeamento das patologias relacionadas à obesidade / Abstract: The adipocyte is the functional unit of fat white and the main reservoir of energy, taking a key role in research physiological mechanisms of control of storage and mobilization of lipids and today it is known to be an important site producer of lactate. Obesity and type II diabetes are associated, in humans, with an increase lactate concentration in the blood. We started this work lactate and is mediated by adrenoceptor subtype evaluating the relationship plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin and lactate in normal and morbid obese subjects before and during the clamp euglicemico-hiperinsulinemico. Only in fasting insulin was increased significantly in the group of obese men which strongly suggests that there is less sensitivity to insulin in this group experimental. The HOMA index of this study pointed to a larger group of insulin resistance in obese men, which was significantly higher mainly the end of the clamp, and even higher for obese men regarding obesity women. We find an important inter-relationship with hyperinsulinemia, because that will measure the insulin increases over the clamp, the concentration of lactate decreases significantly. Plasma concentrations of lactate had to be quite high in individuals with BMI between 40-55 Kg/m2, decreasing as a BMI of 70 kg/m2 was next. At the time 180, clamp the obese group, the concentration of lactate fell about to reach numerically the baseline of their respective control group. The isolated adipocytes of obese morbid produced more glycerol concentrations used in all of norepinephrine in the group of eutrophic, including the basement. When the addition of prazosin (1 M) there was an increase in the production of glycerol. In our tests found m. that the fat isolated from obese presents a production base of lactate significantly high. When the stimulation was used to norepinephrine, the production was significantly higher in isolated adipocytes of obese compared to eutrophic. The amount of lactate produced by norepinephrine in isolated adipocytes of obese was similar to that produced by cirazolina, of selective I. None antagonist used, prazosin, WB4104 or BMY7378,a adrenoceptor agonist produced no effect on the production of lactate, in eutrophic or obese. When the production of lactate in isolated adipocytes was induced by insulin, there was no significant difference in the amount of lactate produced by adipocytes of mU / ml. The obese compared with eutrophic, except to the concentration of 500 maximum stimulation induced by insulin in eutrophic was 3 times and was higher than that observed in isolated adipocytes of obese which was 2.4 times. These results indicate that it is not the main insulin secretagogo of lactate responsible for increased production in isolated adipocytes of obese. On the other hand, when co-incubated with noradrenaline the concentrations of insulin have seen a lactate production significantly higher, at all points, from isolated adipocytes of obese. We can conclude that adipocytes of obese individuals produce lactate differentially in relation to gender, and this lactate may be being used in other metabolic pathways helping to trigger the diseases related to obesity / Doutorado / Fisiologia / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Orientadores: Dora Maria Grassi-Kassisse, Regina Celia Spadari-Bratfisch / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T11:39:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_Julianade_D.pdf: 1515697 bytes, checksum: cf7b29c6343aa3e81992652c33e8c1f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A literatura é escassa quanto à modelos de estresse relacionados ao estudo da utilização periférica de glicose, com o objetivo de compreender os mecanismos através dos quais a situação de estresse possa levar a resistência à insulina. Nosso modelo de estresse induzido por choques nas patas aplicados em três dias consecutivos em ratos apresenta um quadro metabólico bastante semelhante àquele apresentado em quadros iniciais de diabetes tipo 2, tornando-se fundamental o estudo da captação de glicose pelos tecidos neste modelo animal. Considerando que o modelo de estresse por choque nas patas promove alterações fisiológicas que têm repercussões endócrinas e metabólicas possíveis de serem demonstradas in vivo e in vitro, os objetivos deste trabalho foram investigar a captação periférica de glicose em ratos estressados utilizando as técnicas de ivGTT, clamp euglicêmico-hiperinsulinêmico e captação de glicose em adipócitos isolados. Nossos resultados demonstraram que: a captação de glicose pelos adipócitos isolados de ratos estressados está menos sensível a insulina e mais sensível a noradrenalina quando comparado aos adipócitos de ratos controle; a estimulação adrenérgica da captação de glicose é principalmente mediada pelo a1-AR; a estimulação do ß2-AR não teve efeito em adipócitos de ratos controle, mas inibiu significativamente a captação de glicose pelos adipócitos isolados de ratos estressados, que pode ser uma troca da via de sinalização Gs para Gi; os adipócitos isolados de tecido adiposo epididimal de ratos estressados não apresentam alteração na produção de lactato basal e nem estimulada quando comparado aos provenientes de ratos controle; os adrenoceptores do subtipo a1 estão envolvidos na captação de glicose in vivo demonstrada pelos ensaios de ivGTT; o modelo de choque nas patas alterou a sensibilidade dos receptores de insulina, avaliada pelo ensaio de clamp euglicêmico-hiperglicêmico apenas em parte da população estudada. Este conjunto de dados permite concluir que a indução de estresse por choques nas patas causa alterações na captação periférica de glicose, principalmente através da sinalização adrenérgica, que caracterizam este modelo como uma importante ferramenta para o estudo de alterações metabólicas induzidas pelo estresse / Abstract: There are few animal models to study the peripheral glucose uptake alterations induced by stress. Rat foot-shock stress model induces metabolic alterations similar to diabetes type 2. Considering that rat foot-shock stress model causes physiological alterations which are possible to be studied carrying out experiments in vivo or in vitro we claim in this work evaluate glucose uptake in stressed rats throughout ivGTT, clamp euglycemic-hyperinsulemic, glucose uptake and lactate production in isolated adipocytes. Our results show that: glucose uptake by isolated stressed rat adipocytes is decreased by insulin and increased by a1-AR agonists; besides ß2-AR stimulation significantly inhibit glucose uptake induced by a1-AR; there is no alteration in lactate production by isolated adipocytes rats; a1-ARs are involved in glucose uptake demonstrated in ivGTT assays; sensitivity to insulin receptors were decreased in some rats when available by clamp assays. All these results together suggested that stress induced by foot-shock in rats induces alterations in glucose uptake, mainly throughout adrenergic mechanisms, and this model could be very useful as a tool to study metabolic alterations during stress response / Doutorado / Fisiologia / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

As tiazolidinodionas (TZDs) são sensibilizadores de insulina utilizados no tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Contudo, apesar dos efeitos benéficos sobre a glicemia, importantes efeitos adversos incluindo perda óssea e aumento de adiposidade são relatados com o uso clínico das TZDs. Assim, é necessário o desenvolvimento de novos derivados de TZDs com potenciais efeitos benéficos sobre a hiperglicemia e menos efeitos adversos. Neste estudo, investigamos os efeitos de 5 novos derivados de TZDs (LYSO-7, GQ-89, GQ-150, GQ-177 e SF-3) sobre a diferenciação celular de pré-osteoblastos murinos MC3T3-E1, pré-adipócitos murinos 3T3-L1 e pré-adipócitos SGBS de linhagem humana. Seus potenciais efeitos sobre a utilização de glicose, a produção de adipocinas e mediadores pró-inflamatórios também foram avaliados, utilizando linhagens murinas e humanas de adipócitos, e macrófagos THP-1 de linhagem humana. O principal achado de nosso estudo foi que os novos derivados de TZDs estimulam a utilização celular de glicose, porém não alteram o processo de diferenciação celular de pré-osteoblastos e pré-adipócitos, quando comparados com a TZD clássica Rosiglitazona. Conforme esperado, o tratamento com Rosiglitazona na concentração de 5 μM inibiu a osteogênese de pré-osteoblastos murinos MC3T3-E1. No entanto, o tratamento com 2 novos derivados de TZDs (GQ-89 e GQ-177) na mesma concentração não afetou a diferenciação celular, sendo possível observar níveis de mineralização de matriz extracelular similares aos do grupo controle. Além disso, enquanto a GQ-89 estimulou a atividade da fosfatase alcalina, a GQ-177 não modulou sua atividade enzimática e induziu a expressão gênica de osteocalcina. Contudo, ambos inibiram a expressão de Runx2 e colágeno. Por sua vez, quando os efeitos foram avaliados sobre a diferenciação de adipócitos, foi possível observar que ao contrário do efeito pró-adipogênico constatado com a Rosiglitazona na concentração de 1 μM, as TZDs GQ-150, GQ-177, LYSO-7 e SF-3 foram incapazes de induzir o acúmulo lipídico em pré-adipócitos murinos e humanos. Além disso, a GQ-150 inibiu a expressão gênica de C/EBPα, assim como a expressão gênica e os níveis protéicos de CD36, enquanto que a SF-3 estimulou a expressão gênica de C/EBPα e de FABP4 e diminuiu a expressão gênica e os níveis protéicos de CD36, os quais não foram modificados pela LYSO-7 em pré-adipócitos murinos 3T3-L1. No entanto, em pré-adipócitos SGBS de linhagem humana, nenhum efeito sobre os marcadores de fenótipo adipogênico C/EBPα e FABP4 foi observado com os novos derivados de TZDs. Ademais, os novos derivados de TZDs não interferiram na via de sinalização de Wnt, não apresentaram qualquer efeito sobre a expressão de adipocinas (adiponectina, resistina e leptina) e mediadores pró-inflamatórios (IL-6, CCL2/MCP-1, TNF-α e JNK), bem como não ativaram o fator de transcrição PPARγ no ensaio de gene repórter. Por sua vez, a LYSO-7, GQ-150 e SF-3 aumentaram o consumo de glicose em presença de insulina em adipócitos 3T3-L1 e modificaram a atividade de enzimas mitocondriais em adipócitos SGBS e macrófagos THP-1. Entretanto, o efeito sensibilizador de insulina foi confirmado somente com a GQ-177 pelo aumento da captação de glicose e somente a LYSO-7 e a SF-3 foram capazes de inibir o consumo de oxigênio e modificar a taxa de glicólise em macrófagos, sugerindo que também poderiam alterar os níveis de ATP/ADP. Considerando que baixos níveis de ATP estimulam a via de sinalização de AMPK, essa via também foi investigada em nosso estudo. Entretanto, os resultados sobre a ativação de AMPK foram inconclusivos. Desse modo, nossos resultados apontam que os novos derivados de TZDs não atuam como ligantes de PPARγ, apresentam atividade sensibilizadora de insulina in vitro, e que exercem menores efeitos antiosteoblásticos e adipogênicos quando comparados com a Rosiglitazona. Mais estudos são necessários para elucidar os mecanismos responsáveis por esses efeitos, bem como para estabelecer se os novos derivados de TZDs são mais seguros in vivo, com relação ao risco de fraturas ósseas e ganho de massa adiposa. / Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are insulin sensitizers used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, despite the beneficial effects on blood glucose, significant adverse effects including bone loss and increased adiposity are reported with the clinical use of TZDs. Thus, it is necessary to develop new derivatives of TZDs with potential beneficial effects on hyperglycemia and fewer adverse effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of 5 new derivatives of TZDs (LYSO-7, GQ-89, GQ-150, GQ-177 e SF-3) on cellular differentiation in murine MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts, murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and SGBS preadipocytes from human lineage. Potential effects on glucose consumption, adipokines, and pro-inflammatory mediators were also assessed using murine and human strains of adipocytes, and macrophages from human THP-1 lineage. The main finding of this study was that new derivatives of TZDs stimulate glucose consumption, but do not change the cell differentiation process of preosteoblasts and preadipocytes compared to classical TZD Rosiglitazone. As expected, the treatmet with Rosiglitazone, at 5μM, inhibited the osteogenesis in murine MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. However, the treatment with 2 new derivatives of TZDs (GQ-89 and GQ-177) at the same concentration did not affect cell differentiation, and levels of mineralization of the extracellular matrix similar to the control group were observed. In addition, whereas the GQ-89 stimulated the activity of alkaline phosphatase, GQ-177 does not modulate its enzymatic activity and induced gene expression of osteocalcin. However, both of them inhibit the expression of Runx2 and collagen. In turn, when the effects were assessed on the adipocyte differentiation, unlike the proadipogenic effect observed with Rosiglitazone at a concentration of 1 μM, the new TZDs GQ-150, GQ-177, LYSO-7 and SF-3 were unable to induce lipid accumulation in human and murine preadipocytes. In addition, GQ-150 inhibited the gene expression of C/EBPα , as well as the gene expression and protein levels of CD36, whereas SF-3 stimulated the gene expression of C/EBPα and FABP4 and decreased gene expression and protein levels of CD36, which was not modified by LYSO-7 on murine 3T3- L1 preadipocytes. However, no effect on markers of adipogenic phenotype C/EBPα and FABP4 has been observed with the novel derivatives of TZDs in human SGBS preadipocytes. Furthermore, the new derivatives of TZDs do not interfere with the Wnt signaling pathway, showed no effect on the adipokines expression (adiponectin, resistin and leptin) and proinflammatory mediators (IL-6, CCL2 / MCP-1, TNF α and JNK) and did not activate the transcription factor PPARγ in the gene reporter assay. In turn, LYSO-7, GQ-150, and SF-3 increased glucose consumption in the presence of insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and modified the activity of mitochondrial enzymes in SGBS adipocytes and THP-1 macrophages. However, the effect on insulin sensitization was confirmed only to GQ-177 that increased glucose uptake and just LYSO-7 and SF-3 were able to inhibit oxygen consumption and modify the rate of glycolysis in macrophages, suggesting that they could also alter the levels of ATP/ADP. Since low levels of ATP could stimulate AMPK pathway, this signaling pathway was also investigated in our study. However, the results on the AMPK activation were inconclusive. Thus, our results demonstrate that the new derivatives of TZDs do not act as PPARγ ligands, present insulin sensitizing activity in vitro, and display minor antiosteoblastic and adipogenic effects when compared to Rosiglitazone. More studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms responsible for these effects, as well as to establish whether the safety of the new TZDs with respect to the risk of bone fractures and body mass gain using in vivo models.

L’aspartyl protéase cathepsine D, surexprimée et hyper-sécrétée par les cellules épithéliales cancéreuses mammaires est un facteur de mauvais pronostic des cancers du sein et stimule la prolifération des cellules cancéreuses et la formation des métastases. Elle affecte également le micro-environnement tumoral en induisant la croissance invasive des fibroblastes. Les travaux de l’équipe ont montré que le LDL-receptor related protein 1, LRP1, est le récepteur fibroblastique de la cathepsine D. LRP1 est fortement exprimé par les adipocytes. Les études cliniques indiquent que l’obésité est un facteur de risque dans de nombreux cancers, dont le cancer du sein chez la femme ménopausée.Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié le rôle de la cathepsine D et du LRP1 dans les adipocytes, type cellulaire prédominant du micro-environnement tumoral mammaire. Nos résultats indiquent une surexpression de la cathepsine D et du LRP1 dans le tissu adipeux humain et murin obèse. De plus, l’expression de la cathepsine D est augmentée pendant la différenciation adipocytaire. Finalement, l’extinction de l’expression de la cathepsine D et du LRP1 inhibe l’adipogenèse indiquant leurs rôles clefs dans ce processus.L’ensemble de ces résultats suggère que la cathepsine D et son récepteur LRP1 pourraient être des cibles thérapeutiques potentielles dans le traitement de l’obésité. / The aspartyl protease cathepsin D, overexpressed and hyper-secreted by epithelial breast cancer cells is a poor prognosis factor in breast cancers and stimulates cancer cell growth and metastasis formation. It also affects the tumor microenvironment, inducing the fibroblasts invasive outgrowth. Our works have shown that the LDL receptor-related protein1, LRP1, is the fibroblastic receptor for cathepsin D. LRP1 is highly expressed in adipocytes. Clinical studies indicate that obesity is a risk factor in many cancers, including breast cancer in postmenopausal women.During this thesis, we studied the role of cathepsin D and LRP1 in adipocytes, which are the prominent cell type in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancers. Our results indicate that cathepsin D and LRP1 are overexpressed in human and mouse obese adipose tissue. Furthermore, the expression of cathepsin D is increased during adipocyte differentiation. Finally, the inhibition of the cathepsin D and LRP1 expression inhibits adipogenesis indicating their key role in this process.All these results suggest that cathepsin D and its receptor LRP1 could be potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of obesity.

La thermogenèse adaptative est un mécanisme de production de chaleur médié par les adipocytes bruns. En réponse au froid, ou à un stimulus adrénergique, les adipocytes blancs peuvent être convertis en adipocytes beiges lors d’un processus que l’on nomme le « beiging ». Contrairement aux adipocytes blancs, les adipocytes beiges et bruns expriment des taux élevés de la protéine de découplage 1 (UCP1) et dissipent l'énergie sous forme de chaleur grâce à l'oxydation des lipides. Il a été démontré chez les rongeurs que l’activation des adipocytes bruns et beiges entraîne une réduction significative du poids corporel et l’activation de ces adipocytes chez l’humain semble être un traitement prometteur contre l’obésité et le diabète. Nous avons précédemment identifié un rôle essentiel de la protéine d’échafaudage 14-3-3ζ dans l'adipogenèse, mais son rôle dans d'autres processus adipocytaires reste incertain. Une des premières fonctions identifiées de la 14-3-3ζ est sa capacité à réguler l'activité enzymatique de la tyrosine hydroxylase, indispensable à la production de norépinephrine pour la thermogenèse. Notre étude vise donc à déterminer si la 14-3-3ζ influence le développement et la fonction des adipocytes beiges et bruns. Nos données montrent que la délétion d’un allèle du gène de la 14-3-3ζ n’affecte pas la tolérance au froid aiguë. Comparées aux souris de type sauvage (WT), les souris transgéniques mâles surexprimant la 14-3-3ζ (TAP) ont une meilleure tolérance au froid aiguë (3 heures, 4 °C) et chronique (3 jours, 4 °C). On observe chez les TAP une augmentation du beiging due à une élévation significative de l'ARNm et de la protéine UCP1 dans le tissu adipeux blanc inguinal (iWAT). Par ailleurs, les souris TAP présentent également une réduction significative de la conductance thermique lors d’exposition au froid leur permettant de mieux conserver la chaleur. Collectivement, nos résultats soulignent le rôle novateur de la 14-3-3ζ dans le beiging et nous permettent de mieux comprendre comment la thermogenèse adaptative est régulée. / Adaptive thermogenesis is a mechanism of heat production primarily mediated by brown fat. In some instances, cold exposure or adrenergic stimuli can convert white adipocytes into brown-like or beige adipocytes during a process termed “beiging”. Both beige and brown adipocytes express higher levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and can release energy in the form of heat following lipid oxidation. The activation of these thermogenic adipocytes increases energy expenditure to reduce body weight in rodents, and it has been postulated to be a promising therapy for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. We previously identified an essential role of the molecular scaffold, 14-3-3ζ, in adipogenesis, but its roles in other adipocyte processes is uncertain. An early identified function of 14-3-3 was its ability to regulate the enzymatic activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, which is indispensable in the production of norepinephrine for thermogenesis. Thus, our study aims to investigate whether 14-3-3ζ influences the development and function of beige and brown adipocytes. We report here that one allele deletion of the gene of 14-3-3ζ did not affect acute cold tolerance. On the other hand, transgenic overexpression of 14-3-3ζ in male mice (TAP) improves cold tolerance due to enhanced beiging with a remarkable increase in Ucp1 mRNA and protein in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT). Interestingly, beiging is increased in the TAP mice without any changes in sensitivity to beta-adrenergic stimuli, sympathetic innervation, or norepinephrine content being detected between WT and TAP mice. TAP mice also displayed significantly lower thermal conductance decreasing heat loss during the chronic cold challenge. Collectively, our results point to a novel role of 14-3-3ζ in beiging and increases our understanding of how adaptive thermogenesis is regulated.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20068号 / 農博第2197号 / 新制||農||1046(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N5024(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 河田 照雄, 教授 金本 龍平, 教授 谷 史人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2007-2008. / La sérine/thréonine kinase mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) participe à un rétrocontrôle négatif envers la voie IRS-1/PI3K/Akt. Dans les adipocytes et les myocytes, l'inhibition aiguë de la voie mTORCl/S6Kl augmente la signalisation de l'insuline par la voie IRS-1/PI3K/Akt et le transport du glucose en empêchant la phosphorylation négative d'IRS-1 sur serine. Dans cette étude, l'utilisation de l'interférence à l'ARN dans les adipocytes 3T3-L1 a confirmé le rôle des protéines mTOR, raptor et S6K1 dans le rétrocontrôle négatif sur la signalisation métabolique de l'insuline. Cependant, l'inhibition chronique de la voie mTORCl/S6Kl mène également à une réduction de l'action de l'insuline sur le transport du glucose. Cette dichotomie entre l'activation de la PI3K et le transport du glucose est attribuable à une diminution imprévue de l'activation d'Akt2 et de l'expression de GLUT4. Ainsi, l'inhibition chronique de la voie mTORCl/S6Kl pourrait ne pas être une approche efficace pour rétablir la sensibilité à l'insuline.

Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d'articles. / L'obésité viscérale, c'est-à-dire l'accumulation de tissu adipeux dans des régions anatomiques tels que le mésentère et le grand omentum, augmente de façon significative la prévalence de maladies non-infectieuses. La contribution importante de l'obésité viscérale, et donc de la distribution des graisses par rapport à l'adiposité générale dans la prédiction du risque cardiométabolique, pourrait être associée à des altérations pouvant survenir au niveau de la fonction du tissu adipeux. En effet, la dysfonction du tissu adipeux qui comprend une faible différentiation et l'hypertrophie adipocytaire, de même que la résistance à l'insuline et une inflammation de faible intensité, détériore la capacité à garder efficacement dans les tissus adipeux les lipides sanguins provenant de l'excès énergétique. Comme il le sera approfondi dans cette thèse, les hormones stéroïdiennes sont non seulement impliquées dans la distribution des graisses chez l'humain mais pourraient aussi participer dans la survenue de certaines altérations de la fonction adipeuse. Si historiquement, les hormones stéroïdiennes plasmatiques ont été un sujet d'intérêt, l'intracrinologie du tissu adipeux et le renouvellement des hormones stéroïdiennes a été mis en évidence récemment. Malheureusement, le nombre d'études associant la dysfonction adipeuse et l'intracrinologie du même tissu sont peu nombreuses. Les études originales de cette thèse ont été réalisées dans le but de mieux comprendre la physiopathologie de la dysfonction adipeuse ou de l'obésité viscérale chez l'être humain, et de décrire certaines des caractéristiques de l'équilibre hormonal qui y sont associées. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'associer certaines dynamiques hormonales aux processus biologiques de l'adipocyte, ainsi que la dysfonction du tissu adipeux blanc ainsi que l'obésité viscérale, en plaçant une emphase particulière sur la dynamique des androgènes. Nous avons réalisé une méta-analyse portant sur l'activité de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophysaire surrénalien et l'adiposité. Les résultats suggèrent qu'uniquement la concentration de cortisol mesurée dans les cheveux, mais pas la réponse du cortisol salivaire au réveil était positivement associée à l'obésité générale et abdominale. Le manque d'associations entre l'adiposité et la réponse du cortisol au réveil a été aussi confirmée dans une cohorte de 31 femmes candidates pour la chirurgie bariatrique. Dans cette étude, nous avons aussi évalué les concentrations des hormones stéroïdiennes plasmatiques et adipeuses et nous n'avons trouvé aucune corrélation entre les deux. Les résultats suggèrent que les femmes avec un indice d'adiposité viscérale augmenté présentaient aussi un diamètre adipocytaire augmenté et une concentration plus faible d'androgènes dans le tissu adipeux viscéral. De plus, les mesures d'activité de AKR1C2 et de l'aromatase étaient augmentées. Nous avons étudié AKR1C2 de plus près et nous avons trouvé que cette enzyme est fortement exprimée dans le tissu adipeux et plus particulièrement dans les cellules progénitrices adipeuses desitnées à devenir des adipocytes. Également, son expression dans le tissu adipeux sous-cutané était positivement associée avec la présence de graisse abdominale chez les femmes, même après ajustement pour l'indice de masse corporelle. Dans le même manuscrit, nous avons examiné des polymorphismes qui pourraient augmenter l'expression de AKR1C2 dans le tissu adipeux et nous avons identifié rs28571848. Dans une étude subséquente, nous avons caractérisé la fonctionnalité de rs28571848 chez des candidats de chirurgie bariatrique. Nos résultats suggèrent que, plutôt que d'augmenter l'expression de AKR1C2, rs28571848 augmente l'expression et l'activité de AKR1C3. Les individus ayant les allèles sauvages avaient un profil lipidique plasmatique favorable en comparaison aux individus avec les allèles mutés. Enfin, les résultats suggèrent que l'association entre le profil lipidique et l'augmentation de AKR1C3 dans le tissu adipeux est partiellement médiée par l'hypertrophie adipocytaire. En conclusion, les résultats de cette thèse suggèrent que le métabolisme local des hormones stéroïdiennes dans le tissu adipeux joue un rôle dans la distribution des graisses et la dysfonction adipeuse chez des individus atteints d'obésité sévère. Nos efforts soulignent l'importance du métabolisme hormonal périphérique et suggèrent que l'intracrinologie locale pourrait être plus importante que les niveaux hormonaux systémiques dans la détermination de la fonction du tissu adipeux. / Visceral obesity, being the specific accumulation of adipose tissue on anatomical structures such as the mesentery and greater omentum, significantly increases the prevalence of non-communicable diseases. The substantial contribution of visceral adiposity, and thus of body fat distribution, goes above and beyond general adiposity in predicting cardiometabolic risk, and might be associated with alterations in adipose tissue function. Indeed, adipose tissue dysfunction, which includes poor preadipocyte differentiation, adipocyte hypertrophy, insulin resistance and local, low-grade inflammation as its main features, significantly impairs the efficient storage of energy excesses in adipose tissue. As further presented in this thesis, steroid hormones are not only involved in body fat distribution in humans, but they may also participate in some features of adipose tissue dysfunction. Although plasma steroid hormones have historically been the focus of research, in the last years, adipose tissue intracrinology and the local turnover of steroid hormones have been highlighted. Unfortunately, the number of studies associating adipose tissue dysfunction to adipose tissue intracrinology are scarce. Thus, the studies included in this thesis were designed to better understand the pathophysiology of adipose tissue dysfunction or visceral obesity in humans and describe some of the associated intracrine features. The main objective was to associate hormonal dynamics to the biological processes of the adipocyte, white adipose tissue dysfunction and visceral obesity with a particular focus on androgen dynamics. First, we conducted a meta-analysis looking at the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and adiposity. Results suggest that only hair cortisol concentrations, not the cortisol awakening response, was positively associated with general and abdominal adiposity. The lack of association between adiposity and the cortisol awakening response was also confirmed in a cohort of 31 women candidates for bariatric surgery. Here we additionally measured plasma and adipose tissue steroid hormone concentrations and found no significant correlation between the two. In addition, results suggest that women with increased visceral adiposity index were characterized by higher mean adipocyte diameter as well as lower androgens concentrations in visceral adipose tissue. On the other hand, measures of AKR1C2 and aromatase activities were increased. We further studied AKR1C2 and found that this enzyme is highly expressed in adipose tissue and in particular adipocyte-committed progenitor cells. In addition, its expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue was positively associated with abdominal fat distribution in women, even after adjustment for body mass index. In the same paper, we investigated possible single-nucleotide polymorphisms that may increase AKR1C2 expression in adipose tissue and identified rs28571848 as a strong candidate. In a subsequent study, we further functionally characterized rs28571848 in bariatric candidates. Our results suggest that more than increasing AKR1C2 expression, rs28571848 increases AKR1C3 expression and activity in adipose tissue. In addition, individuals carrying the wildtype alleles have a more favorable plasma lipid profile than individuals carrying the mutated alleles. Finally, results suggested that the association between an altered lipid profile and increased AKR1C3 in adipose tissue, was partially mediated by adipocyte hypertrophy. Overall, the results included in this thesis suggest that local adipose tissue steroid hormone turnover plays a role in body fat distribution and adipose tissue dysfunction in individuals with severe obesity. Our efforts highlight the importance of peripheral turnover and suggest that local intracrinology may be more important than systemic hormone levels in dictating adipose tissue function.