Neste trabalho, analiso o fenômeno conhecido como \"uso adverbial do adjetivo\" (ou \"adjetivos adverbiais\"). Tal fenômeno, comum no Português do Brasil (PB), ocorre em sentenças como A Maria falou claro (cf. A Maria falou claramente) e levanta a questão sobre o estatuto categorial do modificador, na medida em que este apresenta forma de adjetivo, mas comportamento de advérbio. Alguns autores afirmam que se trata, de fato, de advérbios: os adjetivos sofrem um processo morfológico chamado de derivação imprópria ou conversão, que consiste na \"transposição de uma palavra de uma classe gramatical para outra\" (Basílio, 2000: 60). Outros autores, como Carnie (2000) e Negrão, Scher e Viotti (2003), sugerem que adjetivos e advérbios constituem uma única categoria gramatical. Um dos argumentos usados pelos autores é o fato de adjetivos e advérbios desempenharem o mesmo papel na sentença: atribuem propriedades aos itens que eles modificam. Essas e outras propostas existentes na literatura têm bons argumentos a seu favor. Contudo, ao olharmos para os dados, todas essas propostas se tornam insatisfatórias, na medida em que nenhuma delas dá conta de explicar os seguintes fatos da língua: em alguns contextos, as formas adverbial e adjetival são possíveis (A Maria falou claro/claramente); em outros contextos, apenas a forma adjetival é possível (A Maria namora firme/*firmemente), e ainda em outros, apenas a forma adverbial (Os soldados resistiram heroicamente/*heróico). A partir de um modelo gerativista do estudo da linguagem, é pertinente investigar não apenas o estatuto categorial dos itens lexicais em questão, mas também o que há na estrutura subjacente dessas sentenças que determina o contexto em que esses itens podem ou não ser utilizados. Seguindo a proposta de Lobato (2005), proponho que os chamados adjetivos adverbiais são, de fato, adjetivos, na medida em que eles modificam um nome implícito na sentença nomeadamente, o objeto cognato relacionado ao verbo, ou um indivíduo denotado pela raiz do verbo, nos termos de Levinson (2006). De fato, os contextos de produtividade das construções com objetos cognatos eventivos (Leung, 2006) são os mesmos contextos de produtividade dos adjetivos adverbiais. Além disso, apesar das aparências, o comportamento dos itens lexicais em questão não é tão adverbial quanto parece: ao contrário dos advérbios, eles não flutuam na sentença, mas têm que ser, obrigatoriamente, adjacentes ao verbo. Outro fator é que, via de regra, eles não podem co-ocorrer com um objeto temático, o que deveria ser possível se esses itens fossem, de fato, adverbiais. / In this work, I analyze the phenomenon known as \"the adverbial use of adjective\" (or \"adverbial adjectives\"). Such phenomenon, common in Brazilian Portuguese (PB), occurs in sentences such as A Maria falou claro (cf. A Maria falou claramente) and raises a question about the categorial status of the modifier, since it presents adjective form, but behaves like an adverb. Some authors say that, in fact, they are adverbs: the adjectives undergo a morphological process called improper derivation or conversion, which consists of the \"shift of a word from a grammatical class to another\" (Basílio, 2006:60). Some other authors, such as Carnie (2000) and Negrão, Scher e Viotti (2003), suggest that adjectives and adverbs belong to an unique grammar category. One of the arguments used by the authors is the fact that adjectives and adverbs carry out the same role in sentence: they attribute properties to the items modified by them. These and other existing suggestions in literature have good arguments on their side. However, when we look at some language data, all these suggestions become unsatisfactory, since none of them can explain the following facts: in some contexts, both the adverbial and adjectival forms is possible (A Maria falou claro/claramente); in other contexts, only the adjectival form is possible (A Maria namora firme/*firmemente), and still in others contexts, only the adverbial form can appear in the sentence (Os soldados resistiram heroicamente/*heróico). Based on a generative model for grammar studies, it is necessary to investigate not only the categorial status of the lexical items in question, but also what there is in the subjacent structure of these sentences, that determines the context in which they can or cannot be used. In this work, I suggest that the adverbial adjectives are, in fact, adjectives, since they can modify either an implicit noun in the sentence, namely, the cognate object related to the verb, or, in Levinson (2006)\'s terms, an individual denoted by the same root as the verb\'s. In fact, the productivity contexts of these constructions with eventive cognate objects (Leung, 2006) are the same productivity contexts where one can find the adverbial adjectives. Besides, the behavior of the lexical items in question is not so adverbial as it looks: differenty from adverbs, they don\'t float in the sentence, but they are, obligatorily, adjacent to the verb. Another important factor is that, generally, they can\'t occur with a thematic object, what should be possible if these items were, in fact, adverbs.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:54:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Avanilde Polak.pdf: 4793131 bytes, checksum: e9df6f8a940808deb0a975e2fc4bb165 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-03 / This paper analyzes the position of adjectives found in obituaries of priests and nuns at Prácia Newspaper. The relevance of this research consists, besides emphasizing the use and employment of adjectives in the Death Notes, includes analysis of texts having representation and historical nature and the representatives of these writings for the Ukrainian immigrant descendants‟ community of Prudentópolis city and its region, in Paraná State. This research has theoretical contribution of Bechara (2009), Castillo (2010) and Neves (2011), among others, arguing over ante and postposition of adjective in the construction of noun phrases. The analysis on the relationship between the noun and the adjective position in being before or after to it was observed both in the Obituary announcing death news of priests and nuns. Over the nuns Death Notes is possible to identify the emphasis to postposition when described the biography of the deceased, which according to Castilho (2010), is represented as an order less marked in Portuguese. Ante position cases found in nuns Death Notes, mostly describes the works done to the church and the community. Regarding priests Death Notes adjectives appear before or after to the noun not considering his religious role or his actions as an ordinary person. Thus, it was possible to analyze the use of adjectives and how some DN are organized when describing familiar and religious facts associated and others that just mention religious aspects, i.e., the activity practiced (represented) by the deceased for the community. / Este trabalho analisa a posição dos adjetivos em Notas de Falecimento (NF) de padres e freiras, publicadas no jornal Prácia. A relevância desta pesquisa consiste, além de enfatizar o uso e emprego dos adjetivos na construção do texto das Notas, em contemplar análise de textos que possuem cunho histórico e a representatividade desses escritos exercida na comunidade de descendentes de imigrantes ucranianos em Prudentópolis - PR e região. Esta pesquisa tem como aporte teórico: Bechara (2009), Castilho (2010) e Neves (2011), entre outros que discutem sobre a anteposição e posposição do adjetivo na construção de sintagmas nominais. A análise da relação estabelecida entre o substantivo e o adjetivo a partir da posição anteposta ou posposta foi observada tanto nas Notas que noticiavam o falecimento de padres quanto no de freiras. Ao longo das NF das freiras, é possível identificar a ênfase para a posposição, quando descrita a biografia da falecida, o que é representada como uma ordem menos marcada na Língua Portuguesa (CASTILHO, 2010). Os casos de anteposição encontrados nessas NF, em sua maioria, descrevem os trabalhos prestados à Igreja e à comunidade. Quanto às NF dos padres, o adjetivo aparece anteposto e/ou posposto, independentemente da sua função como religioso ou em suas ações como pessoa comum. Assim, foi possível analisar o emprego dos adjetivos e como as NF são organizadas na descrição de religiosos, associando fatos familiares e religiosos, outras apenas se detendo em aspectos religiosos, ou seja, na atividade que o falecido exerceu (representou) para a comunidade.

Neste trabalho, analiso o fenômeno conhecido como \"uso adverbial do adjetivo\" (ou \"adjetivos adverbiais\"). Tal fenômeno, comum no Português do Brasil (PB), ocorre em sentenças como A Maria falou claro (cf. A Maria falou claramente) e levanta a questão sobre o estatuto categorial do modificador, na medida em que este apresenta forma de adjetivo, mas comportamento de advérbio. Alguns autores afirmam que se trata, de fato, de advérbios: os adjetivos sofrem um processo morfológico chamado de derivação imprópria ou conversão, que consiste na \"transposição de uma palavra de uma classe gramatical para outra\" (Basílio, 2000: 60). Outros autores, como Carnie (2000) e Negrão, Scher e Viotti (2003), sugerem que adjetivos e advérbios constituem uma única categoria gramatical. Um dos argumentos usados pelos autores é o fato de adjetivos e advérbios desempenharem o mesmo papel na sentença: atribuem propriedades aos itens que eles modificam. Essas e outras propostas existentes na literatura têm bons argumentos a seu favor. Contudo, ao olharmos para os dados, todas essas propostas se tornam insatisfatórias, na medida em que nenhuma delas dá conta de explicar os seguintes fatos da língua: em alguns contextos, as formas adverbial e adjetival são possíveis (A Maria falou claro/claramente); em outros contextos, apenas a forma adjetival é possível (A Maria namora firme/*firmemente), e ainda em outros, apenas a forma adverbial (Os soldados resistiram heroicamente/*heróico). A partir de um modelo gerativista do estudo da linguagem, é pertinente investigar não apenas o estatuto categorial dos itens lexicais em questão, mas também o que há na estrutura subjacente dessas sentenças que determina o contexto em que esses itens podem ou não ser utilizados. Seguindo a proposta de Lobato (2005), proponho que os chamados adjetivos adverbiais são, de fato, adjetivos, na medida em que eles modificam um nome implícito na sentença nomeadamente, o objeto cognato relacionado ao verbo, ou um indivíduo denotado pela raiz do verbo, nos termos de Levinson (2006). De fato, os contextos de produtividade das construções com objetos cognatos eventivos (Leung, 2006) são os mesmos contextos de produtividade dos adjetivos adverbiais. Além disso, apesar das aparências, o comportamento dos itens lexicais em questão não é tão adverbial quanto parece: ao contrário dos advérbios, eles não flutuam na sentença, mas têm que ser, obrigatoriamente, adjacentes ao verbo. Outro fator é que, via de regra, eles não podem co-ocorrer com um objeto temático, o que deveria ser possível se esses itens fossem, de fato, adverbiais. / In this work, I analyze the phenomenon known as \"the adverbial use of adjective\" (or \"adverbial adjectives\"). Such phenomenon, common in Brazilian Portuguese (PB), occurs in sentences such as A Maria falou claro (cf. A Maria falou claramente) and raises a question about the categorial status of the modifier, since it presents adjective form, but behaves like an adverb. Some authors say that, in fact, they are adverbs: the adjectives undergo a morphological process called improper derivation or conversion, which consists of the \"shift of a word from a grammatical class to another\" (Basílio, 2006:60). Some other authors, such as Carnie (2000) and Negrão, Scher e Viotti (2003), suggest that adjectives and adverbs belong to an unique grammar category. One of the arguments used by the authors is the fact that adjectives and adverbs carry out the same role in sentence: they attribute properties to the items modified by them. These and other existing suggestions in literature have good arguments on their side. However, when we look at some language data, all these suggestions become unsatisfactory, since none of them can explain the following facts: in some contexts, both the adverbial and adjectival forms is possible (A Maria falou claro/claramente); in other contexts, only the adjectival form is possible (A Maria namora firme/*firmemente), and still in others contexts, only the adverbial form can appear in the sentence (Os soldados resistiram heroicamente/*heróico). Based on a generative model for grammar studies, it is necessary to investigate not only the categorial status of the lexical items in question, but also what there is in the subjacent structure of these sentences, that determines the context in which they can or cannot be used. In this work, I suggest that the adverbial adjectives are, in fact, adjectives, since they can modify either an implicit noun in the sentence, namely, the cognate object related to the verb, or, in Levinson (2006)\'s terms, an individual denoted by the same root as the verb\'s. In fact, the productivity contexts of these constructions with eventive cognate objects (Leung, 2006) are the same productivity contexts where one can find the adverbial adjectives. Besides, the behavior of the lexical items in question is not so adverbial as it looks: differenty from adverbs, they don\'t float in the sentence, but they are, obligatorily, adjacent to the verb. Another important factor is that, generally, they can\'t occur with a thematic object, what should be possible if these items were, in fact, adverbs.

Les adjectifs n’ont pas toujours eu bonne presse chez les grammairiens et les gens de lettre. Leur caractère facultatif a peut-être aussi rebuté les auteurs intéressés par les premiers développements des répertoires de l’enfant, conscients de leur probable rareté à ces stades précoces. C’est pourtant justement leur inscription sur ce versant optionnel et en outre souvent assez subjectif qui leur confère, à notre sens, tout leur intérêt. Leur choix n’étant contraint ni sur l’axe paradigmatique (lorsqu’ils sont épithètes) ni sur l’axe syntagmatique (fonctions déterminative et classifiante exclues), ces marqueurs seront des révélateurs privilégiés des mondes sensoriels, perceptuels et psychiques des locuteurs. Dans un cadre théorique souple et syncrétique, à la croisée des théories énonciatives françaises et des approches anglo-saxonnes dites basées sur l’usage, nous retracerons le développement des répertoires adjectivaux de trois enfants, francophone, anglophone et bilingue français anglais, jusqu’à leur quatrième anniversaire, période généralement admise comme la plus propice aux variations. Nous élargirons ensuite les perspectives aux autres classes de mots constitutives de ces premiers inventaires, afin de percevoir comment la catégorie des adjectifs se développe dans ce système global. Une attention particulière sera accordée aux propriétés de l’environnement susceptibles d’influencer les comportements des enfants. Les résultats montrent que les enfants se saisissent d’abord de propriétés concrètes et perceptuellement saillantes, souvent assez descriptives. Leurs parents utilisent dans le même temps des propriétés plutôt évaluatives, qui traduisent l’affect. La dyade anglophone utilise significativement plus de propriétés évaluatives que les autres dyades. Les adjectifs émergent quelques mois après les premiers mots conventionnels, et restent une catégorie somme toute assez peu fréquente (4 % du lexique total en moyenne). / Adjectives have not always had good press among writers, as they may reflect a distorted prose. Researchers in early lexical development currently regard adjectives as problematic: they may well emerge late in child language, and comprise a small portion of the lexicon. However, we argue that it is precisely this property, along with their subjective stance, which makes adjectives relevant for research. Given that their choice is non obligatory, both on the paradigmatic axis (for attributive adjectives) and on the syntagmatic one (determinative and classifying functions excluded), these markers may help reveal the speaker’s sensory, perceptual and mental worlds. Using a theoretical approach at the crossroads of the French enunciative and the Anglo-Saxon usage-based theories, the data of three children speaking French, English, and bilingual French English, were analysed. We first tracked how their inventories developed until their fourth birthday, the range during which considerable variations occur. These perspectives were then broadened to encompass other categories so as to further understand how the adjectival category develops within this larger system. The environmental properties that might have an impact on the children’s behaviour were examined in detail. The results show that children first use properties anchored in immediate perceptions, while their parents favour more abstract properties, often expressing affect. The English speaking dyad uses significantly more affective adjectives than the other dyads. Adjectives emerge a few months after the first conventional words, and remain a low frequency category (4% of the lexicon in average).

Previous research has shown a link between the spatial words children use and their performance on spatial reasoning tasks. There is a dearth of measures of spatial language, especially those that focus on a specific type of word. This dissertation introduces three studies, using two measures of dimensional adjective comprehension, one in English and one in Spanish. Study one found that bilingual children’s knowledge of dimensional adjectives in one language is not predictive of their performance on dimensional adjectives in the other language, but that general vocabulary within a language predicts performance in that language. This study also showed that within a pair of polar opposite terms (e.g., long and short) children are more likely to know the term describing the big dimension and not the small dimension than vice versa. The second study found that the number of dimensional concepts children comprehend predicts how well they perform on a spatial scaling test, controlling for age and general vocabulary. The final study failed to find a link between dimensional adjective knowledge and performance on the children’s mental transformation task. These findings might have important implications for early education, showing that supporting children’s understanding of language might have an impact on their spatial reasoning.

<p>This essay analysed how gender is established in students’ texts. The aim of the study was to find out if the students in a class in an upper secondary school were able to produce texts where female and male subjects were not influenced by prevailing gender roles. The analysis was based on Halliday’s Functional Grammar Theory. Furthermore, the results are interpreted in the light of the guidelines of the Curriculum and the Education Act. To fulfil the aim of this essay 32 texts were analysed from the extra linguistic factor of gender.</p><p>                      The linguistic factors examined were verbs (dynamic/stative, transitive/intransitive), if the subjects function as actors or not were the factors used to establish if there is a difference between how females and males are represented in the texts. Furthermore the use of adjectives, nouns and predicatives modifying the grammatical subjects were also taken in consideration in the analysis. The hypothesis was based on a previous study made on the teaching book <em>Blueprint A </em>and the results from this current study were compared to the results from that study. The study finds that in the texts examined females are established as more stative than males and because of that it is possible to draw conclusions that the teaching book can influence the student in their writing but also that school not always uphold the goals of the Curriculum and the Education Act in the issue regarding gender equality.  </p><p><strong> </strong></p><p> </p>

This thesis explores the properties of adjectives and adverbs in Inuit (Eskimo-Aleut), with focus on the Inuktitut dialect group. While the literature on Eskimoan languages has claimed that they lack these categories, I present syntactic evidence for two classes of adjectives, one verb-like and another strictly attributive, as well as a class of adverbs. These categories are then employed to diagnose more general properties of the language including headedness, word-formation, adjunct licensing, and semantic composition. In the first half of Chapter 2 I demonstrate that verb-like adjectives can be differentiated from verbs insofar as only the former are compatible with a particular copular construction involving modals. Similarly, verb-like adjectives can combine with a negative marker that is incompatible with genuine verbs. This contrast is further corroborated by an inflectional distinction between verb-like adjectives and verbs in the Siglitun dialect. A second class of strictly-attributive adjectives is argued for on the basis of stacking, variable order, optionality, and compositionality. The second half of the chapter examines semantic restrictions on membership in the strictly-attributive class whereby only adjectives with subsective and privative denotations are attested. These restrictions are explained by the proposal that Inuit lacks a rule of Predicate Modification, with the result that only adjectives with semantic types capable of composing with nouns via Functional Application can compose directly with nominals. Furthermore, to explain why this restriction does not extend to verb-like adjectives it is proposed that when these modify nominals, they are adjoined DP appositives and compose via Potts’s (2005) rule of Conventional Implicature Application. In Chapter 3 I argue for a class of adverbs, presenting evidence including degree modification, variable ordering, speaker-oriented meanings, and the ability to modify additional categories. Finally, data from adverb ordering is used to compare syntactically oriented and semantically oriented approaches to adjunct licensing and verbal-complex formation. I present arguments in favour of a right-headed analysis of Inuit in which the relative position of adverbs inside polysynthetic verbal-complexes is primarily determined by semantics, supporting Ernst (2002), contra cartographic approaches such as Cinque (1999).

With a growing amount of subjective content distributed across the Web, there is a need for a domain-independent information retrieval system that would support ad hoc retrieval of documents expressing opinions on a specific topic of the user’s query. While the research area of opinion detection and sentiment analysis has received much attention in the recent years, little research has been done on identifying subjective content targeted at a specific topic, i.e. expressing topical opinion. This thesis presents a novel method for ad hoc retrieval of documents which contain subjective content on the topic of the query. Documents are ranked by the likelihood each document expresses an opinion on a query term, approximated as the likelihood any occurrence of the query term is modified by a subjective adjective. Domain-independent user-based evaluation of the proposed methods was conducted, and shows statistically significant gains over Google ranking as the baseline.

With a growing amount of subjective content distributed across the Web, there is a need for a domain-independent information retrieval system that would support ad hoc retrieval of documents expressing opinions on a specific topic of the user’s query. While the research area of opinion detection and sentiment analysis has received much attention in the recent years, little research has been done on identifying subjective content targeted at a specific topic, i.e. expressing topical opinion. This thesis presents a novel method for ad hoc retrieval of documents which contain subjective content on the topic of the query. Documents are ranked by the likelihood each document expresses an opinion on a query term, approximated as the likelihood any occurrence of the query term is modified by a subjective adjective. Domain-independent user-based evaluation of the proposed methods was conducted, and shows statistically significant gains over Google ranking as the baseline.

<p>The purpose with this essay is to investigate how Ernest Hemingway uses his style of writing in his short stories “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” and “Hills Like White Elephants”. The questions at issue are: What is characteristic of Hemingway's style when looking at the use of adjectives and sentence complexity? How is the Iceberg Technique used? What stylistic differences and similarities are there between the stories?</p><p>In my investigation I used a stylistic approach, in which adjectives are counted and sentence length is measured (creating mainly a quantitative analysis). The frequency of adjectives is calculated and compared against the norm in imaginative prose. Sentence length is compared against the norm for modern English. Previous research has provided a foundation for further analysis of the Iceberg Technique.</p><p>The analysis shows that the frequency of adjectives is very low compared with the norm and that many adjectives are used repeatedly. The sentences are very short, not even reaching half the length of the norm presented. Hemingway’s Iceberg Technique shows in the scarce use of dialogue tags and a plot that does not reveal much about the characters or the setting. The real plot is often hidden, leaving it to the reader to interpret and “feel” what the story is really about.</p><p>In conclusion: it may be said that both short stories are told in a minimalistic style, using only what is necessary to tell the story. They have a simple plot and simple characters, just like the Hemingway style we know.</p>