A presente Tese, a partir das lentes teórico-metodológicas dos Estudos Foucaultianos, empreende uma análise genealógica sobre a Administração Educacional no Brasil, problematizando algumas das condições que a tornaram possível. Procura compreender como se deu a mudança de ênfase de uma concepção da administração educacional para a gestão educacional e o que tal mudança implica. Parte do contexto da década de 1990 — em que a centralidade da gestão educacional é evidente —, tendo como motes principais um documento produzido pela CEPAL e pela UNESCO e um documento produzido pelo Ministério da Educação Brasileiro segundo o acordo MEC/UNESCO. A partir do desenho de alguns contornos do contexto da década de 1990, a pesquisa traz um primeiro recuo histórico no sentido de compreender a constituição da CEPAL e da UNESCO e a sua inserção no contexto educacional brasileiro. Trata da importância da invenção do Terceiro Mundo e das decorrentes discussões sobre desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvimento, bem como a necessidade de administração pública e de administração da educação no contexto político, econômico e social do período pós Segunda Guerra Mundial. A noção de desenvolvimento aparece como uma das condições de possibilidade da emergência da administração educacional ao partir do pressuposto de que a administração coloca em funcionamento um conjunto de práticas que são utilizadas estrategicamente no governamento da população porque possibilitam maior planejamento, planificação e modernização. O estudo mostra como a administração científica, tanto no âmbito da produção quanto no âmbito das relações pessoais, se tornou um modo de vida e uma necessidade de ordem pública no contexto econômico, político e social do pós-guerra. Afirma que a Teoria do Capital Humano, aliada a outras mudanças sociais, econômicas e políticas, provoca uma série de descontinuidades nas formas de governamento da população nas décadas de 1970, 1980 e especialmente 1990. Por fim, o estudo aborda a importância das lutas por menos Estado e a importância da repulsa à rotina, à burocracia e à lógica da pirâmide para a mudança de ênfase da administração educacional para a gestão educacional, bem como para o funcionamento da governamentalidade neoliberal. Ao dar ênfase às discussões acima colocadas, a Tese sustenta que, na atualidade, a Teoria do Capital Humano e o empreendedorismo se tornaram valores sociais. / This Thesis, through the theoretical-methodological lenses of Foucauldian Studies, carries out an analysis of the Educational Administration in Brazil from a genealogical perspective, problematizing some conditions that have made it possible. It attempts to understand how a conception of educational administration has become a conception of educational management, and what this change means. Its starting point is the 1990s, a period in which the centrality of educational management was evident, considering a document produced by both CEPAL and UNESCO, and a document produced by the Brazilian Ministry of Education in accordance with a MEC/UNESCO deal. From some contours of the 1990s context, an initial historical movement has been made to understand the constitution of both CEPAL and UNESCO, as well as their insertion in the Brazilian education context. The research discusses the importance of the invention of the Third World and points out some deriving discussions about development and underdevelopment, as well as the need for both public administration and education administration in the political, economical, and social context after the Second World War. The notion of development has emerged as one of the conditions of possibility for the emergence of educational administration, considering the assumption that administration triggers a set of practices that are strategically used in governing the population, since they allow for planning and modernization. The study shows how scientific administration, both in terms of production and personal relationships, has become a life style and a public necessity in the post-war economic, political and social context. It claims that the Human Capital Theory, allied with other social, economical, political changes, caused a number of discontinuities in the forms of governing the population along the 70s, 80s and mainly the 90s. Finally, the study approaches the importance of both fighting for less State and rejecting routine, bureaucracy and the pyramid logic, so as to change the emphasis from educational administration to educational management and drive the functioning of neoliberal governmentality. By emphasizing these discussions, this Thesis claims that both the Human Capital Theory and entrepreneurship have presently become social values.

A presente Tese, a partir das lentes teórico-metodológicas dos Estudos Foucaultianos, empreende uma análise genealógica sobre a Administração Educacional no Brasil, problematizando algumas das condições que a tornaram possível. Procura compreender como se deu a mudança de ênfase de uma concepção da administração educacional para a gestão educacional e o que tal mudança implica. Parte do contexto da década de 1990 — em que a centralidade da gestão educacional é evidente —, tendo como motes principais um documento produzido pela CEPAL e pela UNESCO e um documento produzido pelo Ministério da Educação Brasileiro segundo o acordo MEC/UNESCO. A partir do desenho de alguns contornos do contexto da década de 1990, a pesquisa traz um primeiro recuo histórico no sentido de compreender a constituição da CEPAL e da UNESCO e a sua inserção no contexto educacional brasileiro. Trata da importância da invenção do Terceiro Mundo e das decorrentes discussões sobre desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvimento, bem como a necessidade de administração pública e de administração da educação no contexto político, econômico e social do período pós Segunda Guerra Mundial. A noção de desenvolvimento aparece como uma das condições de possibilidade da emergência da administração educacional ao partir do pressuposto de que a administração coloca em funcionamento um conjunto de práticas que são utilizadas estrategicamente no governamento da população porque possibilitam maior planejamento, planificação e modernização. O estudo mostra como a administração científica, tanto no âmbito da produção quanto no âmbito das relações pessoais, se tornou um modo de vida e uma necessidade de ordem pública no contexto econômico, político e social do pós-guerra. Afirma que a Teoria do Capital Humano, aliada a outras mudanças sociais, econômicas e políticas, provoca uma série de descontinuidades nas formas de governamento da população nas décadas de 1970, 1980 e especialmente 1990. Por fim, o estudo aborda a importância das lutas por menos Estado e a importância da repulsa à rotina, à burocracia e à lógica da pirâmide para a mudança de ênfase da administração educacional para a gestão educacional, bem como para o funcionamento da governamentalidade neoliberal. Ao dar ênfase às discussões acima colocadas, a Tese sustenta que, na atualidade, a Teoria do Capital Humano e o empreendedorismo se tornaram valores sociais. / This Thesis, through the theoretical-methodological lenses of Foucauldian Studies, carries out an analysis of the Educational Administration in Brazil from a genealogical perspective, problematizing some conditions that have made it possible. It attempts to understand how a conception of educational administration has become a conception of educational management, and what this change means. Its starting point is the 1990s, a period in which the centrality of educational management was evident, considering a document produced by both CEPAL and UNESCO, and a document produced by the Brazilian Ministry of Education in accordance with a MEC/UNESCO deal. From some contours of the 1990s context, an initial historical movement has been made to understand the constitution of both CEPAL and UNESCO, as well as their insertion in the Brazilian education context. The research discusses the importance of the invention of the Third World and points out some deriving discussions about development and underdevelopment, as well as the need for both public administration and education administration in the political, economical, and social context after the Second World War. The notion of development has emerged as one of the conditions of possibility for the emergence of educational administration, considering the assumption that administration triggers a set of practices that are strategically used in governing the population, since they allow for planning and modernization. The study shows how scientific administration, both in terms of production and personal relationships, has become a life style and a public necessity in the post-war economic, political and social context. It claims that the Human Capital Theory, allied with other social, economical, political changes, caused a number of discontinuities in the forms of governing the population along the 70s, 80s and mainly the 90s. Finally, the study approaches the importance of both fighting for less State and rejecting routine, bureaucracy and the pyramid logic, so as to change the emphasis from educational administration to educational management and drive the functioning of neoliberal governmentality. By emphasizing these discussions, this Thesis claims that both the Human Capital Theory and entrepreneurship have presently become social values.

Recent trends of financial distress for non-profit hospitals and the uptick in acquisition of these hospitals by for-profit entities indicate different focuses from the management of each type of hospital. Using data on hospital quality and basic financial measures, this study examines shift in the balance of financial and quality performance. The dataset focuses on private non-profit and for-profit hospitals with low bed counts, ranging from 50-200 total beds. Results indicate a positive relationship between for-profit status and basic financial performance measures, such as profitability, and a negative relationship with patient experience, cost reduction for the patient, and overall quality. This signals a tradeoff between financial performance and quality, especially measures relating to the customer. For-profit hospital management places more of an emphasis on the financial performance while non-profit hospital management demonstrates a balance between financial performance and high quality performance. Without being involved in hospital management decision-making, examining hospital outcomes is the best way to give insight into how hospital management is shifts performance priorities by different types of ownership.

A presente Tese, a partir das lentes teórico-metodológicas dos Estudos Foucaultianos, empreende uma análise genealógica sobre a Administração Educacional no Brasil, problematizando algumas das condições que a tornaram possível. Procura compreender como se deu a mudança de ênfase de uma concepção da administração educacional para a gestão educacional e o que tal mudança implica. Parte do contexto da década de 1990 — em que a centralidade da gestão educacional é evidente —, tendo como motes principais um documento produzido pela CEPAL e pela UNESCO e um documento produzido pelo Ministério da Educação Brasileiro segundo o acordo MEC/UNESCO. A partir do desenho de alguns contornos do contexto da década de 1990, a pesquisa traz um primeiro recuo histórico no sentido de compreender a constituição da CEPAL e da UNESCO e a sua inserção no contexto educacional brasileiro. Trata da importância da invenção do Terceiro Mundo e das decorrentes discussões sobre desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvimento, bem como a necessidade de administração pública e de administração da educação no contexto político, econômico e social do período pós Segunda Guerra Mundial. A noção de desenvolvimento aparece como uma das condições de possibilidade da emergência da administração educacional ao partir do pressuposto de que a administração coloca em funcionamento um conjunto de práticas que são utilizadas estrategicamente no governamento da população porque possibilitam maior planejamento, planificação e modernização. O estudo mostra como a administração científica, tanto no âmbito da produção quanto no âmbito das relações pessoais, se tornou um modo de vida e uma necessidade de ordem pública no contexto econômico, político e social do pós-guerra. Afirma que a Teoria do Capital Humano, aliada a outras mudanças sociais, econômicas e políticas, provoca uma série de descontinuidades nas formas de governamento da população nas décadas de 1970, 1980 e especialmente 1990. Por fim, o estudo aborda a importância das lutas por menos Estado e a importância da repulsa à rotina, à burocracia e à lógica da pirâmide para a mudança de ênfase da administração educacional para a gestão educacional, bem como para o funcionamento da governamentalidade neoliberal. Ao dar ênfase às discussões acima colocadas, a Tese sustenta que, na atualidade, a Teoria do Capital Humano e o empreendedorismo se tornaram valores sociais. / This Thesis, through the theoretical-methodological lenses of Foucauldian Studies, carries out an analysis of the Educational Administration in Brazil from a genealogical perspective, problematizing some conditions that have made it possible. It attempts to understand how a conception of educational administration has become a conception of educational management, and what this change means. Its starting point is the 1990s, a period in which the centrality of educational management was evident, considering a document produced by both CEPAL and UNESCO, and a document produced by the Brazilian Ministry of Education in accordance with a MEC/UNESCO deal. From some contours of the 1990s context, an initial historical movement has been made to understand the constitution of both CEPAL and UNESCO, as well as their insertion in the Brazilian education context. The research discusses the importance of the invention of the Third World and points out some deriving discussions about development and underdevelopment, as well as the need for both public administration and education administration in the political, economical, and social context after the Second World War. The notion of development has emerged as one of the conditions of possibility for the emergence of educational administration, considering the assumption that administration triggers a set of practices that are strategically used in governing the population, since they allow for planning and modernization. The study shows how scientific administration, both in terms of production and personal relationships, has become a life style and a public necessity in the post-war economic, political and social context. It claims that the Human Capital Theory, allied with other social, economical, political changes, caused a number of discontinuities in the forms of governing the population along the 70s, 80s and mainly the 90s. Finally, the study approaches the importance of both fighting for less State and rejecting routine, bureaucracy and the pyramid logic, so as to change the emphasis from educational administration to educational management and drive the functioning of neoliberal governmentality. By emphasizing these discussions, this Thesis claims that both the Human Capital Theory and entrepreneurship have presently become social values.

Problem: This research proposes to examine the effects of Reaganomics on pricing and participation in the regular paying sector of the National School Lunch Program in Dade County Public High Schools. Subproblems: The first subproblem is to examine the effects of Reaganomics on pricing in the regular paying sector of the National School Lunch Program in Dade County Public High Schools. The second subproblem is to examine the effects of Reaganomics on participation in the regular paying sector of the National School Lunch Program in Dade County Public High Schools. Hypotheses: The first hypothesis is that Reaganomics has resulted in price increases to the regular paying sector of the National School Lunch Program in Dade County Public High Schools. The second hypothesis is that Reaganomics has decreased the percentage of the regular paying sector participating in the National School Lunch Program in Dade County Public High Schools.

Since the first national park Yellowstone was established, people from across the world have come to visit the natural wonders that our national parks have to offer. While much empirical research has been conducted concerning the marketing and branding strategies of non-profit organizations, government agencies, and tourism destinations; not much has been conducted on national parks. This research seeks to understand how our national parks have marketed and branded themselves over time and determine how marketing and branding will play a role in the development and conservation of the parks. This research was conducted utilizing in- depth methods such as an autoethnographic reflection and content analysis. Throughout the content analysis, themes arose amongst the strategies of the national parks over time such as “Romanticism,” “Exploration,” “Nature Preservation,” and many more discussed throughout this research. Each of these unique themes represents what was culturally important.

The most significant tax overhaul bill in over thirty years was enacted in 2017 and expected to have wide-ranging effects. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act includes numerous policies that directly and indirectly impact the higher education sector and the effect to endowments was not addressed in the public debate leading up to enactment. Unlike expendable gifts, a reduction in endowment contributions has a cumulative effect because a gift to an endowment can benefit all subsequent years. Each year following a contribution, investment income earned on the original gift is available for spending and benefits escalate over time in amount, assuming the value of the original gift continues to grow. The purpose of this study is to analyze precisely the direct and indirect impact of personal income tax regulations on the charitable sector. It will do so by disaggregating data to delineate clearly the differential consequences that distinguish higher education from other components of the broad charitable sector umbrella. A model is developed to predict the erosion of endowment wealth following a decrease in contributions due to tax policy using panel data from a previous ten-year period assuming the tax policy was first effective beginning in year one. The erosion of overall endowment wealth is gradual, and subsectors of higher education are predicted to experience varying rates of attrition. Regression analysis is then used on giving by source data to institutional and endowment characteristics indicative of greater reliance on contributions from individuals to the endowment; the results are suggestive but inconclusive.

Food insecurity and chronic hunger are devastating global problems currently facing more than a billion people. There are many actors involved in the response to stomp out world hunger, including International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs). These INGOs, however, work in tumultuous environments with limited resources. This dissertation examines the INGOs involved in the food security dilemma (N=51) to investigate how they use resources to reach hungry populations. It is hypothesized INGOs use a mix of material resources and social capital to enhance their organizational performance. However, little is known about the impact these resources have on reaching communities in need. Social network analysis is used to examine the connections between and among INGOs to create a measure of organizational social capital. In addition, material resources, such as human resources, revenue and volunteers are used to examine an organization's material capacity. Material and social resources are examined through a moderated regression analysis to evaluate how they interact, and if the promotion of both types of resources is beneficial to the INGOs and the communities they serve. With data from over 1186 projects globally, results are presented regarding the effectiveness of social capital and material resources in reaching the world's "bottom billion."

Calculating the expected return has been a longstanding issue in the finance. There is a positive correlation between the undertaken risk and excess return (or loss) but numerous variables need to be considered. This study builds on the Fama and French formula and adds factors unique to the hospitality industry such as labor cost and diversification in order to get results that are a tailored to the hospitality industry. Active hotel and restaurants companies (SIC 7011 and 5812 respectively) in the 2000-2009 period were analyzed in separate samples. The labor cost improves the explanatory on both samples and the diversification proxy was significant in the hotel sample. Based on the results suggestions for further research were made.

Curriculum assessment has been an important tool in measuring the effectiveness of the curriculum to evaluate student learning and preparedness. This study develops a conceptual framework, based on course offerings and descriptions of the Hospitality and Tourism Management Program at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, to evaluate how the curriculum contributes to students’ preparedness for their future career. Using an online field survey, this study examines the skills that contribute to students’ preparedness. Besides putting forward the strengths and weaknesses of the program, and identifying the significant skill areas that contribute significantly to students’ preparedness, findings of this study indicate that students are quite well prepared and overall satisfied with the program. Results also highlight the importance of work experience as an integral part of the curriculum in affecting students’ preparedness.