Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Root surface caries is an increasing problem in the United States as more of the population are retaining their teeth to an older age. The disease requires the recession of gingival tissue and resorption of alveolar bone prior to exposure of the root surface. Animal models for root surface caries provide a means to investigate the etiology and treatment of the disease. The Golden Syrian hamster has been used as a model, and alveolar bone loss and root exposure are induced by feeding the animals a high glucose diet. Significant bone loss, when compared to control groups, is usually detected within five weeks. At present, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of periodontal disease is an area of great interest. As there is a role of host response in the alveolar bone destruction seen in periodontitis, inhibition of this prostaglandin-mediated process may provide a means of treatment. Flurbiprofen (Ansaid™, Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Ml) has been widely studied and appears to inhibit this bone loss in a variety of animals, including man. The purposes of the study were to determine if the early alveolar bone loss occurring after three, four and five weeks' exposure to the high carbohydrate diet could be quantitated with fluorescent bone labels, and if this bone loss could be inhibited by daily administration of flurbiprofen. The animals received a series of four intraperitoneally-injected fluorochrome labels over a one-month period, then were fed ground lab chow, the high carbohydrate MIT-200GI diet or the MIT-200GI diet plus flurbiprofen. At the end of three, four and five weeks, animals were euthanized, and the mandibles were prepared for analysis. Statistical analysis of gross and histomorphometric measurements detected no significant differences between the experimental groups. It is suspected that the diets failed to produce periodontal disease in this experiment, possibly due to changes in the oral microflora caused by administration of tetracycline as the final bone label. There was much variation in the presence of bone labels, but they were able to provide the growth velocity of the alveolar complex. Flurbiprofen administration produced no measurable effects, but the animals did tolerate the dosage given. Future studies should consider variation of the labels and a different route of administration.

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Níveis sangüíneos de ciclosporina A (CSA) que minimizam a rejeição celular aguda (RCA) no transplante renal com o menor efeito tóxico vêm sendo o alvo de recentes pesquisas. A escolha de terapia imunossupressora com várias drogas permite o uso de doses mais baixas e com menores efeitos colaterais. Níveis de CSA necessários para evitar RCA podem variar com diferentes esquemas terapêuticos. Este estudo prospectivo realizado em um único centro avaliou a eficácia e segurança de dois diferentes níveis sangüíneos de CSA através da área sob a curva de doze horas (AUC 0-12). Cinqüenta e oito receptores de transplante renal foram randomizados para dois grupos, 25 para o grupo AUC0-12 alta (9000-11000 ng.h/mL) e 33 para o grupo AUC0-12 baixa (5000-7000 ng.h/mL). Após a introdução da CSA, a AUC foi avaliada nos dias 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84 e 90. Os grupos foram comparáveis em idade, sexo, cor, tipo de doador, uso de indução e outras drogas imunossupressoras. Não houve diferença estatística na incidência de RCA. Foi realizada análise dos pacientes que apresentaram RCA em comparação com os pacientes livres de RCA. A análise de regressão logística mostrou que é necessária uma AUC 0-12 >- 9500 ng.h/mL com especificidade de 84% e sensibilidade de 76%, AUC 0-4 4000 ng.h/mL com especificidade de 91% e sensibilidade de 84% e C2 (concentração sangüínea na segunda hora pós- 6 dose) com especificidade de 92% e sensibilidade de 84% >- 1450 ng/ml, para predizer ausência de RCA. Quando utilizada terapia de indução, níveis mais baixos de AUC0-12, AUC0-4 e C2 (8160 3636 ng.h/ml, 3146 +- 262 ng.h/ml, 1043 +- 151 ng/mL, respectivamente) foram necessários para evitar RCA, em relação aos pacientes que não rejeitaram e não receberam indução (11072 +- 3809 ng.h/ml, 5403 +- 1782 ng.h/ml e 1816 +- 151ng/mL, respectivamente). Esses dados confirmam a necessidade de altos níves de CSA, na ausencia de indução para prevenção de RCA nos três primeiros meses pós-transplante renal e, o emprego de indução permite que níveis sangüíneos mais baixos de CSA sejam empregados com o intuito de prevenir RCA nos primeiros 90 dias após transplante renal / Multiple-drug therapy allows the use of lower doses with fewer side effects. Cyclosporin A (CSA) levels necessary to avoid rejection may vary with different drug combinations. To address this issue, fifty-eight kidney transplant recipients were randomized into two groups: 25 patients to the twelve-hour area under the curve (AUC0-12) high arm (9000-11000 ng.h/mL) and 33 to the AUC0-12 low arm (5000-7000 ng.h/mL). After CSA introduction, AUC0-12 was measured at days 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, and 90. The two groups were comparable regarding age, gender, race, donor type, induction therapy and other immunosuppressive drugs. There was no significant difference in the rate of acute cellular rejection episodes between the two groups. A retrospective analysis was carried out comparing rejectors to non-rejectors, related to induction therapy status. Logistic regression analysis revealed that an AUC0-12 >- 9000 ng.h/mL or AUC0-4 >-4000ng.h/mL or two-hour post-dose cyclosporin level (C2) of >- 1450 ng/mL predicted a rejection-free course. Lower levels of C2 and AUC 0-4 (1043 +-151 ng/mL and 3146 +- 262ng/mL, respectively) were required in non-rejecting patients when induction therapy was used

Adult rats produce two main types of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), occurring at 22 and 50 kHz USVs. These calls are associated with aversive and rewarding stimuli, respectively. The neural mechanism of amphetamine-induced calling was examined in lesion and antagonist studies. We also tested whether amphetamine-induced 50 kHz USVs could predict individual differences in intravenous self-administration or conditioned place preference behavior. Further experiments examined whether 50 kHz USVs could be evoked by amphetamine-conditioned sensory stimuli and by rewarding electrical brain stimulation. Overall, our experimental findings: (1) identify certain experimental conditions that increase amphetamine-induced 50 kHz calling, (2) provide evidence that these calls may be dependent on mesolimbic dopaminergic transmission, (3) relate individual differences in 50 kHz vocalizing to other behavioural measures of drug reward, and (4) show that in some situations, 50 kHz calls reflect anticipation of expected rewards.

This research project investigates the long-term consequences of perinatal exposure to high-fat (HF) on the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system. Adult offspring of mothers fed a HF diet (30% fat, compared to 5% in control mothers (C)) during the last week of gestation and throughout lactation displayed decreased locomotion in response to an acute amphetamine challenge and decreased behavioral sensitization to repeated amphetamine compared to C animals. These behavioral effects were accompanied by small increases in tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the ventral tegmental area and significant increases in DA and DOPAC content in the NAc, suggesting an elevated DA tone in this target field. In the NAc, there were no significant changes in D1, D2 receptors or DA transporter (DAT) levels between diet groups. The behavioural and biochemical data were collected in adulthood, long after the termination of the diet suggesting that a HF perinatal diet is inducing permanent changes within the DA system and might contribute to the development of metabolic disturbances.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Níveis sangüíneos de ciclosporina A (CSA) que minimizam a rejeição celular aguda (RCA) no transplante renal com o menor efeito tóxico vêm sendo o alvo de recentes pesquisas. A escolha de terapia imunossupressora com várias drogas permite o uso de doses mais baixas e com menores efeitos colaterais. Níveis de CSA necessários para evitar RCA podem variar com diferentes esquemas terapêuticos. Este estudo prospectivo realizado em um único centro avaliou a eficácia e segurança de dois diferentes níveis sangüíneos de CSA através da área sob a curva de doze horas (AUC 0-12). Cinqüenta e oito receptores de transplante renal foram randomizados para dois grupos, 25 para o grupo AUC0-12 alta (9000-11000 ng.h/mL) e 33 para o grupo AUC0-12 baixa (5000-7000 ng.h/mL). Após a introdução da CSA, a AUC foi avaliada nos dias 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84 e 90. Os grupos foram comparáveis em idade, sexo, cor, tipo de doador, uso de indução e outras drogas imunossupressoras. Não houve diferença estatística na incidência de RCA. Foi realizada análise dos pacientes que apresentaram RCA em comparação com os pacientes livres de RCA. A análise de regressão logística mostrou que é necessária uma AUC 0-12 >- 9500 ng.h/mL com especificidade de 84% e sensibilidade de 76%, AUC 0-4 4000 ng.h/mL com especificidade de 91% e sensibilidade de 84% e C2 (concentração sangüínea na segunda hora pós- 6 dose) com especificidade de 92% e sensibilidade de 84% >- 1450 ng/ml, para predizer ausência de RCA. Quando utilizada terapia de indução, níveis mais baixos de AUC0-12, AUC0-4 e C2 (8160 3636 ng.h/ml, 3146 +- 262 ng.h/ml, 1043 +- 151 ng/mL, respectivamente) foram necessários para evitar RCA, em relação aos pacientes que não rejeitaram e não receberam indução (11072 +- 3809 ng.h/ml, 5403 +- 1782 ng.h/ml e 1816 +- 151ng/mL, respectivamente). Esses dados confirmam a necessidade de altos níves de CSA, na ausencia de indução para prevenção de RCA nos três primeiros meses pós-transplante renal e, o emprego de indução permite que níveis sangüíneos mais baixos de CSA sejam empregados com o intuito de prevenir RCA nos primeiros 90 dias após transplante renal / Multiple-drug therapy allows the use of lower doses with fewer side effects. Cyclosporin A (CSA) levels necessary to avoid rejection may vary with different drug combinations. To address this issue, fifty-eight kidney transplant recipients were randomized into two groups: 25 patients to the twelve-hour area under the curve (AUC0-12) high arm (9000-11000 ng.h/mL) and 33 to the AUC0-12 low arm (5000-7000 ng.h/mL). After CSA introduction, AUC0-12 was measured at days 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, and 90. The two groups were comparable regarding age, gender, race, donor type, induction therapy and other immunosuppressive drugs. There was no significant difference in the rate of acute cellular rejection episodes between the two groups. A retrospective analysis was carried out comparing rejectors to non-rejectors, related to induction therapy status. Logistic regression analysis revealed that an AUC0-12 >- 9000 ng.h/mL or AUC0-4 >-4000ng.h/mL or two-hour post-dose cyclosporin level (C2) of >- 1450 ng/mL predicted a rejection-free course. Lower levels of C2 and AUC 0-4 (1043 +-151 ng/mL and 3146 +- 262ng/mL, respectively) were required in non-rejecting patients when induction therapy was used

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Introduction: Regenerative endodontic therapy in immature teeth with necrotic pulps triggers continued root development, thereby improving the prognosis of these teeth. Disinfection of the canal is accomplished with an intracanal medicament, such as triple antibiotic paste (TAP) composed of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and minocycline. A modified triple antibiotic paste (MTAP) that replaces minocycline with clindamycin has recently been suggested to avoid the tooth discoloration and potential demineralization from minocycline. The effect these pastes have on radicular dentin is unknown. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two intracanal medicaments used during endodontic regeneration, TAP and MTAP, at concentrations of 1 g/mL and 1 mg/mL, on the microhardness and chemical structure of radicular dentin. Materials and Methods: Roots from extracted, unrestored, non-carious human premolar teeth were sectioned. An antibiotic paste (MTAP or TAP) or sterile water (control) was applied to treatment groups and stored for four weeks in 80-percent humidity at 37 °C. The effect of each paste on the microhardness of radicular dentin was measured using a Vickers Microhardness Tester (n = 17) to take three pretreatment and post-treatment measurements at both 500 µm and 1000 µm from the pulp-dentin interface. The chemical structure was assessed from dentin specimens treated with the same medicaments or sterile water for four weeks. After treatment, three measurements were taken on each specimen using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to measure the phosphate/amide I ratios of dentin (n = 7). Results: The 1 g/mL of TAP or MTAP and the 1 mg/mL methylcellulose-based TAP caused significant reduction in microhardness of roots compared with untreated control roots at 500 µm and 1000 µm from the pulp-dentin interface. Furthermore, the methylcellulose-based 1 mg/mL TAP and MTAP caused significantly less reduction in microhardness compared with 1 g/mL TAP and MTAP. The 1 g/mL of TAP and DAP caused significantly lower phosphate/amide I ratios compared with other groups. Conclusion: The use of methylcellulose based 1 mg/mL of TAP and MTAP may minimize the reduction in microhardness of roots compared with the currently used 1 g/mL concentration of these antibiotics.

No description available.

No description available.