Orientador: Peterson Bueno de Moraes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T23:07:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silveira_JeffersonEduardo_M.pdf: 1833335 bytes, checksum: 71226fb620b38ed3dd8fd9ee6cfac08d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A crescente degradação dos corpos d'água é assunto de constante interesse dos pesquisadores, da opinião pública e da mídia, devido à preocupação com a saúde pública, com os meios de produção e no legado às gerações futuras. Embora nos últimos anos as engenharias química, sanitária e ambiental tenham tido um significativo avanço nos métodos para tratamento de resíduos, alguns tipos de efluentes de composição complexa, como o lixiviado de aterro sanitário, não são adequadamente tratados pelos processos convencionais. Neste trabalho, propôs-se o uso da tecnologia eletroquímica, já utilizada na remedição de diversos tipos de resíduos e efluentes, para o desenvolvimento e aperfeiçoamento de um reator eletroquímico, em escala piloto, para tratamento do lixiviado do aterro sanitário do município de Limeira-SP. O lixiviado de aterro sanitário é um líquido escuro, com potencial patogênico, toxicológico e que pode conter compostos orgânicos como fenóis, pesticidas e íons metálicos. Foi utilizado um reator eletroquímico com eletrodos de titânio recobertos com 70%TiO2/30%RuO2 operando em batelada com recirculação, visando à redução da cor, carga orgânica e toxicidade. A partir dos resultados dos parâmetros físico-químico e biológicos, o sistema foi otimizado quanto à vazão, densidade de corrente, concentração de eletrólitos suporte e tempo de tratamento. Após 60 minutos de tratamento em densidade de corrente de 250 mA cm-2, concentração de eletrólito de 0,5 M de NaCl e vazão de 400 L h-1 foi possível remover 80% de DQO, 75% de N-NH3, 65% de COT e 90% de DBO. Levando-se em conta somente a remoção de amônia, a densidade de corrente mínima de 25 mA cm-2 já teve excelente desempenho após 30 minutos de tratamento. O sistema pode ser considerado economicamente viável para tratar este tipo de efluente em comparação aos tratamentos convencionais normalmente utilizados, com a vantagem de ser rápido, ocupar pouco espaço e não gerar lodo / Abstract: The increase in deterioration in the quality of water bodies is a subject of interest for researchers, public and media due to concern about public health. Although chemical engineering and environmental sciences have been experiencing lately significative advance in methods for wastewaters treatment, some types of effluents with complex composition such as landfill leachate are not adequately treated by conventional processes. In this work, we proposed the use of electrochemical technology, already used in the remediation of several types of waste and effluents, for development and improvement of an electrochemical pilot scale flow reactor for the treatment of raw landfill leachate from Limeira city, SP. The landfill leachate is a dark liquid with toxicological and pathogenic potential and may contain organic compounds such as phenols, pesticides and metallic ions. We used an electrochemical reactor with titanium oxide electrodes coated with 70% TiO2/30% RuO2 operating in batch recirculation mode, aiming to reduce color, organic load and toxicity. The electrochemical system was optimized from physicochemical and biological analyses considering the flow rate, current density, supporting electrolyte concentration and treatment time. Tests in 60 minutes at 250 mA cm-2, NaCl 0.5 M and flow rate of 400 L h-1 resulted on 80% COD, 75% NH3 - N, 65% TOC and 90% of BOD removal. Considering solely the removal of ammonia, 25 mA cm-2 was sufficed to reach a good performance in 30 minutes of treatment. The system showed be economically interesting for the treatment of this type of effluent when compared to conventional treatments normally used, because have the following advantages: higher degradation rates, small footprint, zero or low-generation of sludge / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestre em Tecnologia

Recently, an increasing problem in wastewater treatment is the insufficient removal of organic pollutants. These substances can be toxic to the environment already in a small amount, either acutely or chronically. The goal is therefore to develop of technologies that ensure their effective removal. One possibility is to use advanced oxidation processes. Advanced oxidation processes work on the principle of non-selective oxidation mediated by OH radicals. Several methods such as O3/H2O2 (Peroxone), UV/H2O2 or Fenton´s reaction can be used to generate them. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effectiveness of the used advanced oxidation processes in wastewater treatment via ekotoxicity tests. Wastewater samples treated with advanced oxidation processes on the pilot unit showed low values of acute toxicity for selected test organisms (D. magna, T. platyurus, S. alba, L. minor). For the sample of waste water that was treated with the UV/H2O2 on AOP laboratory unit, there was an increase in acute toxicity on the testing organism D. magna and L. minor. The similar effect was observer in the tests with the D. magna with the model samples treated with the same method, while the tests on the L. minor showed a reduction in toxicity.

This thesis deals with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and it’s use for removal of micropollutants from wastewater. The first chapter explains the need AOPs, water quality, pollution and substances that are present in the water. Further, the first chapter outlines approach of the current legislation to micropollutants. The second chapter explains the theory and principle of operation of AOPs. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section describes AOPs, which were tested at selected WWTP. In the second section, there are described some other AOPs. The third chapter is a literature retrieval of AOPs dealing with the removal of micropollutants. This chapter is focused on the removal of hormones by AOPs using ozone-based AOPs. The fourth chapter describes the actual testing of selected AOPs. The chapter describes selected WWTP, pilot-scale AOP unit and test results. In the last chapter there is designed and described full-scale AOP tertiary unit for removing of micropollutants. The last chapter also contains economic analysis of the proposed tertiary unit.

Advanced oxidation technology (AOT) has been used to destroy microorganisms in ballast water by breaking down the cell membranes. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effects of a ballast water treatment system that uses a combination of UV-C (λ=254 nm), Vacuum-UV (VUV; λ=185 nm) and photocatalytic titanium dioxide (TiO2) on a freshwater algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and a marine algae, Tetraselmis suecica. The coupling of a semiconductor, such as TiO2, with a UV source is known as an advanced oxidative technology (AOT). To test the effects of TiO2 and wave length on algae, dose-response experiments were conducted to determine the species median lethal dose (LC50) for each of the following treatments: UV-light emitted at 254 nm (UVλ=254 nm), UV-light emitted at 254 nm in the presence of TiO2 (AOTλ=254 nm), and UV-light emitted at λ=254 nm (90 %) and 185 nm (90 %) in the presence of TiO2 (AOTλ=185 + 254 nm). In both species, TiO2 significantly increased mortality, most likely due to the biologically harmful radicals generated at the TiO2 surface. The addition of the 185 nm wavelength significantly increased cell mortality in P. subcapitata, but not in T. suecica. Across all three treatments, P. subcapitata was more sensitive than T. suecica. The secondary purpose of this study was to assess the applicability of ImageJ, an image analysis software, for highthroughput data to analyze the effectiveness of ballast water treatment. ImageJ has been used to rapidly and accurately perform cell Live/Dead analysis; however, several hurdles were identified.

This research work discusses the removal of organic pollutants specifically diclofenac and acid blue-25 using chalcogenide semiconductors. Semiconductors are materials that absorb light of specific energy and potentially degrade these organic pollutants into smaller compounds that are not toxic such as carbon dioxide and water. / Civil and Chemical Engineering

Antibiotics are substances that inhibit the growth of microorganisms and are widely used in modern medicine. High consumption of antibiotics correlates with their elevated occurence in sewage systems, from where they are further released into the environment. The threat of their occurrence in the environment is in triggering the formation and spread of antibiotic resistance. This thesis focuses on the removal of selected antibiotics and partly on the antibiotic resistance from wastewater by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). AOPs are based on the creation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, which are able to oxidize even highly persistent substances. The thesis focuses on the purification of effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), which are identified as the main source of pharmaceutical pollution in the environment, by AOPs mainly based on ozonation. These processes were tested under laboratory conditions on model water as well as under real conditions as the tertiary stage of the treatment at Brno-Modřice WWTP under various operating states. As the results of the performed experiments show, it could be concluded that the studied AOPs are capable of effective degradation of studied antibiotics from the treated medium. Under real conditions, the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, azithromycin and clarithromycin were monitored. Output concentrations in each operational state were achieved to be below the limit of detection for all four antibiotics. The application of AOPs based on ozonation as the tertiary step of the treatment also had a positive effect on the reduction of microbial contamination and antibiotic resistance. Within the pilot plant experiments, a reduction of up to 4 orders of magnitude of E.coli, coliform microorganisms and a reduction of their resistant strains in the range of 1.4 - 4.0 logs were observed, compared to the effluent from the WWTP.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19372号 / 工博第4117号 / 新制||工||1635(附属図書館) / 32386 / 新制||工||1635 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊藤 禎彦, 教授 田中 宏明, 教授 米田 稔 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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This thesis presents the achievements pursued during the doctoral course. The work was carried out in the context of the project ERiCSol (Energia RInnovabile e Combustili SOLari), as part of the University of Trento strategic plan for the years 2017-2021. The project was conceived to establish an interdepartmental area to promote the challenge of developing scientific research and technological innovation to increase the competitiveness of Trento at national and international level in the areas of energy and environment. Among all the goals of the project, this work dedicates special attention to 1) development of novel materials for solar photocatalytic reactions and 2) use of renewable energy to push forward applications in water remediation. To accomplish these goals, the research brings a full collection of experimental activities regarding the employment of solar concentration for the environment industry and therefore this document is organized in 9 chapters. In chapter 1, it is presented the introduction outlining the overview of the environment industry, the employment of solar light as energy source and the general and specific objectives. Chapter 2 presents a literature review regarding the last 30 years of applications correlating the use of solar light towards wastewater purification. The chapter reviews the engineering features of solar collectors, photocatalyst materials employed and the panorama of the pollutants investigated up to the present date in solar photocatalysis, presenting comparisons between models and real wastewater approaches. Chapter 3 details the experimental techniques and characterizations employed to sustain the investigation proposed in the thesis. The first part of the chapter explains the features of parabolic dish solar concentrator designed and manufactured by the IdEA group at the physics department of the university of Trento. After, it is presented the pulsed laser deposition, a thin films fabrication technique employed to produce the photocatalysts used on water purification experiments. The second part of the chapter presents the description of the characterization techniques used to reveal the fabricated photocatalyst materials properties. Based on the review on the fundamentals of solar photocatalysis and the experimental techniques, chapters 4 and 5 present a discussion in the field of novel photocatalytic materials capable to operate under concentrated sunlight irradiation. Chapter 4 in special presents the investigation regarding the fabrication of tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin film coatings, bringing the novelty of using pulsed laser deposition as the fabrication method and the evaluation of this material in photocatalysis for the degradation of methylene blue dye model pollutant. Chapter 5 instead, presents the development on Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, bringing an innovative point of view on a “green-synthesis” approach and the material immobilization in film for heterogeneous photocatalysis routes. Chapters 6 and 7 discuss solar photocatalysis aiming to shift applications from model pollutants to real wastewater remediation conditions. Important comparisons are performed and discussed regarding the advantages and existing drawbacks. To fulfill this purpose, chapter 6 presents an application case of solar photocatalysis to the degradation of a surfactant-rich industrial wastewater whereas chapter 7 presents the approach focused on the remediation of organic lead contaminants present on a local water well site in the city of Trento. The last experimental approach of concentrated solar light is presented on chapter 8, dedicated to the application of concentrated sunlight towards waste biomass valorization. Conversely to the application on water previously described, this chapter presents the activity on designing, fabricating and coupling a hydrothermal reactor with concentrated sunlight using it as the driving force to promote degradation of grape seeds evolving into hydrochars with possible valorization of the carbonized material. Lastly, chapter 9 presents the conclusions and suggestions, this item expresses the final considerations on the results of the experimental investigations, advantages and limitations observed, and suggests possible actions for future works.