FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Neste trabalho foram realizados estudos de adsorÃÃo em batelada e de oxidaÃÃo avanÃada para a remoÃÃo de fenol (F), 2-nitrofenol (2NF) e 4-nitrofenol (4NF) em soluÃÃo aquosa. Nos estudos de adsorÃÃo foram empregados como adsorventes o pà de bagaÃo da casca de coco in natura (BIN), pà de bagaÃo in natura tratado com HCl 1,0 M (BT) e carvÃo ativado (CA) proveniente da carbonizaÃÃo a 250ÂC do pà de bagaÃo tratado com Ãcido. Experimentos de equilÃbrio e cinÃtica de adsorÃÃo foram realizados nas temperaturas de 28, 40 e 50ÂC. Isotermas de Langmuir e Freundlich correlacionaram bem os dados de equilÃbrio, indicando capacidades de adsorÃÃo (qmÃx) que aumentaram na ordem: CA >>> BT > BIN. Este comportamento denota uma adsorÃÃo caracterizada pelas interaÃÃes entre os elÃtrons  dos anÃis aromÃticos e os elÃtrons  das camadas grafÃticas do carvÃo, a qual à mais intensa que a verificada nos materiais celulÃsicos onde predomina a formaÃÃo de complexos doador-receptor entre os sÃtios oxigenados localizados na superfÃcie do adsorvente e o anel aromÃtico dos compostos fenÃlicos. Os melhores resultados de qmÃx em carvÃo ativado e pà de bagaÃo tratado com Ãcido foram obtidos para a adsorÃÃo de 2-nitrofenol à temperatura ambiente (28ÂC), correspondentes aos valores de 17,1 e 1,39 mg/g, respectivamente. Do ponto de vista cinÃtico o modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem apresentou melhor ajuste dos dados experimentais. Por outro lado, processos oxidativos avanÃados (POAs) das molÃculas fenÃlicas foram conduzidos para os tratamentos fotolÃtico (UV), fotoquÃmico (UV/H2O2), Fenton (Fe2+/H2O2) e eletroquÃmico com anodos dimensionalmente estÃveis (ADEs) de Ru0,3Ti0,7O2, Ru0,3Ti0,4Sn0,3O2 e Ru0,3Sn0,7O2. Os processos Fenton e fotoassistidos apresentaram condiÃÃes Ãtimas nas concentraÃÃes de 1,0 mM em Ãons Fe2+e 3,0 mM em H2O2 e taxa de radiaÃÃo (I0) de 64 mW/cm2. Os Ãxidos eletrocatalÃticos foram preparados por termodecomposiÃÃo de cloretos precursores a 500oC atà a formaÃÃo de filmes com 2,0 Âm de espessura sobre um suporte de titÃnio. A caracterizaÃÃo pelas tÃcnicas de EDX, MEV e Voltametria CÃclica mostrou composiÃÃes praticamente estequiomÃtricas, morfologia estrutural tipo cracked mud e elevado sobrepotencial para a reaÃÃo de desprendimento de oxigÃnio (RDO). Estudos de oxidaÃÃo para as molÃculas fenÃlicas mostraram o 2-nitrofenol como a espÃcie mais oxidÃvel e o fenol comum como a espÃcie menos reativa. As eficiÃncias de degradaÃÃo dos processos fotoassistidos foram particularmente elevadas (superiores a 80%) enquanto o sistema Fenton apresentou taxas de remoÃÃo entre 60 e 78%. A modelagem cinÃtica segundo o modelo de pseudo-primeira ordem adotado permitiu um bom ajuste dos dados experimentais. Os valores da constante cinÃtica 1/ (min-1) a 28ÂC mostraram a seguinte ordem: Fenton (8,16 min-1) > fotoquÃmico (6,95 min-1) >> fotolÃtico (1,98 min-1). Em adiÃÃo, estudos usando anodos eletrocatalÃticos (ADEs) a potencial constante de eletrÃlise de 2,0 V mostraram degradaÃÃes superiores a 93% para os nitrofenÃis e entre 65 e 86% para o fenol. Em termos, considerado o tipo de ADE empregado, a eficiÃncia de eletrooxidaÃÃo à temperatura ambiente obedece a seguinte ordem de eficiÃncia: Ru0,3Ti0,7O2 > Ru0,3Ti0,4Sn0,3O2 > Ru0,3Sn0,7O2. A anÃlise espectroscÃpica para identificaÃÃo de co-produtos indicou completa mineralizaÃÃo dos compostos fenÃlicos nos processos fotoquÃmico e eletroquÃmico, enquanto que nos processos Fenton e fotolÃtico foram detectados traÃos de produtos hidroxilados. Em geral, os resultados obtidos confirmam os processos adsortivos e oxidativos como tratamentos promissores para a despoluiÃÃo de sistemas aquosos contendo fenÃis e nitrofenÃis / In the present work the batch adsorption and advanced oxidation of phenol (F), 2-nitrophenol (2NF) and 4-nitrophenol (4NF) in aqueous phase has been studied. The adsorption experiments were conducted onto coconut shell powder (BIN), coconut shell powder treated with HCl 1.0M (BT) and coconut shell-based activated carbon (CA) obtained from carbonization at low temperature (250ÂC). Equilibrium and kinetic studies were carried out at temperatures of 28, 40 and 50ÂC. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms correlated well the equilibrium data, indicating the adsorption capacity (qmax) increased in the order: AC>>> BT> BIN. This behavior denotes an adsorption characterized by dispersive interactions between the -electrons of the graphitic carbon basal planes and those of the aromatic rings of the adsorbate, which is more intense when compared to the cellulose materials where are dominant the donor-acceptor complex formation between the oxygenated sites onto adsorbent and aromatic rings of phenol compounds. The best results of qmax in activated carbon and coconut shell powder treated with acid were obtained for the adsorption of 2-nitrophenol at room temperature (28ÂC), corresponding to values of 17.1 and 1.39 mg/g, respectively. In all cases, the adsorption kinetics could be satisfactorily fitted by a pseudo-second order model. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) were carried out for treatments such photolytic (UV), photochemical (UV/H2O2), Fenton (Fe2+/H2O2) and electrochemical oxidation with dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) type Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2, Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.4Sn0.3O2 and Ti/Ru0,3Sn0,7O2. The Fenton and photoassisted tests were performed to optimized conditions of 1.0 mM of Fe2+ ions, 3.0 mM of H2O2 and radiation intensity (I0) of 64 mW/cm2. Particularly, electrocatalytic oxides were prepared by thermal decomposition of chloride precursors to 500oC until the formation of films with thickness constant of 2μm on titanium support. The characterization by EDX, SEM and Cyclic Voltammetry techniques showed a nearly stoichiometric composition, morphology type âcracked mudâ and elevated overpotencial from oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Degradation efficiencies in photoassisted processes were particularly high (> 80%) while in the Fenton system this values ranged between 60 and 78%. The kinetic modelling using the equation of pseudo-first order adopted allowed a good fit of experimental data. The values of kinetic constant 1/ (min-1) at room temperature showed the following order: Fenton (8.16 min-1) > Photochemical (6.95 min-1) >> photolytic (1.98 min-1). In addition, studies using the electrocatalytic anodes at constant potential electrolysis of 2.0 V showed almost total degradation for the nitrophenols (> 93%) and moderate removal efficiencies for phenol (between 65 and 86%). In terms, considered the type of anode employed the electrooxidation efficiency at room temperature increase in the following order of reactivity: Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 > Ru0.3Ti0.4Sn0.3O2 > Ru0.3Sn0.7O2. Thus, the results confirm the applicability of adsorption and advanced oxidation processes as promising treatments in the remediation of aqueous systems containing phenol and nitrophenols

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-05-31T12:54:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Weberson de Oliveira Morais - 2015.pdf: 1625123 bytes, checksum: f4f86c2fdb7e73438d0f4555a6827285 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-05-31T12:56:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Weberson de Oliveira Morais - 2015.pdf: 1625123 bytes, checksum: f4f86c2fdb7e73438d0f4555a6827285 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-31T12:56:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Weberson de Oliveira Morais - 2015.pdf: 1625123 bytes, checksum: f4f86c2fdb7e73438d0f4555a6827285 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-30 / Advanced oxidation processes are consolidated technologies when it comes to treatment of industrial wastewater. Such processes are based on the generation of the hydroxyl radical (• HO), with high potential to oxidize organic matter (2,8eV). These, because they are poorly selective and highly reactive, oxidize the organic matter from promoting an increase in the biodegradable fraction to a possible complete mineralization of the contaminant in the wastewater. Among the advanced oxidation processes, the Fenton’s reagent stands out for its simplicity, low treatment time and low economic value. This reaction proceeds by catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in acid pH, by oxidizing Fe+2 to Fe+3 with the subsequent generation of the hydroxyl radical. In the Fenton’s reaction, some intermediate reactions give a unique characteristic to the process during the treatment which stand out hydrolysis of Fe+2 and Fe+3 forming a series of aqueous ferrous and ferric complexes which enable the occurrence of Process coagulation / flocculation with subsequent formation of sludge. The integration of these two technologies confers the treated wastewater a significant increase in contaminant removal, because, from this stage, the process of sedimentation, there is the drag of a large amount of non-degraded organic matter via chemical oxidation, in the form of sludge. In this work the application of integrated Fenton’s reaction to coagulation / flocculation in the treatment of cosmetic wastewater sunscreen lotion production line. The treatment was performed at Jar Test equipment with one liter volume: carried out rapid mixing at 300 rpm for 20 seconds after the addition of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, subsequently slow mixing at 30 rpm for 6 minutes and 10 seconds after the addition of hydrogen peroxide. After this sequence, each test was allowed to rest on sedimentation for 60 minutes. The entire process took place at ambient temperature. At first the treatment was executed in a simulated wastewater from a sunscreen acquired in a cosmetics industry in the metropolitan area of Goiânia. After optimization of the concentration of 22,12 mgL-1 Fe+2, 500 mgL-1 H2O2 and pH 4.0, we observed a reduction of 82.56% in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) , 97.33% and 98.00% in turbidity in absorbance which indicated a high efficiency of the treatment in regard to an adjustment to CONAMA Resolution 430 2011. Other parameters were analyzed in order to obtain reliable information about the proposed treatment, and a reduction of 91.49% of Total Organic Carbon (TOC), 99.67% of oils and greases, 98.81% of total suspended solids (TSS), 73.05% of surfactants and 64.68 % of total phenols. The total treatment time was 226 minutes and 30 seconds. With these removal treatment with the actual wastewater was considered extremely efficient for a possible application of this methodology in the industrial segment, it should be observed that when applied in an isolated way, the advanced oxidation processes do not have good efficiency, however, in this study the treatment means Fenton’s reaction integrated technology coagulation / flocculation has a high capacity for a full-scale application in the cosmetic segment. / Os processos oxidativos avançados são tecnologias consolidadas em se tratando de tratamento de efluentes industriais. Tais processos são baseados na geração do radical hidroxila (•OH) que possui elevado potencial de oxidar a matéria orgânica (2,8eV). Estes, por serem pouco seletivos e altamente reativos, oxidam a matéria orgânica promovendo desde um aumento na fração biodegradável até uma possível mineralização total do contaminante presente no efluente. Dentre os processos oxidativos avançados, o reagente de Fenton se destaca pela sua simplicidade, baixo tempo de tratamento e baixo valor econômico. Esta reação se processa pela decomposição catalítica do peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), em meio ácido, através da oxidação de Fe+2 a Fe+3 com a posterior geração do radical hidroxila. Durante a reação de Fenton, algumas reações intermediárias dão ao processo uma particularidade ímpar durante o tratamento, das quais, se destacam a hidrólise dos íons Fe+2 e Fe+3 formando uma série de complexos aquo-ferrosos e férricos que possibilitam a ocorrência do processo de coagulação/floculação com a posterior formação de lodo. A integração destas duas tecnologias confere ao efluente tratado um aumento significativo na remoção de contaminantes, pois, a partir desta etapa, com o processo de sedimentação, ocorre o arraste de grande quantidade da matéria orgânica não degradada via oxidação química, na forma de lodo. Neste trabalho foi estudada a aplicação da reação de Fenton integrada à coagulação/floculação no tratamento de efluente cosmético da linha de produção de filtro solar. O tratamento foi realizado no equipamento JAR TEST com volume de um litro: Realizou-se a mistura rápida a 300 rpm por 20 segundos, logo após a adição de sulfato ferroso hepta-hidratado, posteriormente a mistura lenta, a 30 rpm por 6 minutos e 10 segundos com a adição de peróxido de hidrogênio. Após esta sequência, cada teste ficou em repouso para sedimentação por 60 minutos. Todo processo ocorreu em temperatura ambiente. Em um primeiro momento o tratamento foi realizado em um efluente simulado a partir de um filtro solar adquirido em uma indústria cosmética da região metropolitana de Goiânia. Após a otimização da concentração de 22,12 mgL-1 de Fe+2, 500 mgL-1 H2O2 e valor de pH 4,0, foi possível observar uma redução de 82,56% na Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), 97,33% na turbidez e 98,00% na absorvância o que indicou uma elevada eficiência do tratamento no que diz respeito a uma adequação à resolução CONAMA 430 de 2011. Outros parâmetros foram analisados a fim de obter informações mais seguras a cerca do tratamento proposto, e com redução de 91,49% de Carbono Orgânico Total (COT), 99,67% de óleos de graxas, 98,81% de sólidos suspensos totais (SST), 73,05% de surfactantes e 64,68% de fenóis totais, a reação de Fenton foi considerada um processo de elevada eficiência no tratamento de efluente da linha de produção de filtro solar. Após a aplicação deste tratamento em efluente simulado, o próximo passo foi à aplicação da metodologia ao efluente cosmético real da linha de produção de filtro solar. Com o processo de otimização, a concentração “ótima” de Fe+2 e H2O2 foi de 110 mgL-1 e 700 mgL-1, respectivamente e um valor de pH 4,5. Nestas condições, as mesmas análises do efluente simulado foram realizadas e os valores de remoção foram 90,75% de Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), 99,61% de turbidez, 98,24% de absorvância, 96,24% de Carbono Orgânico Total (COT), 99,26% de óleos e graxas, 97,36% de sólidos suspensos totais (SST), 73,12% de surfactantes e 81,85% de fenóis totais. O tempo total de tratamento foi de 226 minutos e 30 segundos. Com estas remoções o tratamento com o efluente real foi considerado de extrema eficiência para uma possível aplicação da metodologia no segmento industrial, cabe salientar que quando aplicados de maneira isolada, os processos oxidativos avançados não apresentam boa eficiência, no entanto, neste trabalho o tratamento via reação de Fenton integrado à tecnologia coagulação/floculação apresentou elevada capacidade para uma aplicação em escala real no segmento cosmético.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / No Brasil, estudos de avaliaÃÃo de micropoluentes emergentes em matrizes ambientais como esgotos sanitÃrios e hospitalares, e corpos de Ãgua, ainda sÃo bastante incipientes, assim como a remoÃÃo desses compostos em EstaÃÃes de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETEs) de baixo custo como lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo, assim como em sistemas de lodos ativados e sistemas anaerÃbio-aerÃbio compactos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral investigar a presenÃa de micropoluentes em matrizes ambientais como esgotos sanitÃrios e hospitalares, e Ãgua superficial, avaliar a remoÃÃo destes compostos em ETEs de baixo custo e aplicar o processo de oxidaÃÃo avanÃada (POA) UV/H2O2 como opÃÃo de pÃs-tratamento. Os principais micropoluentes emergentes estudados foram: 2,4,6-triclorofenol, pentaclorofenol, cafeÃna (CAF), dipirona (DIP), diclofenaco de sÃdio (DCF), bis (2-etil-hexil) ftalato (DEHP), estrona (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), β-estradiol 17-acetato (EA2), 17α-etinilestradiol (EE2) e colesterol (COL). As amostras foram coletadas em ETEs localizadas em Fortaleza e em sua regiÃo metropolitana. Os corpos receptores investigados foram o Rio Maranguapinho e o Riacho Paupina. Para a prÃ-concentraÃÃo dos micropoluentes utilizou-se extraÃÃo em fase sÃlida (SPE) com cartuchos C-18 e extraÃÃo lÃquido-lÃquido (ELL). A SPE foi a tÃcnica mais eficiente na concentraÃÃo da maioria dos micropoluentes emergentes, e a ELL se mostrou a melhor tÃcnica para compostos organoclorados. Foram realizados estudos de otimizaÃÃo das condiÃÃes de detecÃÃo dos compostos pelo uso de tÃcnicas de cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC/MS). Foram identificados compostos farmacÃuticos e desreguladores endÃcrinos em todas as amostras de esgotos com as seguintes faixas de concentraÃÃes efluentes: CAF (3,0-15,8 μg/L), DIP (0,3 μg/L), DCF (1,9 μg/L), DEHP (0,01-8,5μg/L), E1 (0,04-1,7 μg/L), E2 (0,03-4,0 μg/L), EA2 (0,14-9,3 μg/L), EE2 (1,0 μg/L) e COL (0,01-6,2 μg/L). Nos dois corpos receptores estudados (Rio Maranguapinho e Riacho Paupina) foram identificados desreguladores endÃcrinos. Os tratamentos realizados pelas ETEs nÃo foram suficientes para remoÃÃo total de todos os micropoluentes estudados, no entanto, a eficiÃncia para a maioria dos compostos foi acima de 50%. Em se tratando da avaliaÃÃo em sistemas de lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo, o estudo revelou boas eficiÃncias de remoÃÃo em sistemas constituÃdos de lagoa anaerÃbia seguida de facultativa e de maturaÃÃo, sendo os menores valores de remoÃÃo alcanÃados quando uma Ãnica lagoa facultativa primÃria estava presente. A avaliaÃÃo do uso do POA por meio do planejamento fatorial multivariado revelou que as melhores condiÃÃes para remoÃÃo de micropoluentes emergentes foram pH Ãcido (pH 3), concentraÃÃo de perÃxido de hidrogÃnio acima de 400 mg/L e tempos de detenÃÃo hidrÃulica no reator acima de 50min. / In Brazil, studies evaluating emerging micropollutants in environmental matrices such as sewage and hospital wastewater, as well as surface waters, are still quite incipient as well as the removal of these compounds in low cost Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) such as stabilization ponds, as well as in activated sludge systems or anaerobic/aerobic compact systems. This work aimed to investigate the presence of micropollutants in environmental matrices such as sewage and hospital wastewaters, and in surface waters. Additionally, this study evaluated the removal of these compounds in low-cost WWTPs and studied the advanced oxidation process (AOP) â UV/H2O2 â as a post-treatment option. The main emerging micropollutants studied were: 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, caffeine (CAF), dipyrone (DIP), sodium diclofenac (DCF), bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estradiol acetate (EA2), 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and cholesterol (CHO). The samples were collected from WWTPs located in Fortaleza and its metropolitan region. The receiving surface waters investigated were: Maranguapinho River and Paupina Creek. For the pre-concentration studies of micropollutants, solid phase extraction (SPE) with C-18 cartridges was used, as well as the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method. The SPE technique was the most efficient method in concentrating the majority of emerging micropollutants, and the LLE proved to be the best technique for organochlorine compounds. Optimization studies were performed to detect the ideal conditions to determine the compounds by using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques. In all wastewater samples pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds were identified, and the range of effluent concentrations were: CAF (3.0-15.8 μg/L), DIP (0.3 μg/L), DCF (1.9 μg/L), DEHP (0.01-8.5μg/L), E1 (0.04-1.7 μg/L), E2 (0.03-4.0 μg/L), EA2 (0.14-9.3 μg/L), EE2 (1.0 μg/L) and CHO (0.01-6.2 μg/L). Endocrine disrupting compounds were identified in the Maranguapinho River and Paupina Creek. The wastewater treatment in the WWTPs was not enough for the complete removal of all micropollutants studied; however, the efficiency level for most of compounds was above 50%. Regarding the evaluation in stabilization ponds systems, the study revealed good removal of micropollutants in systems composed of anaerobic pond followed by facultative and maturation ponds, in which the lowest efficiency levels were verified when a single facultative pond was present. The evaluation of the AOP as a post-treatment option by multivariate factorial design showed that the optimal conditions for the removal of emerging micropollutants were acidic pH (pH 3), hydrogen peroxide concentration above 400 mg/L and hydraulic retention times in the reactor above 50 minutes.

O impacto da oxidação com ozônio na transformação de compostos orgânicos de elevada massa molar (HMW) para o aumento da biodegradabilidade dos efluentes da indústria de celulose e papel foi investigado sob diferentes doses de ozônio. Os experimentos foram realizados utilizando-se os efluentes primário e de extração alcalina de duas indústrias de celulose sob dois valores iniciais de pH (12 e 7). Utilizou-se um reator em escala de laboratório equipado com um difusor de bolhas finas para a aplicação do ozônio. Os resultados revelaram o potencial da aplicação de ozônio como uma etapa de tratamento anterior ao processo biológico convencional. Para o efluente primário, a aplicação de 0,70 mg\'O IND.3\'/mL efluente elevou a razão DBO5/DQO de 0,18 para 0,35 e foi alcançada uma remoção de cor na ordem de 87%. Para o efluente de extração alcalina da indústria Howe Sound, a razão DBO5/DQO foi elevada de 0,07 para 0,15 (pH inicial 12) e para 0,20 (pH inicial 7) e obteve-se uma remoção de cor por volta de 44% com a aplicação de 0,80 mg\'O IND.3\'/mL efluente. Para o efluente de extração alcalina da indústria Catalyst Paper, obteve-se uma remoção de cor por volta de 78% e a razão DBO5/DQO foi elevada de 0,07 para 0,16 após a aplicação de uma dose de ozônio de 0,80 mg\'O IND.3\'/mL efluente. Essas modificações foram alcançadas por uma redução nas frações de elevada massa molar durante a aplicação de ozônio. Para o efluente primário, observou-se uma elevada redução da faixa de maior massa molecular ( > 2kDa) após a aplicação de 0,72 mg\'O IND.3\'/mL efluente. Alcançaram-se 85% e 61% de remoção da faixa superior a 5 kDa para os efluentes de extração alcalina da indústria Howe Sound sob pH inicial 7 e 12, respectivamente, com a aplicação de cerca de 0,72 mg\'O IND.3\'/mL efluente. A faixa de maior massa molar ( > 10 kDa) dos efluentes de extração alcalina da indústria Catalyst Paper foi removida com a aplicação de aproximadamente 0,80 mg \'O IND.3\'/mL efluente. O papel do ozônio molecular disponível sob pH neutro parece ser de fundamental importância quando o objetivo é a redução dos compostos de elevada massa molecular. / The impact of ozone oxidation in transforming high molecular weight (HMW) organic compounds in order to improve the biodegradability of pulp and paper effluents was investigated under different ozone doses. The experiments were conducted uppon a primary treated effluent and an alkaline bleach plant effluent taken from two pulp mills. The effluents were investigated under different initial pH (7 and 12). Ozone was applied using a semi-batch reactor equipped with fine bubble diffuser. The results showed the potential for using ozone as a pre-treatment to the conventional biological process. Applying 0.70 mg\'O IND.3\'/mLww to the primary treated effluent enhanced the ratio of BOD5/COD was from 0.18 to 0.35 and decreased the colour by 87%. The ratio of BOD5/COD was increased from 0.07 to 0.15 (initial pH 12) and to 0.20 (initial pH 7) and colour was reduced by 44% after applying 0.80 mg\'O IND.3\'/mLww to the alkaline bleach effluent from Howe Sound\'s mill. A similar behavior was observed after 0.80 mg\'O IND.3\'/mLww was applied to the alkaline bleach effluent from Catalyst\'s mill. The ratio of BOD5/COD was increased from 0.07 to 0.16 and the effluent colour decreased by 78%. These changes were primarily driven by reductions of the HMW fractions of the effluent during ozonation. Organics with molecular range higher than 2 kDa were completely removed from the primary treated effluent. Aproximately 85% and 61% of the organics higher than 5 kDa were removed from the Howe Sound\'s alkaline bleach effluent under initial pH 7 and 12, respectively, after applying 0.72 mg\'O IND.3\'/mLww. Organic compounds with molecular weight higher than 10 kDa were completely removed from the Catalyst\'s alkaline bleach effluent after applying 0.80 mg\'O IND.3\'/mLww. Molecular ozone available under neutral conditions seems to play an important role when the removal of the high molecular weight organic compounds is the main objective.

Orientador: Edson Tomaz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T01:44:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fujimoto_TaniaMiyoko_M.pdf: 3195882 bytes, checksum: 017f2daada97280db73d8fb4da0b097e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Compostos orgânicos voláteis (COV) representam uma categoria de substâncias poluentes que geram diferentes impactos ambientais. Eles são responsáveis pelo aumento das concentrações de ozônio ao nível do solo e pela formação de aerossóis orgânicos secundários. Além disso, alguns deles contribuem para a degradação do ozônio estratosférico e a ampliação do efeito estufa. Alguns componentes têm um caráter carcinogênico, teratogênico ou mutagênico. Há estudos envolvendo o tratamento dos COV pelos mais diversos métodos, tais como: incineração, adsorção e absorção. Reatores fotocatalíticos, muito estudados em aplicação em fase aquosa e com grande sucesso na oxidação de contaminantes orgânicos, aparecem como uma alternativa pouco estudada. A fotocatálise em fase gasosa usando o TiO2 como catalisador se apresenta como uma solução interessante para o tratamento de compostos orgânicos voláteis, por não requerer operação em altas temperaturas, pelo baixo custo do TiO2, por ser seletiva na absorção de radiação e por gerar como produtos da reação CO2 e água, o que dispensa demais tratamentos. Estudos demonstram que a adição de metais nobres ao TiO2 comprova uma melhoria na eficiência fotocatalítica das reações de oxidação de compostos orgânicos voláteis. Dentro deste escopo, este trabalho tem como objetivo testar a eficiência do processo de oxidação de COV em fase gasosa por fotocatálise heterogênea com catalisador de dióxido de titânio (TiO2) impregnado com 1% de paládio (Pd) sob luz ultravioleta. O método de impregnação de paládio em TiO2 pela redução com NaBH4 mostrou-se adequado pelas técnicas de caracterização por DRX, XPS, UV ¿Vis, BET, MEV e Quimissorção de H2, pois há a impregnação do metal na superfície do catalisador sem promover modificações estruturais no TiO2 e não ocorreu alterações na razão de anatase/rutilo. Por XPS indicou a presença de metal em sua forma elementar. Além disso, os resultados da oxidação dos compostos n-hexano, ciclohexano, metil-ciclohexano, n-octano e iso-octano demonstraram aumento significativo na eficiência da conversão, pois foram obtidos valores acima de 90% em tempos de residência de aproximadamente 35 s / Abstract: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represent a category of pollutants substances that generate different impacts. They are responsible for increase concentrations of tropospheric ozone and also the formation of secondary organic aerosols. In addition, some of them contribute to the degradation of stratospheric ozone and greenhouse gas intensification. Some components have a carcinogenic, teratogenic or mutagenic character. There are studies involving the treatment of VOCs with various methods, such as: incineration, adsorption and absorption. Photocatalytic reactors, extensively studied in aqueous and with great success to destroy organic contaminants, appears as an alternative understudied. The photocatalysis gas phase using TiO2 as catalyst shows an interesting solution for the treatment of volatile organic compounds, because does not require operation at high temperatures, the low cost of TiO2, being selective in absorbing radiation and the products of reactions are CO2 and water, which eliminates other treatments. Studies prove that the addition of noble metals on TiO2 can improve the photocatalytic efficiency in the oxidation of volatile organic compounds. Therefore, this paper aims to test the efficiency of oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in gas phase catalysts through heterogeneous photocatalysis with titanium dioxide (TiO2), and their impregnation with 1% palladium (Pd) and UV light. The method for impregnate palladium on TiO2 with NaBH4 reduction was appropriated according to techniques for characterization like XRD, XPS, UV-vis, BET, SEM and H2 chemisorption, because all analysis confirmed that the impregnation of the metal on the catalyst surface do not structurally modify TiO2, neither changes occurred in the ratio of anatase/rutile. XPS indicated the presence of metal in elemental form. The results the oxidation of compounds n-hexane, cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane, n-octane and iso-octane indicated a significant increase in conversion efficiency; the values were above 90% at residence times around 35 s / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestra em Engenharia Química

The occurrences of cyanotoxin and organic contaminants threaten drinking water sources and are a serious human health and environmental concern. The control of these problematic contaminants and the remediation of the associated contaminants are critical for ensuring safe drinking water to significant populations. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have received considerable attention as a potential water treatment for various pollutants. In this dissertation, advanced oxidative degradation of four problematic water toxic contaminants (CYN, iopamidol, 4-methylcyclohexane methanol and propylene glycol phenyl ether) were studied to develop the fundamental understanding required to assess AOPs as a potential water treatment process. UV and visible light activated (VLA) TiO2 photocatalysis using nitrogen and fluorine-TiO2 (NF-TiO2), phosphorus and fluorine-TiO2 (PF-TiO2) and sulfur-TiO2 (S-TiO2) were employed for degradation of 6-hydroxymethyl uracil (6-HOMU), a model compound for the potent cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN). NF-TiO2 exhibits the most photoactive, followed by marginally active PF-TiO2 and inactive S-TiO2 under visible light irradiation. Our results indicate that O2-• plays an important role in VLA TiO2 photocatalysis. Fe (VI), an environmentally friendly oxidant, was employed for the degradation of CYN and 6-HOMU over a range of pH (7 ~ 9.5). The second order rate constants for the reaction of Fe (VI) with CYN decrease from 38.83 ± 0.07 M-1s-1 at pH 7 to 5.02 ± 0.04 M-1s-1 at pH 9.5. Fe (VI) mediated reactions primarily occur via oxidation of the uracil ring in CYN. ELISA results demonstrate that Fe (VI) oxidation process leads to a significant decrease in the bioactivity of CYN as a function of treatment time. Fe (III)-oxalate/H2O2 process was employed for the remediation of iopamidol, a model for ICM, to determine the formation rates and steady concentrations of •OH and O2-• under UV and visible light irradiation. Reduction by CO2-• and oxidation by •OH contribute to the degradation pathways. Pulse and gamma radiolysis of 4-methylcyclohexane methanol (MCHM) and propylene glycol phenyl ether (PPh) were studied to determine the bimolecular rate constants and reaction pathways. •OH addition to ortho and para positions in PPh are the predominant reaction pathways; H-abstraction are the primary reaction mechanisms for ∙OH mediated oxidation of MCHM

The aim of this diploma thesis is the determination of selected organic pollutants with a focus on artificial sweeteners in waste water from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Modřice and the subsequent degradation of the thus obtained concentrations in model water using advanced oxidation processes (AOP). Two sweeteners were determined, namely sucralose and saccharin found in waste water. Synthetic sweeteners are not sufficiently cleaned in the WWTP and penetrate the environment. Effective processes for removing organic substances, including alternative sweeteners, are AOP processes. These processes are based on reactions of highly reactive hydroxyl radical (OH·), which is produced by many chemical reactions. Generally, they use ozone (O3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). On sampling, wastewater samples were treated with Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and then evaluated by HPLC/MS (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). In observing the degradation of selected sweeteners, three AOP methods were used: O3/UV, H2O2/UV and O3/H2O2. For each of these methods, the efficiency of degradation of sucralose and saccharin was investigated. From the evaluated data it was found that the most efficient AOP process for removing artificial sweeteners from water is the O3/H2O2 method.

This diploma thesis deals with the efficiency of removal of pharmaceuticals from drinking water by selected adsorption materials. The first part describes sources of pharmaceuticals in drinking water and possible ways of contaminating water by pharmaceuticals. Subsequently, the pharmaceuticals most commonly found in the environment - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, psychiatric drugs and sex hormones - are described in more detail. Next, the thesis describes the processes used for removal of pharmaceuticals. These are activated carbon adsorption, membrane processes and advanced oxidation processes. The last chapter of the theoretical part of the thesis deals with water treatment plants, where the technologies for removing drugs are already in operation. In the practical part of this thesis an experiment was performed and evaluated, for a purpose of comparing the efficiency of selected sorption materials in the removal of diclofenac from water. Filtrasorb F100, Bayoxide E33 and GEH were used.

This diploma thesis focuses on possibilities of applications of UV radiation to remove pollutants from water. It summarizes sources of UV radiation and list their benefits and properties. The thesis characterizes so called advanced oxidation processes using UV light. Degradation pathways od pyridine and its derivatives especially halogenated pyridines are described. The photodegradability of pyridine and a rate of this reaction in model water is investigated in the experimental part. Also, the effect of concentration and dose of H2O2 is assessed. Gas chromatography was used to determinate concentrations of pyridine in samples.

<p>Cilj ovog rada bio je da se u laboratorijskim uslovima ispitaju efekti odabranih<br />unapredenih procesa oksidacije (Fenton proces, ozonizacija, TiO2-katalizovana ozonizacija,<br />perokson proces i TiO2-katalizovan perokson proces) i koagulacije na sadržaj i strukturu<br />prirodnih organskih materija u vodi, kao prekursora dezinfekcionih nusprodukata hlora.<br />Karaterizacija POM frakcionisanjem pre i nakon navedenih oksidacionih tretmana i<br />koagulacije izvr&scaron;ena je u cilju ispitivanja mehanizama oksidacije i uklanjanja POM, kao i<br />utvrdivanja promene reaktivnosti prekursorskog materijla DBP (trihalometana i halosircetnih<br />kiselina, kao najvi&scaron;e zastupljenih DBP, i haloacetonitrila, hlorpikrina i haloketona, kao<br />nedovoljno istraženih, visoko prioritetnih &bdquo;DBP u razvoju&ldquo;).<br />Analizom hemijskih karakteristika prirodnog matriksa utvrdeno je da voda sadrži<br />visoke koncentracije prirodnih organskih materija (DOC sirove iznosi 9,92&plusmn;0,87 mg/L) uz<br />dominaciju materija hidrofobnog karaktera (14% huminskih i 65% fulvinskih kiselina). U<br />slucaju sintetickog matriksa (sadržaj DOC 11,2&plusmn;0,37 mg/L) zastupljena je samo frakcija<br />huminske kiseline, te je iz tog razloga sinteticki matriks znatno hidrofobniji u odnosu na<br />prirodni. Veci stepen hidrofobnosti sintetickog matriksa u poredenju sa prirodnim matriksom,<br />rezultovao je i vecim sadržajem prekursora najzastupljenijih dezinfekcionih nusprodukata<br />hlora, THM i HAA. Vrednosti za PFTHM iznose 438&plusmn;88,2 &mu;g/L za prirodni matriks,<br />odnosno 3646&plusmn;41,3 &mu;g/L za sinteticki matriks, dok PFHAA prirodnog matriksa iznosi<br />339&plusmn;68,9 &mu;g/L, odnosno 559&plusmn;20,5 &mu;g/L za sinteticki matriks. Sadržaj HAN, CP i HK je<br />znatno niži u poredenju sa prekursorima THM i HAA. PFHAN iznosi 3,65 &mu;g/L za prirodni,<br />odn. 7,98 &mu;g/L za sinteticki matriks, dok prekursori CP nisu detektovani. Prekursori HK su<br />zastupljeni samo u strukturi POM prirodnog matriksa i PFHK iznosi 46,9&plusmn;5,08 &mu;g/L.<br />Hidrofoban materijal, kao dominantan u strukturi POM ispitivanih matriksa, je ujedno i<br />osnovni prekursorski materijal THM i HAA, dok su prekursori haloacetonitrila i haloketona u<br />navecoj meri zastupljeni u hidrofilnoj frakciji.<br />Ispitivanjem uticaja Fenton procesa na sadržaj POM, pri optimalnim reakcionim<br />uslovima (pH 5, reakciono vreme od 15 min. i brzina me&scaron;anja 30 o/min), postignuto je u<br />zavisnosti od primenjene doze Fe2+, molarnog odnosa Fe2+ i H2O2 i matriksa 80-95%<br />smanjenja saržaja DOC, 70-99% PFTHM, 37-92% PFHAA. Kao posledica uklanjanja POM<br />oksidaciojom i koagulacijom, zabeležene su blage fluktuacije u sadržaju prekursora HAN, CP<br />i HK.<br />Ispitivanjem uticaja ozonizacije u vodi pri razlicitim pH na sadržaj i strukturu POM<br />utvrdeno je da je ozonizacija u baznoj sredini efikasnija za uklanjanje POM u odnosu na<br />ozonizaciju u kiseloj sredini. Katalizovanje procesa ozonizacije primenom TiO2 u vodi<br />razlicitim pH unapreduje smanjenje sadržaja kako ukupnih organskih materija, tako i<br />specificnih prekursora DBP u poredenju sa ozonizacijom. Najefikasnije smanjenje sadržaja<br />POM postignuto je TiO2-O3 procesa u baznoj sredini primenom 3,0 mg O3/mg DOC i 1,0 mg<br />TiO2/L (30% DOC, 92-100% PFTHM, PFHAA, PFHAN i PFHK). TiO2-O3 proces pri svim<br />pH vrednostima produkuje manji sadržaj CP u odnosu na ozonizaciju. Veca efikasnost<br />primenjenih procesa u smanjenju sadržaja POM sintetickog matriksa u odnosu na prirodni<br />ukazuju da je frakcija huminske kiseline podložnija oksidacionom tretmanu u odnosu na<br />fulvinsku, kao dominantnu frakciju POM prirodnog matriksa. Kada je u pitanju mehanizam<br />oksidacije POM ispitivanih matriksa, primenom ozonizacije i TiO2-O3 procesa, pri svim pH<br />postignuta je potpuna oksidacija frakcije huminske kiseline do fulvinske kiseline i hidrofilnih<br />jedinjenja. U slucaju ozonizacije, sa povecanjem pH vrednosti sredine, usled povecane<br />produkcije hidroksil radikala iz ozona, povecao se i udeo odnosno sadržaj DOC u hidrofilnoj<br />frakciji ozonirane vode (86%-90%). Raspodela DOC nakon TiO2-O3 procesa pri svim pH<br />vrednostima je oko 70% i 50% u hidrofilnoj frakciji prirodnog i sintetickog matriksa, redom.<br />Frakcija koja se dominantno formira nakon navedenih oksidacionih tretmana je hidrofilna nekisela<br />frakcija. Frakcionisanjem POM nakon oksidacionih tretmana je utvrdeno da su<br />prekursori THM i HAA kako hidrofobne aromaticne strukture, tako i hidrofilna polarna<br />jedinjenja, dok je najreaktivniji prekursorski materijal HAN, CP i HK sadržan u hidrofilnoj<br />frakciji POM.<br />Uvodenjem H2O2 u proces ozonizacije (O3/H2O2 i iO2-O3/H2O2) u slabo baznoj<br />sredini (pH 7-7,5) postignut je jo&scaron; veci stepen oksidacije POM i povecanje udela hidrofilnih<br />struktura (oko 88%) ispitivanih matriksa u odnosu na ozonizaciju i iO2-O3 (oko 70%),<br />primenom 3,0 mg O3/mg DOC; O3:H2O2=1:1 i 1,0 mg iO2/L. Povecanje sadržaja prekursora<br />THM i HAA samo u slucaju prirodnog amtriksa posledica je povecanja reaktivnosti frakcije<br />fulvinske kiseline nakon O3/H2O2 i iO2-O3/H2O2 procesa, u kojoj su ujedno i prekursori HK<br />najzastupljeniji. Najveci sadržaj azotnih DBP (HAN i CP) sadrži hidrofilna frakcija POM.<br />Ispitivanjem kombinovanih procesa ozonizacije i TiO2-O3 i koagulacije utvrdeno je da<br />oksidacioni tretmani imaju pozitivne efekte u uklanjaju POM koagulacijom. Maksimalna<br />efikasnost smanjenja sadržaja DOC od 32% postignuto je primenom 3,0 mg O3/mg DOC i<br />200 mg FeCl3/L, dok su ne&scaron;to niže doze ozona pogodne za uklanjanje prekursora DBP (80-<br />89% PFTHM, PFHAA, PFHAN i PFHK, primenom 0,7-1,0 mg O3/mg DOC i 200 mg<br />FeCl3/L). Prekursori CP koji se formiraju ozonizacijom zaostaju u vodi nakon koagulacije.<br />Rezultati dobijeni tokom istraživanja ukazuju da se primenom razlicitih oksidacionih i<br />unapredenih oksidacionih procesa može smanjiti sadržaj POM i prekursora DBP do<br />odredenog stepena. Kao najefikasniji u uklanjaju kako ukupnih organskih materija, tako i<br />specificih prekursora DBP se pokazao Fenton proces. Kada su u pitanju unapredeni procesi<br />oksidacije zasnovani na primeni ozona, uvodenje katalizatora ili H2O2 kao oksidanta u proces<br />ozonizacije, kao i odabir optimalne pH vrednosti procesa može unaprediti oksidabilnost<br />organskih molekula. Pri tom, poznavanje mehanizama oksidacije POM iz razlicitih izvora<br />primenom ozona i/ili hidroksil radikala, kao i mehanizma uklanjanja POM koagulacijom<br />može se primeniti za odabir i optimizovanje odgovarajuceg procesa u tretmanu vode za pice,<br />a u zavisnosti od kvaliteta sirove vode.</p> / <p>The aim of this work was to examine under laboratory conditions the effects of<br />certain advanced oxidation processes (Fenton process, ozonation, TiO2-catalyzed ozonation,&nbsp;peroxone process and TiO2-catalyzed peroxone process) and coagulation on the content,&nbsp;structure and role of natural organic matter in water as the precursors of chlorine disinfection&nbsp;byproducts. The NOM was characterized by fractionation before and after these oxidation&nbsp;treatments and coagulation, in order to investigate NOM oxidation mechanisms and identify&nbsp;the changes in the reactivity of DBP precursor material (trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids,&nbsp;as the most abundant DBP, and haloacetonitriles, chloropicrin and haloketones, as underresearched,&nbsp;high priority &ldquo;emerging DBP&rdquo;).&nbsp;Through analysis of the chemical characteristics of the natural matrix, it was found&nbsp;that the water contains high concentrations of natural organic matter (raw water DOC was&nbsp;9.92 &plusmn; 0.87 mg/L) dominated by substances with a hydrophobic character (14% humic and&nbsp;65% fulvic acids). The synthetic matrix studied (DOC content of 11.2 &plusmn; 0.37 mg/L)&nbsp;contained only the humic acid fraction, and was therefore significantly more hydrophobic&nbsp;compared to the natural one. The greater degree of hydrophobicity in the synthetic matrix&nbsp;relative to the natural matrix resulted in a higher content of precursors of the most frequent&nbsp;chlorine disinfection byproducts, THM and HAA. The THMFP of the natural matrix was&nbsp;438&plusmn;88.2 mg/L, compared to 3646&plusmn;41.3 mg/L for the synthetic matrix, while the HAAFP of&nbsp;the natural matrix was 339&plusmn;68.9 mg/L, compared to 559&plusmn;20.5 mg/L for the synthetic matrix.&nbsp;The contents of HAN, CP, and HK precursors were much lower than the THM and HAA&nbsp;precursors. HANFP were 3.65 mg/L for natural, and 7.98 mg/L for the synthetic matrix,&nbsp;whilst CP precursors were not detected. HK precursors were present only in the structure of&nbsp;the natural NOM matrix, with a HKFP of 46.9&plusmn;5.08 mg/L. Hydrophobic material, as the&nbsp;dominant structure in the investigated NOM matrix, is the basic precursor material of THM&nbsp;and HAA, while the precursors of haloacetonitriles and haloketones are represented mostly in&nbsp;the hydrophilic fraction.<span style="font-size: 12px;">Whilst examining the influence of the Fenton process on the NOM content, under&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">optimal reaction conditions (pH 5, reaction time of 15 min and stirring speed of 30 rpm),&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">depending upon the applied dose of Fe2+, the molar ratio of Fe2+ and H2O2, and the matrix,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">reductions in the DOC content of 80-95%, in the THMFP of 70-99%, and in the HAAFP of&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">37-92%, were achieved. As a result of removing NOM by oxidation and coagulation, mild&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">fluctuations in the contents of HAN, CP and HK precursors were recorded.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">The investigation into the effects of ozonation at different pH levels on the content&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">and structure of NOM has shown that ozonation under alkaline conditions is more effective at&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">removing NOM than ozonation under acidic conditions. Catalyzing the ozonation process&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">using TiO2 in water with different pH promotes the reduction of both total organic matter and&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">specific DBP precursors in comparison with ozonation alone. The most effective NOM&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">reduction was achieved using the TiO2-O3 process in alkaline conditions using 3.0 mg O3/mg&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">DOC and 1.0 mg TiO2/L (30% DOC, 92-100% THMFP, HAAFP, HANFP and HKFP). The&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">TiO2-O3 process produces lower amounts of CP at all pH values, relative to ozonation. The&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">applied processes showed increased efficacy in reducing the NOM content of the synthetic&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">matrix compared with the natural matrix, which shows that the humic acids fraction is more&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">susceptible to oxidation treatments than the fulvic acids which are the dominant faction of the&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">natural NOM matrix. Regarding the NOM oxidation mechanism in the investigated matrices,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">using ozonation and the TiO2-O3 process, complete oxidation of the humic acid fraction to&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">fulvic acids and hydrophilic compounds was achieved at all pH levels. In the case of&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">ozonation, increasing the pH in the matrix lead to an increase in hydroxyl radicals production&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">from ozone, and the proportion or content of DOC in the hydrophilic fraction of ozonated&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">water (86%-90%) increased. The distribution of DOC after the TiO2-O3 process at all pH&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">values was about 70% and 50% in the hydrophilic fraction of the natural and synthetic&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">matrices, respectively. The dominant fraction formed after the oxidation treatments was the&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">hydrophilic non-acid fraction. By NOM fractionation after the oxidation treatments, it was&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">shown that the THM and HAA precursors are hydrophobic aromatic structures and&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">hydrophilic polar compounds, whilst the most reactive precursor materials for HAN, CP and&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">HC are contained in the hydrophilic NOM fraction.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">Introducing H2O2 into the ozonation process (O3/H2O2 and iO2-O3/H2O2) in weak&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">basic conditions (pH 7 to 7.5) enhances further the degree of NOM oxidation and increases&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">the proportion of hydrophilic structures (88%) in the examined matrices in comparison to&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">ozonation and iO2-O3 (about 70%), using 3.0 mg O3/mg DOC; O3:H2O2=1:1 and 1.0 mg&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">iO2/L. An increase in the THM and HAA precursor contents occurred in the case of the&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">natural matrix as a result of the increased reactivity of the fulvic acid fraction after the&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">O3/H2O2 and iO2-O3/H2O2 processes, and HK precursors were also present. The highest&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">content of nitrogen DBP (HAN and CP) was found in the hydrophilic NOM fraction.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">By examination of the combined processes of ozonation, TiO2-O3 and coagulation, it was&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">shown that oxidative treatments have a positive effect on NOM removal by coagulation. A&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">maximum efficacy in reducing DOC by 32% was achieved with 3.0 mg O3/mg DOC and&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">200 mg FeCl3/L, whereas slightly lower ozone doses are suitable for the removal of DBP&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">precursors (80-89% THMFP, HAAFP, HANFP and HKFP, using 0.7-1.0 mg O3/mg DOC&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">and 200 mg FeCl3/L). CP precursors which are formed during ozonation remain in the water&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">after coagulation.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">The results obtained during this investigation show that the application of different oxidation&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">and enhanced oxidation processes can reduce the contents of NOM and DBP precursors to&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">some degree. The most effective process at removing both total organic matter and specific&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">DBP precursors proved to be the Fenton process. With respect to enhanced oxidation&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">processes based upon the use of ozone, by introducing catalysts or H2O2 as an oxidant in the&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">ozonation process and by selecting the optimum pH for the process, the oxidizability of&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">organic molecules can be improved. In addition, knowledge of the NOM oxidation&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">mechanisms from different sources using ozone and / or hydroxyl radicals, as well as the&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">mechanism of NOM removal by coagulation, can be used to select and optimize the most&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">appropriate process in drinking water treatment, depending upon the quality of the raw water.</span></p>