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Aerosolized medications can potentially be delivered to the lungs of infants through a nasal cannula interface. However, nose-to-lung delivery technologies currently allow for ~1% of the loaded dose to reach an infant’s lungs. Conventional dry powder inhalers (DPI) are superior to other types of inhalers in many ways. However, passive DPIs that operate based on user inhalation and require large volumes of airflow are not applicable to infants. To overcome this challenge, positive pressure DPIs have been developed that enable aerosol delivery to infants. Unless an adequate nasal interface is used with these devices, a significant amount of drug will still be lost. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provide a method to assess the performance of a nasal cannula interface and optimize its performance. In this study, a CFD model was first experimentally validated using the low-Reynolds number k-ω turbulence model, then used to assess and optimize several conical diffuser cannula designs for infants. The performance of a cannula depends primarily on two requirements: the amount deposited particles and the cannula’s volume. It was found that 90 and 100 mm long simple diffusers achieved the necessary deposition and volume requirements when operated at 3 and 5 liters per minute, respectively. Additionally, including clean sheath co-flow air with the 70 mm long diffuser achieved the targeted performance requirements. Inclusion of recent advancements in the field with the recommended cannula designs is likely to improve pharmaceutical aerosol delivery to infants using the nose-to-lung approach.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19307号 / 工博第4104号 / 新制||工||1633(附属図書館) / 32309 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 功, 教授 中村 裕之, 教授 邑瀬 邦明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le projet OxHelease (ANR-TecSan 2011) qui vise à étudier l’impact de l’inhalation de l’hélium-oxygène sur la ventilation, l’oxygénation sanguine, le dépôt d’aérosol dans l’asthme et l’emphysème. Dans ce cadre, ce travail de thèse a consisté à mettre au point des méthodes d’imagerie par résonance magnétique pour quantifier les dépôts d’aérosols chez le rat. L’administration de médicaments par voie inhalée est une approche possible pour le traitement des maladies pulmonaires comme les broncho-pneumopathies chroniques obstructives. C’est également une voie intéressante pour l’administration systémique de médicaments en raison d’un transfert potentiellement rapide dans le sang. Néanmoins, le transport et les dépôts de particules dans les poumons sont complexes et difficiles à prédire, à cause de la dépendance de nombreux paramètres, tels que le protocole d’administration, la morphologie des voies aériennes, le profil respiratoire, ou encore les propriétés aérodynamiques du gaz et des particules. Pour mieux maîtriser cette voie d’administration de médicaments, des outils d’imagerie peuvent être utilisés. L’IRM est moins conventionnelle que d’autres approches pour caractériser le poumon, mais les progrès techniques et les multiples mécanismes de contraste exploitables peuvent être mis à profit pour ce faire.Pour obtenir un signal exploitable du parenchyme pulmonaire chez le rat, une séquence IRM à temps d’écho court a été mise en place sur un système clinique à 1,5 T. Cette technique a été combinée à une administration de courte durée d’un aérosol de chélate de Gadolinium en respiration spontanée. Le mécanisme de contraste principal utilisé est la modification du temps de relaxation longitudinale induisant un rehaussement du signal et qui permet d’estimer la concentration locale avec une résolution spatiale de (0,5 mm)3 et temporelle de 7,5 min permettant également de suivre l’élimination pulmonaire au cours du temps. La sensibilité de cette approche (seuil de détection de l’ordre de 20 µM) a été déterminée et pour cela des méthodes d’analyses spécifiques globales et locales incluant des segmentations, des analyses de distributions et des statistiques ont été développées. Après validation sur des rats sains, pour lesquels un rehaussement moyen de 50%, une distribution homogène de dépôt et une dose totale relativement faible (~1 µmol/kg de poids corporel) ont été observés, cette modalité d’imagerie a pu être appliquée chez des modèles asthmatiques et emphysémateux qui ont montrés des différences significatives de certains paramètres comme l’homogénéité des dépôts ou la cinétique d’élimination. Par ailleurs, des résultats préliminaires de mise en place d’une étude multimodale, où l’IRM est comparée à la tomodensitométrie et à l’imagerie nucléaire sur les mêmes animaux a été effectuée. Enfin, dans une optique d’évaluation de la faisabilité d’approches quantitatives par IRM, un système double noyaux proton-fluor pour déterminer la sensibilité de l’imagerie de gaz et d’aérosols fluorés a été implémenté et testé sur des rats.Ces approches par IRM ouvrent des perspectives pour permettre la caractérisation in vivo des dépôts de particules inhalées dans des conditions d’administration variées et leur sensibilité suggère un transfert potentiel chez l’homme / This PhD thesis is part of the OxHelease project (ANR-TecSan 2011) that aims to study the impact of helium-oxygen inhalation on ventilation, blood oxygenation, and aerosol deposition in chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, such as asthma and emphysema. In this context, this work consisted of developing magnetic resonance imaging methods to quantify aerosol deposition in rat lung.The inhalation of pharmaceutical aerosols is an attractive approach for the treatment of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. This is also an interesting route for the treatment of systemic disorders with the potentially fast drug transfer into circulation. However, the transport and the deposition of particles within the lungs are complex and difficult to predict, since deposition patterns depend on a number of parameters, such as administration protocols, airway geometries, inhalation patterns, and gas and aerosol aerodynamic properties. Thus, understanding drug delivery through the lungs requires imaging methods to quantify particle deposition. MRI is less conventional than other approaches for lung characterization, but the technical advances and the multiple contrast mechanisms render lung imaging more feasible.To obtain exploitable signal from the lung parenchyma of the rat, an ultra-short echo (UTE) sequence was implemented on a 1.5 T clinical system. This technique was combined with a Gadolinium-based aerosol nebulization of short duration in spontaneously breathing rats. The main contrast mechanism used here is the modification of the longitudinal relaxation time yielding signal enhancement and allowing to assess the local concentration with a spatial resolution of (0.5 mm)3 and a temporal resolution of 7.5 min enabling to quantitatively follow up lung clearance. The sensitivity of this approach (with a detection limit close to 20 µM) was determined. To do so several specific processing methods were developed for local and total lung evaluation, including segmentation, distribution analysis and statistics. After validation in the healthy rats, for which a signal enhancement of 50% on average, a homogenous distribution of deposition and a relatively low total deposited dose (~1 µmol/kg body weight) were observed, this imaging modality could be applied in asthmatic and emphysematous animal models. Significant differences were obtained such as homogeneity of deposition or clearance. Moreover, preliminary results of a multimodal study, in which MRI was compared with computed tomography and with nuclear medicine imaging in the same animals, were obtained. Finally, in order to evaluate the feasibility of other potential quantitative MRI approaches, a dual-nuclei proton/fluorine system was implemented and tested in rats for determining the sensitivity of fluorine-based gas and aerosol imaging.These MRI strategies may be applied for the in vivo characterization of particle deposition inhaled under variable administration conditions. Their sensitivity suggests a feasible translation to human.

Le paysage des thérapies inhalées connaît de profondes évolutions depuis les deux dernières décennies, avec pour objet la considération nouvelle du poumon comme un site de transfert des agents thérapeutiques vers le compartiment sanguin. Cette approche originale est apparue par la combinaison de développements théoriques et pratiques multiples impliqués dans la mise au point de nombreux médicaments, depuis le traitement de la douleur et du diabète jusqu'à la vaccination et le traitement de certains cancers. La quantité effective de médicament délivrée par aérosols est pondérée par de nombreux facteurs dont le mode et les conditions d’inhalation, les propriétés physiques des gaz en jeu, la morphologie des voies respiratoires ou encore les propriétés physico-chimiques des particules véhiculées. Les développements en cours ces quatre dernières années ont été conditionnés par des résultats encore mal compris, soulignant les limites des connaissances sur le transport et le dépôt d'aérosols dans le poumon. Ces manques mettent en avant le besoin d'outils performants pour l'évaluation du dépôt de particules dans les voies respiratoires.Les techniques d’imagerie permettent à la fois l’évaluation spatiale et quantitative du dépôt, avec pour seules références aujourd’hui, les techniques de médecine nucléaire. Outre l’aspect ionisant de ces techniques, elles bénéficient d’une sensibilité de détection encore inégalée. Elles demeurent néanmoins limitées par des résolutions spatiale et temporelle faibles, rendant le plus souvent difficile tant l’interprétation du dépôt que le rôle joué par les principaux mécanismes de clairance dans les voies aériennes. Depuis la fin des années 1990, les techniques de résonance magnétique imagent des noyaux hyperpolarisés (hélium-3 et xenon-129) et établissent de nouveaux standards dans l’exploration de la fonction pulmonaire.Cette thèse établit, sur la base de l’IRM de l’hélium-3 hyperpolarisé, une nouvelle modalité d’imagerie pour détecter et quantifier le dépôt d’aérosols dans les voies aériennes.Dans un premier temps, et dans un contexte où l’imagerie par résonance magnétique ne s’était pas encore penchée sur la problématique des aérosols thérapeutiques, un vaste travail d’investigation a été mené pour évaluer la sensibilité de l’IRM de l’hélium-3 hyperpolarisé au dépôt d’aérosols marqués à base d’oxyde de fer superparamagnétique. Le second volet de ce travail s’est porté sur la validation de notre méthode d’évaluation, et sur le développement de la quantification du dépôt d’aérosols. Nous avons enfin pu tester la reproductibilité de notre méthode d’évaluation du dépôt in vivo chez le rat, grâce à la réalisation d’une plateforme de ventilation et d’administration de gaz et d’aérosols dédiée, SAGAS. / Inhalation therapy has broadened its field of application over the last two decades by considering the lung not only as an organ to cure, but also as a portal toward systemic circulation. This new approach is being made possible by the emergence of biotherapeutics and a greater understanding of the absorption properties of the lung. Systemic delivery across the oronasal route was then investigated for a number of indications including migraine, diabetes, pain, and cancer. However, progress into the market of systemic aerosolized drug delivery has been slowed down to-date by a number of confounding factors including rapid clearance, instability, long-term toxicity, and dosing issues. Final drug distribution in such complex geometries strongly depends on a variety of parameters like the aerosol administration protocol, particle size, density, and physicochemical properties, as well as the airway geometry. Independently of drug formulation and pharmacokinetic considerations, these parameters determine the deposition distribution throughout the lung. Quantification and spatial localization are primordially needed to better control and optimize drug concentration at specific or less- and nonspecific sites. Nuclear medicine techniques are currently the only available modalities that combine both aerosol quantification and regional localization. They are considered as reference techniques even though they remain limited by their spatial and temporal resolutions as well as by patient exposure to radiations. With regard to lung imaging, hyperpolarized helium-3 MRI has been developed as a powerful tool to quantitatively characterize the parenchyma and the organ function and morphology. The technique is innocuous and provides millimeter and sub-second resolutions with rather high signal to noise ratios. In this thesis, a new imaging modality was developed on the grounds of hyperpolarized helium-3 MRI to probe and quantify aerosol deposition in the airways. In the first part of the thesis, I describe the potential of helium-3 MRI to probe aerosol deposition by using superparamagnetic contrast agents. The second part mainly focuses on the validation of this new modality by comparing it to a reference technique, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and computational fluid dynamics. The last part of the manuscript is dedicated to aerosol administration and in vivo measurements in rat lungs. This experiment was possible by designing and building an MR compatible gas administrator and ventilator dedicated to small animals, SAGAS (Small Animal Gas Administration System). Its complete hardware and software description is presented in the same chapter.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This work reports the deposition onto high voltage insulators and correlation to atmospheric corrosivity measurement. This work includes corrosion studies at 15 sites in New Zealand (1,816 tests) for in excess of 12 months, and co-operative research in South Africa. In addition, to confirm the relevance and transportability of this proposed model, a review of the published international data on deposition rates on insulators was conducted. It was noted that the deposition rate of airborne pollutants onto a surface is dependent upon the true surface area facing the wind and the aerodynamic properties of the surface. Such is the effect that surfaces with minimal exposure to the wind such as horizontal plates, have been shown to be poor collectors of deposits while vertical plates are more efficient, followed by high voltage glass insulators, the ISO9223 salt candle, and the largest collector is the Direct Dust Deposit Gauge. This study found that the ISO9223 wet salt candle and the average annual deposition rate on the High Voltage Glass insulator bottom surface (unenergized) provided relatively similar deposition results. The deposition onto insulator surfaces may be a more relevant method as it replicates deposition on large surfaces. This Equivalent Salt Dry Deposition (ESDD) method for HV insulators is an all inclusive measure of the airborne pollutants deposition rate and converts the total deposited material into a single value equivalent to that of salt, even though the deposit may consist of sulphur, marine salts, nitrates, and other conductive pollutants. The measured deposition rate on the sheltered insulator bottoms at 85 sites around the world predicted 87% of the ISO corrosivity categories (based on zinc corrosion) for these sites. Results from equatorial Asia appear to be non-compliant and warrant further investigation. The ESDD values are now being quoted from around the world, by electrical engineers who use the recently revised CIGRE methodology, to determine the probability of arc-over (shorting to earth) of high voltage cables due to pollution build-up on insulators. The implications from this research are significant, with the cost of atmospheric corrosivity studies becoming prohibitively expensive, this method converts technically valid surface deposition results from the electrical engineers from around the world (provided at no cost), to valid empirical corrosivity rates from often remote locations.

To quantify primary side aerosol retention, an Eulerian/Lagrangian approach was used to investigate aerosol transport in a compressible, turbulent, adiabatic, internal, wall-bounded flow. The ARTIST experimental project (Phase I) served as the physical model replicated for numerical simulation. Realizable k-ε and standard k-ω turbulence models were selected from the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, FLUENT, to provide the Eulerian description of the gaseous phase. Flow field simulation results exhibited: a) onset of weak secondary flow accelerated at bend entrance towards the inner wall; b) flow separation zone development on the convex wall that persisted from the point of onset; c) centrifugal force concentrated high velocity flow in the direction of the concave wall; d) formation of vortices throughout the flow domain resulted from rotational (Dean-type) flow; e) weakened secondary flow assisted the formation of twin vortices in the outflow cross section; and f) perturbations induced by the bend influenced flow recovery several pipe diameters upstream of the bend. These observations were consistent with those of previous investigators. The Lagrangian discrete random walk model, with and without turbulent dispersion, simulated the dispersed phase behavior, incorrectly. Accurate deposition predictions in wall-bounded flow require modification of the Eddy Impaction Model (EIM). Thus, to circumvent shortcomings of the EIM, the Lagrangian time scale was changed to a wall function and the root-mean-square (RMS) fluctuating velocities were modified to account for the strong anisotropic nature of flow in the immediate vicinity of the wall (boundary layer). Subsequent computed trajectories suggest a precision that ranges from 0.1% to 0.7%, statistical sampling error. The aerodynamic mass median diameter (AMMD) at the inlet (5.5 μm) was consistent with the ARTIST experimental findings. The geometric standard deviation (GSD) varied depending on the scenario evaluated but ranged from 1.61 to 3.2. At the outlet, the computed AMMD (1.9 μm) had GSD between 1.12 and 2.76. Decontamination factors (DF), computed based on deposition from trajectory calculations, were just over 3.5 for the bend and 4.4 at the outlet. Computed DFs were consistent with expert elicitation cited in NUREG-1150 for aerosol retention in steam generators.

abstract: Nanomaterials exhibit unique properties that are substantially different from their bulk counterparts. These unique properties have gained recognition and application for various fields and products including sensors, displays, photovoltaics, and energy storage devices. Aerosol Deposition (AD) is a relatively new method for depositing nanomaterials. AD utilizes a nozzle to accelerate the nanomaterial into a deposition chamber under near-vacuum conditions towards a substrate with which the nanomaterial collides and adheres. Traditional methods for designing nozzles at atmospheric conditions are not well suited for nozzle design for AD methods. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, ANSYS Fluent, is utilized to simulate two-phase flows consisting of a carrier gas (Helium) and silicon nanoparticles. The Cunningham Correction Factor is used to account for non-continuous effects at the relatively low pressures utilized in AD. The nozzle, referred to herein as a boundary layer compensation (BLC) nozzle, comprises an area-ratio which is larger than traditionally designed nozzles to compensate for the thick boundary layer which forms within the viscosity-affected carrier gas flow. As a result, nanoparticles impact the substrate at velocities up to 300 times faster than the baseline nozzle. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2017

abstract: A new nanoparticle deposition technique, Aerosol Impaction-Driven Assembly (AIDA), was extensively characterized for material structures and properties. Aerogel films can be deposited directly onto a substrate with AIDA without the long aging and drying steps in the sol-gel method. Electron microscopy, pore size analysis, thermal conductivity, and optical measurements show the nanoparticle (NP) films to be similar to typical silica aerogel. Haze of nanoparticle films modeled as scattering sites correlates strongly with pore size distribution. Supporting evidence was obtained from particle sizes and aggregates using electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering. NP films showed interlayers of higher porosity and large aggregates formed by tensile film stress. To better understand film stress and NP adhesion, chemical bonding analyses were performed for samples annealed up to 900 °C. Analysis revealed that about 50% of the NP surfaces are functionalized by hydroxyl (-OH) groups, providing for hydrogen bonding. Ellipsometric porosimetry was used to further understand the mechanical properties by providing a measure of strain upon capillary pressure from filling pores. Upon annealing to 200 °C, the films lost water resulting in closer bonding of NPs and higher Young’s modulus. Upon further annealing up to 900 °C, the films lost hydroxyl bonds while gaining siloxane bonds, reducing Young’s modulus. The application of ellipsometric porosimetry to hydrophilic coatings brings into question the validity of pore size distribution calculations for materials that hold onto water molecules and result in generally smaller calculated pore sizes. Doped hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon was grown on crystalline silicon NPs, as a test case of an application for NP films to reduce parasitic absorption in silicon heterojunction solar cells. Parasitic absorption of blue light could be reduced because microcrystalline silicon has a mix of direct and indirect bandgap, giving lower blue absorption than amorphous silicon. Using Ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy, the crystallinity of films as thin as 13 nm was determined rapidly (in 1 minute) and non-destructively. A mono-layer of nanocrystals was applied as seeds for p-doped microcrystalline silicon growth and resulted in higher crystallinity films. Applications of the method could be explored for other nanocrystalline materials. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Materials Science and Engineering 2020

One of approaches in treatment of respiratory system diseases is the use of drug particles suspended in air in the form of aerosol. It is a fast and non-invasive method for the delivery of medicine into tracheobronchial tree or bloodstream. Although the method of the medication dosage by means of inhalers or nebulizers is well known, the effectiveness of that approach is still an actual issue. A significant amount of drugs delivered with the use of the medication dosage never reaches its primary destination and the drugs deposit in antecendent areas of respiratory tract where their presence is not required. This thesis deals with a problem of the passage of monodisperse homogenous aerosol with micron-size particles through the upper parts of the respiratory tract. This work was created with the use of numerical simulations carried out by means of the finite volume method in the commercial code based on computational fluid dynamics. Turbulence was modelled using the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the two-equation eddy viscosity k-omega SST model. The main output of the thesis is the analysis of airflow in two respiratory regimes. Stationary and cyclic cases of the flow behaviour were considered and the validation of simulated results with experiments performed on similar geometries was carried out. Furthermore, the review of simplified lung models and their geometries was made and the acquired results were used for the calculation of air distribution in the respiratory tract. The last part of the thesis deals with the calculation of particle deposition and with the analysis of the results.