Šiame darbe atsispindi A.Schopenhauerio meno filosofijos pamatinės idėjos. Mąstytojas nuodugniai iškristalizuoja estetinės patirties sampratą remdamasis Platoniškosios idėjos pirmavaizdžiu. Kadangi A. Shopenhaueriui meninis patyrimas užima kilniadvasiškiausią gyvenimo pakopą. Jam itin rūpi paneigti, betikslės, voliuntaristinės, iracionalios valios viešpatavimą, ištrūkti iš valios vergystės. Filsofas padaro radikalią perskyrą atribodamas pagrindo principo pažinimą nuo estetinės – kontempliacinės patirties plotmės. Jis kelia klausimą: kas gali pažinti grynąsias pasaulio formas? Ir iš kart nedvejodamas atsako: tik geniali būtybė, pakylanti virš kasdieniškos rutinos persisunkusios praktinių reikmių. Nes paprasto žmogaus kasdieniškas žvilgsnis nuolatos skendi pragmatiškumo ir suinteresuotumo liūne. Tik genijus, A. Schopenhauerio samprotavimais sugeba pamatyti patį daiktą, pažvelgti objektyviai, atsisakydamas pagrindo principo. Šitokiu judesiu genijus paneigia valią ir trumpai akimirkai suranda ramybės užuovėją. Mąstytojas padaro plačią valios objektyvacijos skleistį norėdamas parodyti kokiuose meno kūriniuose ir per kokią materiją ji kyla iki aukščiausios pakopos. A.Schopenhaueris pradėdamas nuo Architektūros remiasi štai tokiomis medžiagomis, kurios atskleidžia žemiausią valios objektyvacijos pakopą: sunkis, kietumas, sankaba. Ir baigia muzikos menu, kuri yra betarpiškas valios atspindys. Nes tik muzikos mene persipina visos valios pakopos. Toliau svarbų vaidmenį suvaidina I... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The thesis presents fundamental ideas of A. Schopenhauer’s philosophy of art. Following the original Platonic ideas, the thinker developed the concept of aesthetic experience. A. Schopenhauer’s artistic experience is positioned in the noblest level of life; he seeks to deny domination of purposeless, voluntary and irrational will and to escape from slavery of will. Philosopher makes a radical separation between recognition of principle of basis and aesthetical-contemplate experience. Moreover, he raises the question about who is capable of knowing the absolute forms of the world. And he gives the answer namely, that only a genial being which can leave the everyday routine full of practical needs behind is able to do that, because an ordinary human being’s everyday attitude is covered by pragmatism and interests. According to A. Schopenhauer, only genius can see the thing as such, maintain an objective attitude and ignore the principle of basis. In this way the genius denies the will and is able to find the moment of peace. The thinker discusses objectivation of will, seeking to show in which pieces of art and in what substances it reaches the highest level. Starting with architecture, A. Schopenhauer refers to the following substances presenting the lowest stage of objectivation of will: gravity, hardness, adherence. The final element is the art of music which is a direct reflection of the will. All stages of the will are presented in the art of music. Moreover, I. Kant plays... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:42:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rita de Cassia Demarchi.pdf: 6041347 bytes, checksum: cee4d6e458be14e5e95ef700807dc145 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Theoretical reflections and images/photographies approach in this research the complex domain which involves the visitors and art exhibition museums in Brazil and abroad. Based on research methodologies in Arts (Róldan & Marin-Viadel, 2012), single images or compound as photoshoots are considered a mode of knowledge and foster studies and reflections. Apart from the dialogue among images, the experience lived and the thought of scholars from different areas, the lightness of poetry and metaphors is also included in this work as well as reflections from contemporary art and Art history. Some issues concerning the contemporary scenario which can impede the meeting between the individual and art are discussed, such as excess, spect cle, consumerism, speed, tourism. These issues constitute what was named as penumbra and nourish the attitudes of the fugitive subject visitors. There must be both for the visitor and the researcher an openness for the aesthetical experience, land of the pilgrim, in order to unveil penumbra, ambivalence, maze and twilight. This openness inspires the research as a path of pilgrimage in order to search for the understanding of the complexity of phenomena and the poetic work of capturing the images shots at the exhibitions. This research of phenomenological nature adopts the theoretical framework of authors who reflect upon contemporaneity, such as Calabrese (1988), Bauman (2001); as well as authors who value sensibility and experience, such as Bachelard (1988), Dewey(2010), Merleau-Ponty(1975), Ferreira Santos (2005), Maffesoli (1998). / Reflexões teóricas e imagens/ fotografias abordam nesta pesquisa o complexo território que envolve os visitantes e os museus de exposições de arte, no Brasil e no exterior. Com base nas metodologias de pesquisa em arte (Róldan & Marin-Viadel, 2012), imagens individuais ou compostas como foto-ensaios são consideradas uma forma de conhecimento e impulsionam o estudo e a reflexão. Além do diálogo entre as imagens, a experiência vivida e o pensamento de estudiosos de diferentes áreas, inclui-se a leveza da poesia e das metáforas, além de reflexões derivadas da arte contemporânea e da história da arte. São discutidas algumas questões acerca da paisagem contemporânea que podem dificultar o encontro do sujeito com a arte, tais como o excesso, o espetáculo, o consumo, a velocidade, o turismo, que constituem o que foi nomeado de penumbra e alimentam as atitudes dos visitantes sujeitos fugidios. Tanto para o visitante, quanto para a pesquisadora, a fim de desvelar em meio à penumbra e as ambivalências, ao labirinto e ao crepúsculo, há que se ter a abertura para a experiência estética, terreno do peregrino. Abertura que inspira a pesquisa como uma trajetória de peregrinação em busca de compreensão da complexidade dos fenômenos e o trabalho poético de captura das imagens - flagrantes nas exposições. A pesquisa de cunho fenomenológico adota como referencial teórico autores que abordam reflexões sobre a contemporaneidade tais como: Calabrese (1988), Bauman (2001); e autores que valorizam a sensibilidade e a experiência, entre eles: Bachelard (1988), Dewey(2010), Merleau-Ponty(1975), Ferreira Santos (2005), Maffesoli (1998).

L’objectif de cette thèse est de réfléchir aux enjeux d’une histoire du jeu de stratégie en temps réel (STR). Il s’agit de mieux comprendre les contextes dans lesquels le genre prend sens pour historiciser son émergence et sa période classique. Cette thèse cherche à documenter, d’une part, la cristallisation du STR en tant qu’objet ayant une forme relativement stable et en tant que corpus précis et identifié et, d’autre part, l’émergence des formes de jouabilité classiques des STR. La première partie est consacrée à décrire l’objet de cette recherche, pour mieux comprendre la complexité du terme « stratégie » et de la catégorisation « jeu de stratégie ». La seconde partie met en place la réflexion épistémologique en montrant comment on peut tenir compte de la jouabilité dans un travail historien. Elle définit le concept de paradigme de jouabilité en tant que formation discursive pour regrouper différents énoncés actionnels en une unité logique qui n’est pas nécessairement l’équivalent du genre. La troisième partie cartographie l’émergence du genre entre les wargames des années 1970 et les jeux en multijoueur de la décennie suivante. Deux paradigmes de jouabilité se distinguent pour former le STR classique : le paradigme de décryptage et le paradigme de prévision. La quatrième partie explique et contextualise le STR classique en montrant qu’il comporte ces deux paradigmes de jouabilité dans deux modes de jeu qui offrent des expériences fondamentalement différentes l’une de l’autre. / This thesis is a reflection on the stakes of a history of the real-time strategy (RTS) genre. The goal is to understand contexts in which RTS makes sense to historicize its emergence and its classical period. It seeks to document, on the one hand, the crystallization of RTS as an object having a relatively stable form and as a precise and identified corpus and, on the other hand, the emergence of classical RTS gameplay figures. The first part of this thesis describes the object of this research in order to understand the complexity of the words “strategy” and “strategy games.” The second part puts in place the epistemological thinking by showing how gameplay can be taken into account in a history of video games. It defines the gameplay paradigm concept as a discursive formation to regroup actional statements as a logical unit that is not necessarily equivalent to a genre. The third part maps the emergence of the genre from wargames in the 1970s to multiplayer games of the following decade. Two gameplay paradigms are distinguished and will form the classical RTS: the paradigm of decryption and the paradigm of prediction. The last part explains the role of classical RTS by showing how these two paradigms coexist as two different game modes that offer fundamentally different gameplay experiences.