É sabido que antes de se consagrar ao cinema Robert Bresson se dedicou à pintura. Mas é talvez ainda mais significativo o fato de continuar a se definir como pintor, mesmo após ter trocado definitivamente o pincel pela câmera. No entanto, contrariando, a partir disso, uma expectativa natural, não é tarefa fácil identificar referências pictóricas em seus filmes. Donde a suspeita de que as relações entre a pintura e o cinematógrafo de Bresson não sejam assim tão evidentes, devendo, portanto, ser procuradas noutra parte. Tal é a hipótese de que partimos. Propõe-se estudar aqui a obra teórica e cinematográfica de Bresson segundo a relação problemática que ela entretém com a pintura. Procuraremos mostrar que essa relação pode ser entendida através de uma lógica da sensação, tal como Deleuze a encontra em ato na pintura de Bacon e de Cézanne, e que acreditamos também vigorar no cinematógrafo de Bresson. Ora, a essa lógica corresponde uma síntese temporal marcada por três momentos: um primeiro tempo pré-pictural, no qual se trava um combate contra os clichês mentais que cobrem a tela antes mesmo de se começar a pintar; um segundo tempo caracterizado pelo diagrama através do qual a representação é submetida a uma catástrofe; por fim, a expressão do fato pictural, ou seja, a sensação. É principalmente pela estética de Henri Maldiney, tal como ele soube extraí-la das análises de Erwin Strauss sobre o sentir, que buscaremos compreender como a sensação se encontra no centro das preocupações do pintor Bresson. / It is well known that before devoting himself to cinema, Robert Bresson was dedicated to painting. The fact he continued to define himself as a painter, even after he had definitively exchanged the brush for the camera is perhaps even more significant. However, contradicting a natural expectation from this fact, it is not an easy task to identify pictorial references in his movies. From there arises the suspicion that relationships between painting and Bressons cinématographe are not that evident, and therefore, should be sought elsewhere. Such is hypothesis that we set out on. We hereby propose that the theoretical and cinematographic work of Bresson be studied herein according to the problematic relationship it maintains with painting. We will try to show that this relationship may be understood by means of a logic of sensation, such as Deleuze finds in action within the paintings of Bacon and Cézanne, and that we believe is also present in Bressons cinématographe. Well, this logic corresponds to a temporal synthesis marked by three moments: a first prepictorial time, in which there is a struggle against mental clichés which cover the canvas even before one starts painting; a second time characterized by the diagram by means of which the representation is submitted to a catastrophe; and at last, the expression of the pictorial fact, that is, the sensation. It is mainly by the aesthetics of Henri Maldiney, just as how he knew to extract it from analyses of Erwin Strauss on feeling, that we will seek to understand how sensation is found as the major concern of the painter Bresson.

É sabido que antes de se consagrar ao cinema Robert Bresson se dedicou à pintura. Mas é talvez ainda mais significativo o fato de continuar a se definir como pintor, mesmo após ter trocado definitivamente o pincel pela câmera. No entanto, contrariando, a partir disso, uma expectativa natural, não é tarefa fácil identificar referências pictóricas em seus filmes. Donde a suspeita de que as relações entre a pintura e o cinematógrafo de Bresson não sejam assim tão evidentes, devendo, portanto, ser procuradas noutra parte. Tal é a hipótese de que partimos. Propõe-se estudar aqui a obra teórica e cinematográfica de Bresson segundo a relação problemática que ela entretém com a pintura. Procuraremos mostrar que essa relação pode ser entendida através de uma lógica da sensação, tal como Deleuze a encontra em ato na pintura de Bacon e de Cézanne, e que acreditamos também vigorar no cinematógrafo de Bresson. Ora, a essa lógica corresponde uma síntese temporal marcada por três momentos: um primeiro tempo pré-pictural, no qual se trava um combate contra os clichês mentais que cobrem a tela antes mesmo de se começar a pintar; um segundo tempo caracterizado pelo diagrama através do qual a representação é submetida a uma catástrofe; por fim, a expressão do fato pictural, ou seja, a sensação. É principalmente pela estética de Henri Maldiney, tal como ele soube extraí-la das análises de Erwin Strauss sobre o sentir, que buscaremos compreender como a sensação se encontra no centro das preocupações do pintor Bresson. / It is well known that before devoting himself to cinema, Robert Bresson was dedicated to painting. The fact he continued to define himself as a painter, even after he had definitively exchanged the brush for the camera is perhaps even more significant. However, contradicting a natural expectation from this fact, it is not an easy task to identify pictorial references in his movies. From there arises the suspicion that relationships between painting and Bressons cinématographe are not that evident, and therefore, should be sought elsewhere. Such is hypothesis that we set out on. We hereby propose that the theoretical and cinematographic work of Bresson be studied herein according to the problematic relationship it maintains with painting. We will try to show that this relationship may be understood by means of a logic of sensation, such as Deleuze finds in action within the paintings of Bacon and Cézanne, and that we believe is also present in Bressons cinématographe. Well, this logic corresponds to a temporal synthesis marked by three moments: a first prepictorial time, in which there is a struggle against mental clichés which cover the canvas even before one starts painting; a second time characterized by the diagram by means of which the representation is submitted to a catastrophe; and at last, the expression of the pictorial fact, that is, the sensation. It is mainly by the aesthetics of Henri Maldiney, just as how he knew to extract it from analyses of Erwin Strauss on feeling, that we will seek to understand how sensation is found as the major concern of the painter Bresson.

Cette recherche est située aux frontières de l’Esthétique et Sciences de l’art et des Sciences de l’information et de la communication. Notre hypothèse de départ réside dans la contribution de l’œuvre de Godard à une recherche pluridisciplinaire. Cinéaste, critique, théoricien, vidéaste, archiviste et téléaste, Jean-Luc Godard est l’auteur d’une œuvre métamorphique qui redéfinit radicalement les frontières du cinéma. Condamnant l’ambition hégémonique des technologies actuelles, tout en les absorbant dans une pratique cinématographique expérimentale, Godard développe une pensée en actes filmiques qui n’a pas rompu avec l’actualité. Le montage, au fondement de la création de Godard comme de ses prises de paroles, aménage un espace où la rencontre contrariée de signes discursifs, visuels et sonores, issus aussi bien du vaste champ de la culture littéraire, philosophique, musicale, cinématographique, artistique, classique et moderne que de la production artefactuelle contemporaine, permet de rompre avec nos habitudes spectatorielles. Le montage de Godard interroge le devenir de la communication par l’image et la parole et offre une issue esthétique au règne du visuel. Notre développement s’appuie sur des analyses de discours et de l’image, avec une attention soutenue aux métrages produits par Godard en parallèle et à la suite de la conception des Histoire(s) du cinéma (1988-1998). De manière affirmée depuis les années 1990, la pratique cinématographique de Godard s’est convertie à une écriture essayiste et multimédiatique. Le principe du réemploi étant au fondement même des métrages de Godard, nous avons développé une analyse des fragments et citations du cinéaste, selon une approche comparatiste, qui nous a permis de croiser, dans une ouverture pluridisciplinaire, plusieurs théories de l’image, de l’œuvre d’art et du langage, comme autant de points de vue critiques pour penser les potentialités de communication de la création audiovisuelle. Godard, acteur paradoxal de la fin du cinéma, redéfinit le devoir-être du cinéma dont il s’agit de devoir faire les leçons théoriques, dans un court-circuitage des premières théories du cinéma (Epstein, Faure, de la phénoménologie merleaupontienne et de la pensée deleuzienne. Traditionnellement perçue comme consubstantielle au cinéma, la représentation du réel procède d’une dialectique du visible et de l’invisible, à l’œuvre dans les créations de Godard qui métamorphosent les enjeux esthétiques et politiques de l’image en mouvement. Dans la filiation des penseurs de l’École de Francfort (Adorno, Benjamin) et du poststructuralisme français (Baudrillard, Deleuze, Derrida, Foucault), les propositions esthétiques de Godard déploient une pensée qui redéfinit les conditions de l’émancipation politique et spectatorielle. Le cinéaste amène le spectateur-citoyen à une mise en cause radicale du semblant démocratique et lui propose, dans l’idée même de création et d’amour qui la génère, la possibilité de révéler les contours cachés du réel et de le modifier. Sarajevo, sujet central du cinéma tardif de Godard, permet d’ouvrir notre argumentaire aux possibilités d’action d’un montage éthique et politique pour dénoncer les formes plurielles d’aliénation qui s’établissent dans les politiques de disparition, la médiatisation des conflits et une communication qui agit à plusieurs niveaux. L’ambition de notre démonstration réside dans les possibilités de révolution contenues dans une forme que Godard appelle cinéma ou montage : un art de l’immaîtrisé et une force dissensuelle qui permettent d’interroger les relations entre esthétique et politique, dans le cadre d’une mutation généralisée des signes qui affecte le devenir anthropologique, économique et symbolique des sociétés. / This research is at the intersection of aesthetics, arts, and information and communication sciences. My initial hypothesis was based on the contribution of Godard's work to multidisciplinary research. As a filmmaker, critic, theoretician, video producer, archivist and television director, Jean-Luc Godard is the author of a metamorphic work, which radically redefined the boundaries of cinema. Godard challenged the hegemonic ambition of current technologies and, at the same time, integrated them in an experimental film practice. Thus, he has developed a pensée en actes filmiques, without breaking with current times. The montage at the foundation of Godard's creation, and also expressed in his discourses, has created a space in which the contrary confluence of discursive, visual and acoustic signs – stemming as much from the vast field of literary, philosophical, musical, cinematographic, classical and modern artistic culture as from contemporary artefact production – and leads the viewer to break with his habits. Godard’s montage has questioned the future of communication by image and word, and has offered an aesthetic concept to the domination of the visual. My thesis was based on discourse and image analysis, paying a close attention to the films produced by Godard during and following the conception of Histoire(s) du cinema (1988-1998). Since the 1990s, Godard's film practice has become that of an essayist and a writer of multimedia. The principle of re-use has been at the very foundation of Godard's films. By exploiting this, I analysed the filmmaker's fragments and quotes. I used a comparative and multidisciplinary approach which allowed me to embrace several picture, artwork and language theories, all of them being critical points of view to think about the potentials of communicating by audiovisual creation. Godard, as a paradoxical player of the end of cinema, redefined the film's devoir-être, i.e. an imperative short-circuiting of early film theory (Epstein, Faure), of Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology and of Deleuze’s philosophy. Traditionally perceived as an inherent element of cinema, the representation of reality proceeded from a dialectic of the visible and the invisible, at work in the creations of Godard which has metamorphosed the aesthetic and political issues of the moving image. In the wake of the Frankfurt School (Adorno, Benjamin) and of French poststructuralism (Baudrillard, Deleuze, Derrida, Foucault), Godard's aesthetic propositions have deployed a thought that redefined the conditions of political and spectatorial emancipation. The filmmaker has encouraged the citizen-spectator to a radical questioning of the democratic facade and, in the very idea of creation and love, he has revealed the hidden contours of reality and the possibility of changing it. Sarajevo, the central subject of Godard's late cinema, opened up a debate on the possibilities of action of an ethical and political montage to denounce the plural forms of alienation in the policies of disappearance, the media coverage of conflicts and communication acting on several levels. The ambition of my demonstration lies in the possibilities of revolution contained in a form that Godard has called cinema or montage: an art of the uncontrolled and of dissent allowing to question anew the relations between aesthetics and politics, as part of widespread mutation of signs wich affects the anthropological, economic and symbolic future of societies.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de montrer en quoi l'automobile est un motif du cinéma allemand et d'en proposer une étude, à partir d'un corpus constitué de cinq films. Ce faisant, ce sont aussi les premiers jalons pour une théorie esthétique de l'automobile au cinéma qui sont posés, à l'exemple du cinéma allemand. Une première partie médiologique et esthétique montrera que l’automobile est un motif réflexif du cinéma, c’est-à-dire un motif par lequel le cinéma se réfléchit et réfléchit sur lui-même, en tant qu'art et en tant que médium. Tour à tour reflet du cinéma ou de caméra, appareil de projection ou d'enregistrement, la voiture apparaît comme un motif à travers lequel le cinéma se met en abyme. La deuxième partie étudie l’automobile comme motif narratif. La voiture, dans sa dimension réflexive, peut apparaître comme un signe énonciatif, ce qui permet, entre autres, d'aborder la question du narrateur au cinéma. Mais la voiture est aussi un objet matériel chargé d'un fort potentiel narratif. En outre, l'automobile est aussi un motif structurant pour un récit filmique (par exemple dans le road movie), dans la mesure où un trajet en voiture peut apparaître comme un segment minimal de narration filmique. Le motif automobile induit ainsi la construction d'un espace filmique qui pose, en creux, la question du cinéma national. La troisième partie aborde le motif automobile à travers les notions de personnage, de stéréotype et de genre cinématographique. L'automobile est liée à certains stéréotypes de genre, notamment parce qu'elle en général principalement associée aux personnages masculins. La question du genre permet de passer de la notion de gender à celle de genre cinématographique. L'automobile est-elle caractéristique de certains genres? On pense évidemment au road movie, mais force est de constater que l'automobile ressurgit dans tous les genres et à toutes les époques – au point de se demander si elle ne serait pas, finalement, un stéréotype du cinéma. / This thesis aims to prove that the automobile is what we might call a motif in German Cinema and studies this motif in a corpus of five films. It thus also proposes, on the basis of this exemplary study of German Cinema, to lay the groundwork for a general aesthetics of the automobile in film. The first part will take an aesthetic and mediological approach, to argue that the link between the automobile and cinema is a reflexive one. Through the motif of the automobile, the cinema very often points the finger at itself. Furthermore, the car as a machine evokes the machinery of the cinema: the wheel recalls the projector’s wheel, the ribbon of the road evokes the unfurling reel of film, and the different mirrors and window hint at the lens of the camera – a camera that is driven from place to place. Finally, the car’s interior is comparable to a movie theatre: both have a screen, both offer a perspective on the world while isolating and protecting the viewer from this world. The second part of the thesis deals with aspects of filmic narration. As a reflexive motif, the car can be interpreted as an enunciative sign, that is to say a place for the film’s enunciation. The car is also an object (a prop or a piece of the set), whose materiality brings a stratum of narrativity into the film. Moreover, the car, with its trajectory interrupted by accidents or breaking down, often offers a pattern for the film’s narrative. Thus, the motif of the car implies a strong relationship to space, which suggests a new way of approaching the question of the definition of a “national cinema”. The third part links the motif of the automobile to the notions of characters, stereotype and film genre. The automobile has to deal with gender stereotypes, in particular because it is generally strongly related to men. But the concept of “genre” also establishes a relation between “gender” and “(film) genre”. Is the motif of the automobile typical of certain film genres? It seems to be omnipresent in all periods and genres (and certainly not only in road movies), so it might even be said that the automobile is, ultimately, a cinematic stereotype. / Ziel der Dissertation ist es zu zeigen, dass das Automobil ein Motiv des deutschen Films ist und eine Analyse dieses Motivs am Beispiel eines aus fünf Filmen bestehenden Korpus vorzulegen. Dabei geht es auch darum, die ersten Ansätze zu einer ästhetischen Theorie des Autos als filmischen Motivs zu entwickeln. In einem ersten Teil medienwissenschaftlicher und ästhetischer Ausrichtung wird vorgebracht, dass dem Auto im Kino die Rolle eines Motivs der Reflexivität zukommt. Der Wagen kann als eine Kinokammer betrachtet werden, während die Maschinerie des Autos an die Maschinerie des Projektors erinnert. Mit dem Motiv des Autos reflektiert das Kino sich selbst und über sich selbst – als Kunst und als Medium. Diese These bildet die theoretische Grundlage der Arbeit und rechtfertigt die Wahl des Themas. Im zweiten Teil wird das Auto unter dem Gesichtspunkt der filmischen Narration analysiert. In seiner reflexiven Dimension erscheint das Auto als ein „enunziatives Zeichen“, womit ein neues Licht auf die Frage des filmischen Erzählers geworfen werden kann. Das Auto kann in mehrfacher Hinsicht die filmische Erzählung untermauern: Als Fortbewegungsmittel, das einen Kurs bestimmt – wie etwa in Roadmovies – aber auch als materieller Gegenstand, der zur Kulisse wird oder als Besitz der Figuren zum symbolischen Attribut der Figuren wird. Im dritten Teil wird das Motiv des Autos mit Blick auf die Begriffe „Figuren“, „Stereotyp“ und „Genre“ in Betracht genommen. Das Auto ist mit bestimmten Gender-Stereotypen verbunden, da es oft mit männlichen Figuren assoziiert wird. Der Begriff des Stereotyps bietet hier die Möglichkeit, eine Brücke zwischen Gender und (Film-)Genre zu schlagen. Ist das Motiv des Autos typisch für gewisse Filmgenres? Man assoziiert es sogleich mit dem Roadmovie, aber es muss auch festgestellt werden, dass das Auto in allen Genres und in allen Epochen immer wieder vorkommt, so dass schließlich gefragt werden darf, ob das Auto nicht selbst ein Filmstereotyp sei.

Cette recherche propose d’analyser comment Marseille a été filmée, à travers un corpus de films qui y ont été tournés entre 1921 et 2011, dans une double perspective combinant l’approche socio-historique et l’approche esthétique des images cinématographiques. Le temps long (presqu’un siècle) permet d’analyser depuis des films de fictions, des documentaires et des productions télévisuelles, les processus historiques et les constructions mémorielles propres à Marseille. Focaliser l’attention sur ce qui échappe au premier regard, les arrières plans, les détails, ouvre à une recherche qui étudie les rapports entre ville, cinéma, histoire et mémoire. / This research proposes to analyse Marseille filmed, through a corpus of films that have been shot from 1921 to 2011, on a dual viewpoint combining the socio-historical and the aesthetic perspectives to moving images.This vast time frame (which spans almost a century) allows an analysis of the historical processes and memory constructions shaping the city of Marseille, based on films of fiction, documentaries and télévision productions. Focusing the attention on what is not visible at the first sight, the backgrounds, the details, opens to a research that studies the relationships between the city, cinema, history and memory.