This thesis argues that the state apparatus has failed to provide Africans with a culturally compatible form of governance. The state is a product of colonial origin, and thus, has failed to resonate with Indigenous African spirituality, moral consciousness or political tradition. By grounding my argument in the Eritrean context, I make the case that the Eritrean state – not unlike other African states – is failing in three fundamental ways. First, it is oppressive towards Indigenous institutions of governance, particularly the village baito practiced in the rural highlands of Eritrea. Second, the state promotes a national identity that has been arbitrarily formed and colonially imposed in place of Indigenous ones, such as those formed around regional or linguistic groupings. Lastly, because the Eritrean state is a rather new phenomenon that suffers from a crisis of legitimacy, it inevitably falls back on processes of violence, coercion and control to assert its authority.

This thesis argues that the state apparatus has failed to provide Africans with a culturally compatible form of governance. The state is a product of colonial origin, and thus, has failed to resonate with Indigenous African spirituality, moral consciousness or political tradition. By grounding my argument in the Eritrean context, I make the case that the Eritrean state – not unlike other African states – is failing in three fundamental ways. First, it is oppressive towards Indigenous institutions of governance, particularly the village baito practiced in the rural highlands of Eritrea. Second, the state promotes a national identity that has been arbitrarily formed and colonially imposed in place of Indigenous ones, such as those formed around regional or linguistic groupings. Lastly, because the Eritrean state is a rather new phenomenon that suffers from a crisis of legitimacy, it inevitably falls back on processes of violence, coercion and control to assert its authority.

The purpose of this research was to explore the work of Dr. Asa Grant Hilliard, III (Nana Baffour Amankwatia, II) in three areas: (1) traditional African education and socialization, (2) responsibilities of African teachers, and (3) the need for inter/multicultural teacher education programs. It was also the purpose of this research to explore my African identity development and transformation as I interacted with, studied, and read works by Dr. Hilliard. Data used in the study include a selection of works by Dr. Hilliard, fieldnotes, fieldletters, original poetry and essays, and memory data (St. Pierre, 1997). Qualitative content analysis and autoethnography were combined to present an autoethnographic content analysis (ACA) of Dr. Hilliard’s work. The ACA method is unique to this study and provided a reflexive analysis of documents (Altheide, 1987) complimented by recognition of the events that contributed to my African identification. Findings from the study revealed several major themes in Dr. Hilliard’s work: (a) African socialization to challenge the MAAFA, (b) traditional African education for all children, (c) African teachers as responsible teachers, and (d) teacher education for inter/multicultural perspectives. The final product is an amalgamation of academic and literary writing, and includes poems, vignettes, and autobiographical narratives.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Nov. 11, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-138).

A partir da aplicação do método etnográfico que envolve a observação participante e a realização de entrevistas abertas, a presente pesquisa faz um estudo antropológico sobre as experiências singulares de deslocamento de estudantes universitários, provenientes de diferentes países africanos, matriculados em Instituições de Ensino Superior, localizadas na cidade e região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Partindo do pressuposto de que todos indivíduos e grupos constroem categorias para se conhecer, classificar a si e ao “’outro”, definindo fronteiras entre “eu” e “outro”, “nós” e “eles”, o estudo dá enfoque especial sobre as referências identitárias e práticas cotidianas destes sujeitos, onde se busca compreender como estes estudantes se constroem, se identificam e são identificados e as retóricas que eles adotam para se afirmarem como africanos no Brasil. Na nova realidade social e frente a uma “nova” identidade, os estudantes universitários africanos se reconstroem cotidianamente no jogo das relações sociais, acionando as suas identidades continental, nacional e racial. O idioma étnico, “ser africano” torna-se uma referência que aprendem a utilizar, manejando alguns traços diacríticos e desenvolvendo práticas que lhes permite a sua identificação como africanos pela população de acolhimento. As festas “típicas”, a comida, o traje, a língua, o sotaque e o penteado são alguns dos elementos simbólicos manipulados pelos estudantes na construção de seu discurso identitário. / From the application of the etnografic method that involves the participant observation and the accomplishment of opened interviews, the present research makes a antropologic study on the singular experiences of displacement of universitaries students, proceeding from different African countries, registered in Institutions of Superior Education, located in the city and region metropolitan of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Setting out of the motive of that all individuals and groups they construct categories to know, to classify itself and to "' the other", defining boundaries between "I" and "another one", "we" and "they", the study it gives special approach on daily the identitaries and practical references of these citizens, where if it searchs to understand as these students if they construct, if they identify, they are identified and the rhetorical that they adopt to affirm themselves as African in Brazil. In the new social reality and front to "new" an identity, the African university students if reconstruct daily in the game of the social relations, setting in motion its identities continental, national and racial. The ethnic language, "to be African" becomes a reference that learns to use, setting in motion some traces and developing that it allows its identification them as African for the shelter population. "the typical" parties, the food, the suit, the language, accent and the hairdo are some of the symbolic elements manipulated by the students in the construction of its identitarie speech.

A partir da aplicação do método etnográfico que envolve a observação participante e a realização de entrevistas abertas, a presente pesquisa faz um estudo antropológico sobre as experiências singulares de deslocamento de estudantes universitários, provenientes de diferentes países africanos, matriculados em Instituições de Ensino Superior, localizadas na cidade e região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Partindo do pressuposto de que todos indivíduos e grupos constroem categorias para se conhecer, classificar a si e ao “’outro”, definindo fronteiras entre “eu” e “outro”, “nós” e “eles”, o estudo dá enfoque especial sobre as referências identitárias e práticas cotidianas destes sujeitos, onde se busca compreender como estes estudantes se constroem, se identificam e são identificados e as retóricas que eles adotam para se afirmarem como africanos no Brasil. Na nova realidade social e frente a uma “nova” identidade, os estudantes universitários africanos se reconstroem cotidianamente no jogo das relações sociais, acionando as suas identidades continental, nacional e racial. O idioma étnico, “ser africano” torna-se uma referência que aprendem a utilizar, manejando alguns traços diacríticos e desenvolvendo práticas que lhes permite a sua identificação como africanos pela população de acolhimento. As festas “típicas”, a comida, o traje, a língua, o sotaque e o penteado são alguns dos elementos simbólicos manipulados pelos estudantes na construção de seu discurso identitário. / From the application of the etnografic method that involves the participant observation and the accomplishment of opened interviews, the present research makes a antropologic study on the singular experiences of displacement of universitaries students, proceeding from different African countries, registered in Institutions of Superior Education, located in the city and region metropolitan of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Setting out of the motive of that all individuals and groups they construct categories to know, to classify itself and to "' the other", defining boundaries between "I" and "another one", "we" and "they", the study it gives special approach on daily the identitaries and practical references of these citizens, where if it searchs to understand as these students if they construct, if they identify, they are identified and the rhetorical that they adopt to affirm themselves as African in Brazil. In the new social reality and front to "new" an identity, the African university students if reconstruct daily in the game of the social relations, setting in motion its identities continental, national and racial. The ethnic language, "to be African" becomes a reference that learns to use, setting in motion some traces and developing that it allows its identification them as African for the shelter population. "the typical" parties, the food, the suit, the language, accent and the hairdo are some of the symbolic elements manipulated by the students in the construction of its identitarie speech.

A partir da aplicação do método etnográfico que envolve a observação participante e a realização de entrevistas abertas, a presente pesquisa faz um estudo antropológico sobre as experiências singulares de deslocamento de estudantes universitários, provenientes de diferentes países africanos, matriculados em Instituições de Ensino Superior, localizadas na cidade e região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Partindo do pressuposto de que todos indivíduos e grupos constroem categorias para se conhecer, classificar a si e ao “’outro”, definindo fronteiras entre “eu” e “outro”, “nós” e “eles”, o estudo dá enfoque especial sobre as referências identitárias e práticas cotidianas destes sujeitos, onde se busca compreender como estes estudantes se constroem, se identificam e são identificados e as retóricas que eles adotam para se afirmarem como africanos no Brasil. Na nova realidade social e frente a uma “nova” identidade, os estudantes universitários africanos se reconstroem cotidianamente no jogo das relações sociais, acionando as suas identidades continental, nacional e racial. O idioma étnico, “ser africano” torna-se uma referência que aprendem a utilizar, manejando alguns traços diacríticos e desenvolvendo práticas que lhes permite a sua identificação como africanos pela população de acolhimento. As festas “típicas”, a comida, o traje, a língua, o sotaque e o penteado são alguns dos elementos simbólicos manipulados pelos estudantes na construção de seu discurso identitário. / From the application of the etnografic method that involves the participant observation and the accomplishment of opened interviews, the present research makes a antropologic study on the singular experiences of displacement of universitaries students, proceeding from different African countries, registered in Institutions of Superior Education, located in the city and region metropolitan of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Setting out of the motive of that all individuals and groups they construct categories to know, to classify itself and to "' the other", defining boundaries between "I" and "another one", "we" and "they", the study it gives special approach on daily the identitaries and practical references of these citizens, where if it searchs to understand as these students if they construct, if they identify, they are identified and the rhetorical that they adopt to affirm themselves as African in Brazil. In the new social reality and front to "new" an identity, the African university students if reconstruct daily in the game of the social relations, setting in motion its identities continental, national and racial. The ethnic language, "to be African" becomes a reference that learns to use, setting in motion some traces and developing that it allows its identification them as African for the shelter population. "the typical" parties, the food, the suit, the language, accent and the hairdo are some of the symbolic elements manipulated by the students in the construction of its identitarie speech.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-29T13:25:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gianerenacardosoqueiroz.pdf: 5216095 bytes, checksum: 666ca3bce69ce7df09b9cf4f263ee1d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T02:46:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gianerenacardosoqueiroz.pdf: 5216095 bytes, checksum: 666ca3bce69ce7df09b9cf4f263ee1d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T02:46:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gianerenacardosoqueiroz.pdf: 5216095 bytes, checksum: 666ca3bce69ce7df09b9cf4f263ee1d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os diferentes períodos de colonização, somando-se às diferentes nacionalidades da mão-de-obra escrava bem como à maior ou menor influência do poder da Igreja, em Minas Gerais, moldaram essa manifestação religiosa, que é o Congado, de forma que suas Guardas não conservam, necessariamente, as mesmas características quanto aos traços nem tampouco quanto à realização das comemorações. Os rituais do Congado e do Reinado, na Festa de Nossa Senhora do Rosário, em Paula Cândido (MG), constituem um rico patrimônio da cultura afro-brasileira, que se caracteriza não como uma simples assimilação da cultura do outro, imposta como forma de domínio, mas uma nova composição de símbolos e representações, que configuram a identidade negra. A Festa, em Paula Cândido (MG), que acontece desde 1853, ininterruptamente, em outubro, é uma prova dessas diferenças na configuração do Congado e na organização do Reinado. Configurando uma simbologia religiosa, a Festa e os rituais são perpassados pela cor e pela religiosidade: esse encontro entre cultura e religiosidade suscita questionamentos de como essa herança negra é articulada a partir do exercício da ritualidade e dos traços nela envolvidos, como sinais, linguagens, comportamentos e experiência do sagrado e como essa identidade negra é tecida nesses congos. / The distinct periods of colonization in Brazil and different slaves’ nationalities, in addition to the influence of the Catholic Church on the state of Minas Gerais gave form to this religious festival called “Congado” which variations do not necessarily present the same characteristics on its different forms of celebration. The rites related to “Congado e Reinado (kingdom)”, part of the Our Lady of the Rosary festivals that take place in Paula Cândido, state of Minas Gerais, constitute an important Afro-brazilian cultural patrimony which is characterized by a new composition of African symbols and roles in opposition to a mere cultural assimilation from a dominant society. The festival that takes place every October in Paula Cândido since 1853 without interruption demonstrates the differences in how the “Congado” and “Reinado” are organized. The festival and associated rites are pervaded by race and religiosity configuring a religious symbology: this encounter of culture and religiosity bring up questions on how the African inheritance is articulated through these rites and vestiges of different manifestations suchs as terminologies, behaviors and contact with the Holy and how the African identity is reflected in the different “Congos” tissues.

Thesis (Ph.D. (English studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2011 / This thesis explores the theme of identity in Es’kia Mpha-hele’s fictional and autobiographical novels, with special attention given to the quest for the lost identity of Afri-can cultural and philosophical integrity. In other words, the revival of the core African experience and the efforts to preserve and promote things African. Mphahlele wrote most of his novels during the time when Africa was under colonial influence. His native land was under the abhorred apartheid system which sought to relegate the African expe-rience to the background. In this sense, he was the voice of the people, reminding them of their past and giving them direction for the future. Chapter One of the thesis outlines the background to the study, defines concepts and gives a survey of African lit-erary identity. It also probes salient aspects which have influenced Mphahlele’s perspective on African identity dur-ing his early years as a writer and socio-cultural activ-ist. Approaches and methodology employed to examine Mphahlele’s writings are also outlined. Chapter Two synthesises the theoretical underpinnings of the study. The thesis adopts Afrocentricity as the basis of analysis, looking at aspects such as the African worldview, humanism (ubuntu) and collectivism. Views by different Af-rican literary critics on what African literature should entail in its distinctive definition are also discussed. Two main literary traditions, orality and the contemporary tradition, which give African literature its unique charac-ter as well as its phases are identified and brought to the fore.Identity in African literature is discussed in detail in Chapters three and four where Mphahlele’s literary works are closely examined. Chapter Five concludes the study and recommends that in order for Africa to forge ahead in her attempt to reclaim and promote her cultural identity, a new perspective must be cultivated and Mphahlele proposes hy-bridity, which is a harmonious co-existence of two or more cultural beliefs without one oppressing the other. / The University of Limpopo

I aim to showcase post-African female identity through the exhibition, The princess in the veld. The exhibition displays selected works produced by South African women artists, underpinned by the proposed curatorial framework. This curatorial approach is feminist, and may allow for a liminal reading of local female identity. I premise my theorised curatorial framework liminally, in-between binary oppositions. This position allows for a feminist position and/or reading of female identities that simultaneously allude to, and reject a so-called local (essentialised) women’s art production within the ambit of global, Western dominated feminism. I argue that, for such a display to be successful, an alternative curatorial space is needed. For this purpose, I introduce the notion of heterotopia, a counter-space, to renegotiate binaries and to render identity formations temporarily in-between prevailing norms. This heterotopic counter-curatorial space is realised through an exhibition that employs the medium of video, rather than conventional exhibition media installed in real space. An exploration of specified key local and international survey exhibitions foregrounding women’s concerns from the 1980s onwards, serves to inform my theorised curatorial framework. The research embarks on an investigation of a recent large-scale exhibition hosted in France, to gain an understanding of the pitfalls prevalent in curating an exhibition of artwork produced by women. From a feminist standpoint, I critically analyse this display to suggest more inclusive alternative curatorial strategies to shift the conventionally Western approach followed by this curator. The revisionist, feminist, re-reading of certain South African curated exhibitions from both the apartheid and post-apartheid periods proposes a feminist trajectory that follows the shaping of local women’s identities, which remain deeply inscribed in this country’s politics and histories. This section of the survey underlines local post- African female identity as liminal and in flux, through the investigation of seminal exhibitions and artworks produced by South African women. I argue that this liminal account allows for an inclusive and extended understanding of women, while explicating the South African multicultural dispensation wherein the post-African woman operates. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / National Research Foundation / University of Pretoria / Visual Arts / DPhil / Unrestricted