Afrikaner Nationalism and the discourse of Apartheid have always formed a central part of Afrikaner identity. The fact that Afrikaner Nationalism has now been publicly discredited has had a destabilising effect on Afrikaner identity in post-Apartheid South Africa. This qualitative study explored the ways in which Afrikaners reinterpret their identity post-Apartheid. Fifteen adults, residents of middle-class Afrikaner suburbia in Bloemfontein, participated in in-depth interviews focusing on participants‟ dilemmas and struggles over their identity as Afrikaners, South Africans and Africans and the way in which these identities are being redefined in post-Apartheid South Africa. While participants condemn Apartheid, they are in fact „recycling‟ the discourse of Afrikaner Nationalism and Apartheid. The central argument which emerged from the data is one against acceptance of Africa and does not point to an adaptive re-negotiation of Afrikaner identity. Participants claim their entitlement to the category „African‟ but there are no indications that they are discursively redrawing the group boundaries, such that „Afrikaner‟ is part of a broader „African‟ identity. Participants appear to be constructing a version of Afrikaner identity which is more acceptable, by jettisoning certain public aspects of Afrikaner of identity as liabilities in post-Apartheid South Africa. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

Hierdie studie se fokus is op die wit Afrikaanssprekende-gemeenskap van Despatch. Daar word op die sosiale, politieke en godsdienstige geskiedenis van die wit Afrikaanssprekende-gemeenskap op Despatch gekonsentreer. Die studie ondersoek slegs die geskiedenis van die wit Afrikaanssprekende-gemeenskap van Despatch aangesien die dorp bekend daarvoor is dat dit oorwegend ʼn wit Afrikaanssprekende-gemeenskap is. Die ekonomie van Despatch en die bruin en swart inwoners word egter kortliks bespreek. Die tydperk van hierdie studie handel van 1945 – 1995. Dit was tydens hierdie jare wat Despatch amptelik as ʼn munisipaliteit gefunksioneer het. Uit die aard van die saak moet die studie gebeure wat aanleiding tot die nedersetting van wit mense langs die oewer van die Swartkopsrivier bespreek. Daar word ʼn kort studie gemaak van die periode 1700 (toe die eerste wit mense hulle langs die oewers van die Swartkopsrivier gevestig het) tot 1939 (wat die begin was van permanente nedersettings langs die syspoor op Despatch). Sekere gebeure word verder as 1995 bespreek. Dit word gedoen om kontinuiteit te behou wanneer belangrike gebeurtenisse, soos die oorskakeling na demokratiese regering in 1994, ondersoek word. Die doel van die studie is om ʼn verkennende ondersoek rakende die geskiedenis van die wit Afrikaanssprekende-gemeenskap van Despatch te doen. Die studie is ʼn verkennende ondersoek omrede nie al die aspekte van die geskiedenis van Despatch ondersoek sal word nie. Slegs die wit Afrikaanssprekende-gemeenskap se sosiale strukture (onderwys, godsdiens en kultuur), munisipale bestuur en politiek sal ondersoek word.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Technology: Fine Art, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015. / The purpose of this research was to investigate the interrogation of Afrikaner culture and identity in the work of Andries Botha (1952) and Marlene de Beer (1957) in the context of Afrikaner nationalism. Anthony Smith’s theory of ethno symbolism (2010) and writings on nationalism by Montserrat Gibernau (1996, 2004a, 2000b) are used as a theoretical framework for an analysis of Afrikaner culture and identity, in the form of Afrikaner nationalism. A qualitative research methodology was used, within an art historical, theoretical and practice led investigation into the interrogation of Afrikaner culture and identity. A reflective approach clarified and made meaningful concepts which relate to both my theoretical and practical work, which are interlinked. De Beer makes use of cultural symbols, in interrogating the position of the female in Afrikaner identity and culture, in the context of South African history. Botha interrogates masculinity and patriarchy in Afrikaner culture and identity through a reference to his father and events and imagery from South African history. A personal exploration of Afrikaner culture and identity, in the context of my family history and life experiences, reveals a persistent questioning of Afrikaner culture and identity, resulting in the formation of an individual identity. Arising from this research, it is evident that there is a need for further research into the possible formation of a multicultural identity post 1994 in South Africa. / M

D.Litt. et Phil. (History) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the F'ield of Psychology by Course Work arid Research Report: 1996 ..7 Johannesburg, 1997 / This research project set out to explore the racial identities of a selected group of South African whites who were Afrikaans-speaking, Unstructured, in-depth interview techniques were employed, in which the conversations with the participnnts were recorded and transcribed, These transcripts were then subjected tr) a discourse analysis, whereby any possible effeci s and functions of the talk were examined, A number of theoretical approaches informed this task. These included Foucault's concept of discourse and his account of the functioning of disciplinary power in modern societies. Adorno and Horkheimer's ideas 011 prejudice and racism were also found to be of t;!C,lt relevance to this research, as well i1S Altlmsser's formulation of the concept of ideology, ideological state apparatuses, incerpellation and subject positioning. The relationship between psychic and social structures was also explored in the light of Adorno and Horkhelmer's fermulation of prejudice M ,\ defence mechanism. Within this broad framework, it was shown that aside from its overt content, racise talk could be described as having important ideological effects. These included normalisation. legitimation and j\lstificatioll of the existing unequal relations ill. society. The discourse analytic striitcgy facilitated an ,111;11Y5is of the conditions under which the participants were constructed .\S subjects, and the manner In which the terms they used (such I\S race, culture and nation) were imbricated with broader discursive and ideological formations, The influence of social class, gender and uge variables in the interview settings were also evaluated.

From the late 1830s Boer settlers conquered and settled vast new lands outside the Cape Colony. Although they more than doubled the area of European domination, historians have categorised Boer society outside the British colonies as primitive and dismissed the Boer conquests as an abberation from the broader process of European expansion. Such a distinction is no longer tenable. This study, which focuses on the Obrigstad/Lydenburg area, shows that the Boers were an integral part of European expansion in southern Africa. Settler expansion did not occur in a vacuum. Booming demand for commodities sparked economic growth across the sub-continent; the Boers were part of this process and consistently strove to produce for the region's expanding markets. In tandem with the expanding regional system, the Boer economy grew constantly. This was reflected in the centralisation of power in the Z.A.R. as Boer producers created formal political and administrative structures to further their economic interests. (A parallel process culminated in the Cape with colonists receiving representative government in March 1853.) This correlation between political and economic development was evident in the creation of a coercive labour system by the Boer state. Through their control of state structures, the Boers employed measures ranging from brute force to punitive taxation, legally enforceable contracts and pass laws to procure and control workers. It is important to note that the creation of a coercive labour system by the Boers paralleled similar developments in the Cape Colony. The speed with which the Boer economy expanded in comparison to the Cape, however, meant that stages in the development of an unfree labour force which had been chronologically distinct in the Cape coexisted within the Boer coercive system. Boer dependence on coerced labour made conflict with African groups inevitable. African groups in the eastern Transvaal had already been partly moulded by predatory economic forces emanating from the Portuguese settlements on the east coast since at least the 1750s. The arrival of the Boers in the 1840s greatly accelerated this process. Some groups were crushed, but others were able to obtain the means to resist Boer rule by interfacing with the settler economy. The economic forces which drove Boer settlement were thus not confined to the white settlers: Boer expansion was paralleled by the rise of African survivor states. The Dlamini, for example, built the powerful Swazi state by exchanging captives, ivory and cattle for guns and horses. Similarly, the Pedi, through the large scale expon of migrant labour, were able to acquire the means to challenge Boer authority in the late 1870s. Oearly then, the Boers 'Were not only representative of the wider settler social and economic order, but were acting in response to the same circumstances as the British settlers, Portuguese traders and African survivor states. It is thus impossible to continue to classify them as retrogressive and distinct from other groups in the region.

D.Litt. et Phil. / The new constitutional dispensation which came into being in 1994 rendered the Afrikaner people politically powerless in a numerically black dominated one-man-one-votewinner-takes-all system. In the face of a state policy bent on nation building and averse to minority rights, the need for a strategy to recapture their right to self-determination arises. Self-determination may vary from corporate/cultural rights to internal autonomy, to complete political independence in a sovereign territorial state. With selfdetermination in one form or another as objective, the next question is whether the Afrikaner has the will to survive. The Afrikaner is a divided people and the will to reassert itself seems dormant. However, there are increasing signs of a reawakening nationalism. Part of a strategy for selfdetermination should therefore be directed at reviving and mobilising the Afrikaner's will and ethnic patriotism. Economic empowerment is also necessary as part of the means to enforce its will and achieve its objectives. Strategy is largely based on values. An analysis of African and Western orientated Afrikaner values reveals serious differences in, inter alia, reality, economic and religious perceptions. This can become a motivating force for reasserting Afrikaner self-determination. Strategy entails imposing one's will on an adversary. No strategy is needed where there is no resistance or opposition. There are a variety of options for exerting coercion in order to force the opposition to comply with a freedom movement's demands for self-determination. A number of options can be proffered. Not all are equally appropriate or politic. Circumstances should dictate the choice. Some of these options are: The so-called soft option. This entails convincing the opponent that it would be also in his own interest to accede to the freedom movement's demands and, conversely, to his detriment to oppose those demands. The psychological or propaganda option, using methods of psychological persuasion to undermine the opposition's morale and encourage one's own people. It also serves to mobilise international opinion . which is becoming more sympathetic to ethnic demands for self-determination. The cybernetic option, utilising information technology and cyberspace as a weapon against the opposition and to enhance one's own organisation and empowerment. Physical violence as used by revolutionary forces, urban guerillas and other terrorists. This could be counter productive because innocent people are often targeted and even killed. These options may be exercised individually or in conjunction with each other.

Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die eerste gedeelte van hierdie tesis is ʼn opstel met die titel Van plaas tot agterplaas: Die uitbeelding van Afrikaners in Johannesburg in drie Hertzogpryswenners en die tweede deel is ʼn roman getiteld ʼn Duisend stories oor Johannesburg. Die roman en die opstel hou tematies met mekaar verband. Soos die roman, speel al drie bekroonde werke in Johannesburg af met Afrikaners as sentrale karakters. Die bepaalde historiese konteks waarin elkeen van die drie pryswenners verskyn het, dikteer die invalshoek van die opstel, hoe die werk krities ontvang is, sowel as die rol en waarde wat deur die Afrikaner-instelling daaraan toegeken is. Daar sal verder in die bespreking getoon word watter rol die Hertzogprys in die skepping van die Afrikaner-instelling gespeel het. Die gebruik van die begrip en eienaam “Afrikaner” in hierdie bespreking verwys na die wit, Afrikaanssprekende, Christelike gemeenskap in Suid-Afrika, in die sin dat dit ooreenstem met die (uiters aanvegbare) stelling dat alle wit Afrikaanssprekers saamgevoeg kan word in ʼn organiese “volkseenheid”. Hierdie voorveronderstelling aanvaar ook dat hierdie “Afrikanerdom” tradisionele, konserwatiewe volkswaardes deel, en altyd beskikbaar is vir mobilisering ter wille van gedeelde Afrikaner-belange, soos deur Dan O‟Meara gedefinieer in sy Volkskapitalisme: Class, capital and ideology in the development of Afrikaner nationalism, 1934 – 1948 (1983:6). Hierdie kwessies word, onder meer, deur die polisisteemteorie van die Israeliese kultuurnavorser, Itamar Even-Zohar, asook J.B. Thompson se kritiese teorie van ideologie gedoen. Daar word ook na Jacques Rancière se teorie oor “die verspreiding van die waarneembare” (the distribution of the sensible) verwys. Daar word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die Hertzogprys van meet af aan in diens van die Afrikaner-instelling gestaan het en ten spyte van ʼn veranderende ideologiese landskap, ʼn voortgesette rol gespeel het in die daarstelling van die Afrikaner-repertoire. Binne die polisisteemteorie is die “repertoire” die versameling reëls en elemente wat die produksie van tekste bepaal. Die term “instelling” verwys na die faktore wat betrokke is by die instandhouding van die letterkunde as ʼn sosio-kulturele aktiwiteit. Die roman speel af in ʼn klein Johannesburgse hotelletjie, genaamd Mei Villa, in die buurt Belgravia, tydens ʼn uitbarsting van xenofobiese geweld in 2008. Binne ʼn raamverhaalstruktuur fokus die roman op twee karakters, naamlik die ontheemde argitek, Zweig van Niekerk, wat na 40 jaar na Johannesburg terugkeer, asook die hoteleienaar, die bekroonde maar mindere digter, Bosman Hiemstra. Omring deur hotelgaste en personeel met hulle uiteenlopende verhale, soek Zweig van Niekerk tevergeefs na die Johannesburg van sy jeug, terwyl Bosman Hiemstra met ewe min sukses ʼn tweede digbundel probeer skryf. Aan die einde van die boek begin die digter ʼn roman te skryf met sy gas se lewensverhaal as gegewe dalk ook die boek wat die leser pas klaar gelees het. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The first part of this thesis is an essay titled Van plaas tot agterplaas: Die uitbeelding van Afrikaners in Johannesburg in drie Hertzogpryswenners (From farm yard to back yard: The depiction of Afrikaners in Johannesburg in three Hertzog Prize winners) and the second part is a novel called ʼn Duisend stories oor Johannesburg (A thousand tales of Johannesburg). The novel and the essay are thematically linked. Like the novel, the three Hertzog Prize winners takes place in Johannesburg with Afrikaners as central characters. The point of departure of the essay is the historical context in which the three literary works were published, the critical reception thereof and what role and value was attributed to it by the Afrikaner institution. The role played by the Hertzog Prize in the creation of the Afrikaner institution will also be discussed. The term “Afrikaner” in this discussion refers to the white Afrikaans-speaking, Christian community in South Africa, in the sense that it correlates with the (highly debatable) contention that all white Afrikaans-speakers can be combined in an organic “volkseenheid”. This use of the term assumes that “Afrikanerdom” also shares traditional, conservative national values, and is always available for mobilisation in service of shared Afrikaner interests, as defined by Dan O'Meara in his Volkskapitalisme: Class, capital and ideology in the development of Afrikaner nationalism, 1934 – 1948 (1983:6). To examine these issues, the polysystem theory of the Israeli cultural researcher, Itamar Even-Zohar, as well as J.B. Thompson's critical theory of ideology, will be used. Reference is also made to Jacques Rancière's theory around “the distribution of the sensible”. The conclusion is reached that despite a continuously changing ideological landscape, the Hertzog Prize served the interests of the Afrikaner institution from the very start and played an ongoing role in the Afrikaner repertoire. Within the polysystem theory the “repertoire” is the aggregate of rules and elements which determine the production of texts. The term “institution” refers to the factors involved in the maintenance of literature as a socio-cultural activity. The novel is set in a small hotel, Mei Villa, in the Belgravia neighbourhood in Johannesburg during an outbreak of xenophobic violence in 2008. Within the story structure it focuses on two characters, the displaced architect, Zweig van Niekerk, who returns to Johannesburg after 40 years, and the hotel owner and award-winning, but lesser poet, Bosman Hiemstra. Surrounded by other hotel guests and staff with their own stories, Zweig van Niekerk searches in vain for the Johannesburg of his youth, while Bosman Hiemstra attempts with equal lack of success, to write a second book of poetry. At the end of the book the poet starts to write a novel using his guest's life as material; that could be the book that the reader has just completed.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this research is to develop a specific period in the history of the historically important Karoo town of Graaff-Reinet. The importance of the period under discussion lies in the fact that during the period in question, Graaff- Reinetters engaged in a series of socially divisive conflicts that divided the society on a racial basis based on an individual’s use of either Afrikaans or English. In the aftermath of the Anglo-Boer War, an Afrikaner nationalistic trend established a foothold on the Afrikaans speaking population of Graaff-Reinet and forced them to counter the dominance of an Imperialist and British viewpoint that had been dominant in society up to that point. This was done by fighting for the importance of Afrikaans as a language as opposed to English. These two groups of language speakers engaged in a series of literal and metaphorical frictions within different sections of society, including on a political level well as in the education of students. Apart from the conflicts between the Afrikaans and English speaking population, this research will also examine the occurrence of conflicts within the Afrikaans community of Graaff- Reinet regarding the loaded decision about what language to use from the pulpit. In short this research examines the origin and development of Afrikaner nationalism in Graaff-Reinet during the period after Unification, but more than that and on a much deeper level it also looks at the social tendencies that manifested itself within this relatively small and rural Karoo society. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die mikpunt van hierdie navorsing is om ’n spesifieke periode in die geskiedenis van die histories belangrike Karoodorp, Graaff-Reinet te belig. Die belangrikheid van die periode onder bespreking lê opgesluit in die feit dat Graaff-Reinetters in daardie tydperk in ’n reeks sosiaal verdelende konflikte gewikkel was wat die samelewing op ’n rassegrondslag verdeel het; die konflik was gebaseer op ’n individu se taalgebruik van hetsy Afrikaans of Engels. In die periode ná die Anglo-Boereoorlog het ’n Afrikanernasionalistiese tendens ’n houvas gekry op Afrikaanssprekendes op Graaff- Reinet en dit het hulle genoop om in alle erns die oorheersing van ’n Imperialistiese Britse sienswyse in die samelewing teen te werk. Dit het behels dat die belangrikheid van Afrikaans vir Afrikaanssprekendes belig is teenoor die Imperialistiese Ryksgesindes wat weer Engels as die summa summarum van tale aangevoer het. Hierdie twee groepe taalgebruikers het op etlike terreine vir mekaar die letterlike en metaforiese stryd aangesê: ondermeer in die politieke speelterrein op die dorp sowel as in die opvoeding van leerders en met die samestelling van skool- en afdelingsrade. Buiten die konflikte tussen die Afrikaans- en Engelssprekendes wat op hierdie verskillende terreine belig gaan word, kyk hierdie navorsing ook na die voorkoms van taalkonflikte binne Afrikanerkringe self en hoe dit tot uiting gekom in die keuse van ’n taal by godsdiensbeoefening op die dorp. In kort fokus hierdie tesis dus op die voorkoms en opbou van Afrikanernasionalisme op Graaff-Reinet in veral die tydperk ná Uniewording, maar dit kyk ook op ’n wyer vlak na die onderliggende sosiale tendense wat deur die dekades heen op hierdie relatief klein Karoodorp gemanifesteer het.

In anthropological studies place is often taken for granted, “just” the locale where other interesting, more significant things happen (De Jongh 2006:79). I argue that rather than a mere backdrop to activities, the landscape of Orania is significant and that physical place is essential for the construction of an Orania identity. I ethnographically examine whether the physical setting of Orania can be seen as a prime signifying system through which a particular other interesting, more significant things happen (De Jongh 2006:79). I argue that rather than a mere backdrop to activities, the landscape of Orania is significant and that physical place is essential for the construction of an Orania identity. I ethnographically examine whether the physical setting of Orania can be seen as a prime signifying system through which a particular Afrikaner ethnic identity, as well as a set of socio-cultural values is communicated. Occupying the physical land is a form of collective identity that helps create ethnic identities (Tilley 2006:11-13). Orania is an authentic place-bound expression of this quest for identity and Oranians define their identity through their model of space and of their land. The physical boundaries are expanded when support groups outside of the settlement become an integral part of the activities in the community, and socio-political boundaries are tested by an inand outflux of community members and the constant presence of South African and international press, and visitors. iv Landscape does not merely comprise the land, but also includes the lived experiences and attitudes of the inhabitants. Landscape as text, “a medium to be read for the ideas, practices and contexts constituting the culture which created it” (Ley 1985:419) proves to be a legitimate and constructive way to make sense of the landscape. As with texts, the landscape as text is subject to multiple readings. The focus on textual landscape offers an expanded perspective on space and place, and in this case texts also amplify the Oranian space exponentially. Different types of landscapes - culturescapes, landscape as text and textual landscapes - are building blocks in the construction of an Orania identity. Finally, I would emphasise that Orania, and by extension this study, is not just an academic concept, but a product of the lived experiences and opinions of people who are closely connected to land of their own.. / Anthropology & Archaeology / M.A. (Anthropology)