A história mostra que a violência contra velhos não é um problema recente na sociedade. Em diversas culturas, por muitas gerações, os comportamentos violentos contra os velhos vêm se repetindo. Nos últimos anos, percebe-se movimentos da sociedade para fazer frente à esta problemática. Leis são elaboradas, manuais de enfrentamento são disponibilizados, mas ainda insuficientes para dar conta do sofrimento das famílias envolvidas nesse tipo de violência. Autores como Foucault, Elias e Scotson e Faleiros foram alguns dos consultados para dar suporte teórico ao trabalho de campo e, posterior análise. Ciente da complexidade desta questão, esta tese se propôs a ouvir os agressores, por entender que todos os lados devem ter a possibilidade de falar. Os estudos sobre violência até então têm pesquisado basicamente esta questão a partir das vítimas, ou de dados registrados em serviços públicos que servem de porta de entrada para que as denúncias ocorram. Assim, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar os fatores que conduziram à violência contra as pessoas idosas através da perspectiva dos agressores, a fim de elaborar uma discussão que subsidie intervenções educativas no campo da violência. Para tal, tem-se como objetivos específicos a) conhecer as histórias da vida dos agressores de idosos; b) identificar os possíveis gatilhos que desencadearam as agressões; c) compreender os aspectos estruturais que possam ter relações com a prática da violência e d) oferecer elementos para intervenções educativas no campo da violência. Partindo dos objetivos propostos, optou-se por uma pesquisa exploratória, de caráter qualitativo, onde, através de narrativas, teve-se maior aproximação com as histórias das pessoas envolvidas. A amostra foi constituída por conveniência, sendo 5 mulheres e 3 homens, todos filhos, exceto um que era marido. Os resultados analisados a partir da Análise de Conteúdo proposta por Moraes foram organizados em duas grandes categorias, a saber: Multidimensionalidade da violência, subdividida em "Construção das relações familiares", "Consumo de drogas ilícitas e álcool" e "Desemprego", e a segunda categoria, nomeada de "Mecanismos Sociais de Atenção à Violência". Através do estudo, constatou-se que a maioria dos agressores é familiar muito próximo dos idosos, geralmente filhos e netos que, em geral, carregam as lembranças de terem sido vítimas de violência em outras fases das suas vidas. Os gatilhos para que a violência aconteça estão relacionados à desestrutura familiar, ao desemprego e ao consumo abusivo de álcool e/ou outros drogas ilícitas.Também identificou-se uma atuação precária dos mecanismos sociais de proteção aos idosos, que não conseguem garantir a segurança dos velhos. Além disso, ficam lacunas na prestação de um serviço realmente efetivo em decorrência de inúmeros fatores, mesmo quando contando com técnicos que possuam desejo para tal. Os resultados encontrados apontam para a complexidade da violência contra velhos, caracterizando-se como um processo multidimensional, no qual não é possível identificar uma única causa como geradora do evento. Alguns caminhos são apontados para minimizar as ocorrências. Desbanalizar a violência psicológica pode ser um caminho, uma vez que ela foi identificada como uma prática de menor gravidade pelos agressores. A reestruturação da rede de atenção, reestabelecendo os canais de comunicação entre as instituições, afim de agilizar as ações, dar suporte aos técnicos e evitar que novas violências sejam cometidas contra os velhos pode estar no percurso da proteção. Também sugere-se a urgência de repensar os currículos escolares nos diferentes níveis da educação formal, desde a pré-escola até os níveis universitários, para desenvolver relações intergeracionais positivas, que, certamente, será uma importante contribuição no âmbito da prevenção. Sabe-se que a tese trouxe contribuições para compreender o complexo processo da violência, mas também sinaliza para a necessidade de novas pesquisas paralelas a ações efetivas que mostrem para a sociedade que efetivamente se tem buscado fazer a diferença. / History shows us that the violence against old people is not a recent problem in the society. In several cultures, for many generations, the violent behavior against elderly has been repeated. In the last few years, a shift of behavior in society have been noticed in response to this problem. New laws are created, coping guides are shared, but these movements are insufficient to face the suffering of the families involved in this kind of violence. Foucault, Elias and Scotson and Faleiros were some of the authors referred to give theoretical support to the field research and subsequent analysis. Aware of the complexity of this subject, this thesis allowed the aggressors to be heard, understanding that all sides of the violence should be able to speak. Up to now, the studies about violence basically researched this issue from the victim's view or based on data recorded in public services that work as gateways of complaints registration. Thus, the main objective of this research is to analyze the factors that led to the violence against elderly from the aggressor's view, in order to organize a discussion to feed educational operations on the field of violence. To this purpose, it has as specific objectives: a) get to know the history of life of the old people’s aggressors; b) identify the possible triggers that cause aggressions; c) understand the structural aspects that could be related to the practice of violence; d) provide some elements for educational interventions in the field of violence. Based on the proposed objectives, it's been opted for an exploratory research, of qualitative character, where through the narratives it was possible to become closer to the stories of the involved people. The sample has been created by convenience, constituted by 5 women and 3 men all of them sons and daughters excluding one that was husband. The results analyzed from the Analysis of Content proposed by Moraes were organized into two big categories, namely: Multidimensionality of violence, subdivided into "Construction of family relationships", "Consumption of illicit drugs and alcohol" and "unemployment", and the second category named "Social Mechanisms of Attention to Violence". Through the study it was evidenced that most of the aggressors were a very close relative of the elderly, usually children and grandchildren who generally carry the memories of having been victims of violence in other phases of their lives. The triggers to violence are related to family dysfunction, unemployment and abusive consumption of alcohol and / or other illicit drugs. Also it has been identified a precarious actuation of the social mechanisms of protection of the elderly, which aren’t able to guarantee the security of the old people. In addition it keeps some gaps in rendering effective services due to numerous factors, even when it counts on technicians who have the desire to do so. The found results lead to the complexity of the violence against elderly and it is characterized as a multidimensional process without a single cause as event generator. Some paths are pointed to minimize occurrences. Considering the psychological violence could be a way, since the aggressors identified it as a minor severity practice. Restructuring the network of care, restoring the communication channels between the institutions in order to make the actions more efficient, give support to the technicians and prevent further violence being committed against the elderly could be in the protection route. The urgency to rethink the school curricula at all levels of formal education is suggested, from the pre-school to university levels, to develop positive intergenerational relations, which certainly will be an important contribution for the range of prevention. It is known that the thesis brought contributions to understand the complex process of violence, but also points to the need of further researches and effective actions, that shows to the society that it has tried to effectively make the difference.

A história mostra que a violência contra velhos não é um problema recente na sociedade. Em diversas culturas, por muitas gerações, os comportamentos violentos contra os velhos vêm se repetindo. Nos últimos anos, percebe-se movimentos da sociedade para fazer frente à esta problemática. Leis são elaboradas, manuais de enfrentamento são disponibilizados, mas ainda insuficientes para dar conta do sofrimento das famílias envolvidas nesse tipo de violência. Autores como Foucault, Elias e Scotson e Faleiros foram alguns dos consultados para dar suporte teórico ao trabalho de campo e, posterior análise. Ciente da complexidade desta questão, esta tese se propôs a ouvir os agressores, por entender que todos os lados devem ter a possibilidade de falar. Os estudos sobre violência até então têm pesquisado basicamente esta questão a partir das vítimas, ou de dados registrados em serviços públicos que servem de porta de entrada para que as denúncias ocorram. Assim, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar os fatores que conduziram à violência contra as pessoas idosas através da perspectiva dos agressores, a fim de elaborar uma discussão que subsidie intervenções educativas no campo da violência. Para tal, tem-se como objetivos específicos a) conhecer as histórias da vida dos agressores de idosos; b) identificar os possíveis gatilhos que desencadearam as agressões; c) compreender os aspectos estruturais que possam ter relações com a prática da violência e d) oferecer elementos para intervenções educativas no campo da violência. Partindo dos objetivos propostos, optou-se por uma pesquisa exploratória, de caráter qualitativo, onde, através de narrativas, teve-se maior aproximação com as histórias das pessoas envolvidas. A amostra foi constituída por conveniência, sendo 5 mulheres e 3 homens, todos filhos, exceto um que era marido. Os resultados analisados a partir da Análise de Conteúdo proposta por Moraes foram organizados em duas grandes categorias, a saber: Multidimensionalidade da violência, subdividida em "Construção das relações familiares", "Consumo de drogas ilícitas e álcool" e "Desemprego", e a segunda categoria, nomeada de "Mecanismos Sociais de Atenção à Violência". Através do estudo, constatou-se que a maioria dos agressores é familiar muito próximo dos idosos, geralmente filhos e netos que, em geral, carregam as lembranças de terem sido vítimas de violência em outras fases das suas vidas. Os gatilhos para que a violência aconteça estão relacionados à desestrutura familiar, ao desemprego e ao consumo abusivo de álcool e/ou outros drogas ilícitas.Também identificou-se uma atuação precária dos mecanismos sociais de proteção aos idosos, que não conseguem garantir a segurança dos velhos. Além disso, ficam lacunas na prestação de um serviço realmente efetivo em decorrência de inúmeros fatores, mesmo quando contando com técnicos que possuam desejo para tal. Os resultados encontrados apontam para a complexidade da violência contra velhos, caracterizando-se como um processo multidimensional, no qual não é possível identificar uma única causa como geradora do evento. Alguns caminhos são apontados para minimizar as ocorrências. Desbanalizar a violência psicológica pode ser um caminho, uma vez que ela foi identificada como uma prática de menor gravidade pelos agressores. A reestruturação da rede de atenção, reestabelecendo os canais de comunicação entre as instituições, afim de agilizar as ações, dar suporte aos técnicos e evitar que novas violências sejam cometidas contra os velhos pode estar no percurso da proteção. Também sugere-se a urgência de repensar os currículos escolares nos diferentes níveis da educação formal, desde a pré-escola até os níveis universitários, para desenvolver relações intergeracionais positivas, que, certamente, será uma importante contribuição no âmbito da prevenção. Sabe-se que a tese trouxe contribuições para compreender o complexo processo da violência, mas também sinaliza para a necessidade de novas pesquisas paralelas a ações efetivas que mostrem para a sociedade que efetivamente se tem buscado fazer a diferença. / History shows us that the violence against old people is not a recent problem in the society. In several cultures, for many generations, the violent behavior against elderly has been repeated. In the last few years, a shift of behavior in society have been noticed in response to this problem. New laws are created, coping guides are shared, but these movements are insufficient to face the suffering of the families involved in this kind of violence. Foucault, Elias and Scotson and Faleiros were some of the authors referred to give theoretical support to the field research and subsequent analysis. Aware of the complexity of this subject, this thesis allowed the aggressors to be heard, understanding that all sides of the violence should be able to speak. Up to now, the studies about violence basically researched this issue from the victim's view or based on data recorded in public services that work as gateways of complaints registration. Thus, the main objective of this research is to analyze the factors that led to the violence against elderly from the aggressor's view, in order to organize a discussion to feed educational operations on the field of violence. To this purpose, it has as specific objectives: a) get to know the history of life of the old people’s aggressors; b) identify the possible triggers that cause aggressions; c) understand the structural aspects that could be related to the practice of violence; d) provide some elements for educational interventions in the field of violence. Based on the proposed objectives, it's been opted for an exploratory research, of qualitative character, where through the narratives it was possible to become closer to the stories of the involved people. The sample has been created by convenience, constituted by 5 women and 3 men all of them sons and daughters excluding one that was husband. The results analyzed from the Analysis of Content proposed by Moraes were organized into two big categories, namely: Multidimensionality of violence, subdivided into "Construction of family relationships", "Consumption of illicit drugs and alcohol" and "unemployment", and the second category named "Social Mechanisms of Attention to Violence". Through the study it was evidenced that most of the aggressors were a very close relative of the elderly, usually children and grandchildren who generally carry the memories of having been victims of violence in other phases of their lives. The triggers to violence are related to family dysfunction, unemployment and abusive consumption of alcohol and / or other illicit drugs. Also it has been identified a precarious actuation of the social mechanisms of protection of the elderly, which aren’t able to guarantee the security of the old people. In addition it keeps some gaps in rendering effective services due to numerous factors, even when it counts on technicians who have the desire to do so. The found results lead to the complexity of the violence against elderly and it is characterized as a multidimensional process without a single cause as event generator. Some paths are pointed to minimize occurrences. Considering the psychological violence could be a way, since the aggressors identified it as a minor severity practice. Restructuring the network of care, restoring the communication channels between the institutions in order to make the actions more efficient, give support to the technicians and prevent further violence being committed against the elderly could be in the protection route. The urgency to rethink the school curricula at all levels of formal education is suggested, from the pre-school to university levels, to develop positive intergenerational relations, which certainly will be an important contribution for the range of prevention. It is known that the thesis brought contributions to understand the complex process of violence, but also points to the need of further researches and effective actions, that shows to the society that it has tried to effectively make the difference.

A história mostra que a violência contra velhos não é um problema recente na sociedade. Em diversas culturas, por muitas gerações, os comportamentos violentos contra os velhos vêm se repetindo. Nos últimos anos, percebe-se movimentos da sociedade para fazer frente à esta problemática. Leis são elaboradas, manuais de enfrentamento são disponibilizados, mas ainda insuficientes para dar conta do sofrimento das famílias envolvidas nesse tipo de violência. Autores como Foucault, Elias e Scotson e Faleiros foram alguns dos consultados para dar suporte teórico ao trabalho de campo e, posterior análise. Ciente da complexidade desta questão, esta tese se propôs a ouvir os agressores, por entender que todos os lados devem ter a possibilidade de falar. Os estudos sobre violência até então têm pesquisado basicamente esta questão a partir das vítimas, ou de dados registrados em serviços públicos que servem de porta de entrada para que as denúncias ocorram. Assim, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar os fatores que conduziram à violência contra as pessoas idosas através da perspectiva dos agressores, a fim de elaborar uma discussão que subsidie intervenções educativas no campo da violência. Para tal, tem-se como objetivos específicos a) conhecer as histórias da vida dos agressores de idosos; b) identificar os possíveis gatilhos que desencadearam as agressões; c) compreender os aspectos estruturais que possam ter relações com a prática da violência e d) oferecer elementos para intervenções educativas no campo da violência. Partindo dos objetivos propostos, optou-se por uma pesquisa exploratória, de caráter qualitativo, onde, através de narrativas, teve-se maior aproximação com as histórias das pessoas envolvidas. A amostra foi constituída por conveniência, sendo 5 mulheres e 3 homens, todos filhos, exceto um que era marido. Os resultados analisados a partir da Análise de Conteúdo proposta por Moraes foram organizados em duas grandes categorias, a saber: Multidimensionalidade da violência, subdividida em "Construção das relações familiares", "Consumo de drogas ilícitas e álcool" e "Desemprego", e a segunda categoria, nomeada de "Mecanismos Sociais de Atenção à Violência". Através do estudo, constatou-se que a maioria dos agressores é familiar muito próximo dos idosos, geralmente filhos e netos que, em geral, carregam as lembranças de terem sido vítimas de violência em outras fases das suas vidas. Os gatilhos para que a violência aconteça estão relacionados à desestrutura familiar, ao desemprego e ao consumo abusivo de álcool e/ou outros drogas ilícitas.Também identificou-se uma atuação precária dos mecanismos sociais de proteção aos idosos, que não conseguem garantir a segurança dos velhos. Além disso, ficam lacunas na prestação de um serviço realmente efetivo em decorrência de inúmeros fatores, mesmo quando contando com técnicos que possuam desejo para tal. Os resultados encontrados apontam para a complexidade da violência contra velhos, caracterizando-se como um processo multidimensional, no qual não é possível identificar uma única causa como geradora do evento. Alguns caminhos são apontados para minimizar as ocorrências. Desbanalizar a violência psicológica pode ser um caminho, uma vez que ela foi identificada como uma prática de menor gravidade pelos agressores. A reestruturação da rede de atenção, reestabelecendo os canais de comunicação entre as instituições, afim de agilizar as ações, dar suporte aos técnicos e evitar que novas violências sejam cometidas contra os velhos pode estar no percurso da proteção. Também sugere-se a urgência de repensar os currículos escolares nos diferentes níveis da educação formal, desde a pré-escola até os níveis universitários, para desenvolver relações intergeracionais positivas, que, certamente, será uma importante contribuição no âmbito da prevenção. Sabe-se que a tese trouxe contribuições para compreender o complexo processo da violência, mas também sinaliza para a necessidade de novas pesquisas paralelas a ações efetivas que mostrem para a sociedade que efetivamente se tem buscado fazer a diferença. / History shows us that the violence against old people is not a recent problem in the society. In several cultures, for many generations, the violent behavior against elderly has been repeated. In the last few years, a shift of behavior in society have been noticed in response to this problem. New laws are created, coping guides are shared, but these movements are insufficient to face the suffering of the families involved in this kind of violence. Foucault, Elias and Scotson and Faleiros were some of the authors referred to give theoretical support to the field research and subsequent analysis. Aware of the complexity of this subject, this thesis allowed the aggressors to be heard, understanding that all sides of the violence should be able to speak. Up to now, the studies about violence basically researched this issue from the victim's view or based on data recorded in public services that work as gateways of complaints registration. Thus, the main objective of this research is to analyze the factors that led to the violence against elderly from the aggressor's view, in order to organize a discussion to feed educational operations on the field of violence. To this purpose, it has as specific objectives: a) get to know the history of life of the old people’s aggressors; b) identify the possible triggers that cause aggressions; c) understand the structural aspects that could be related to the practice of violence; d) provide some elements for educational interventions in the field of violence. Based on the proposed objectives, it's been opted for an exploratory research, of qualitative character, where through the narratives it was possible to become closer to the stories of the involved people. The sample has been created by convenience, constituted by 5 women and 3 men all of them sons and daughters excluding one that was husband. The results analyzed from the Analysis of Content proposed by Moraes were organized into two big categories, namely: Multidimensionality of violence, subdivided into "Construction of family relationships", "Consumption of illicit drugs and alcohol" and "unemployment", and the second category named "Social Mechanisms of Attention to Violence". Through the study it was evidenced that most of the aggressors were a very close relative of the elderly, usually children and grandchildren who generally carry the memories of having been victims of violence in other phases of their lives. The triggers to violence are related to family dysfunction, unemployment and abusive consumption of alcohol and / or other illicit drugs. Also it has been identified a precarious actuation of the social mechanisms of protection of the elderly, which aren’t able to guarantee the security of the old people. In addition it keeps some gaps in rendering effective services due to numerous factors, even when it counts on technicians who have the desire to do so. The found results lead to the complexity of the violence against elderly and it is characterized as a multidimensional process without a single cause as event generator. Some paths are pointed to minimize occurrences. Considering the psychological violence could be a way, since the aggressors identified it as a minor severity practice. Restructuring the network of care, restoring the communication channels between the institutions in order to make the actions more efficient, give support to the technicians and prevent further violence being committed against the elderly could be in the protection route. The urgency to rethink the school curricula at all levels of formal education is suggested, from the pre-school to university levels, to develop positive intergenerational relations, which certainly will be an important contribution for the range of prevention. It is known that the thesis brought contributions to understand the complex process of violence, but also points to the need of further researches and effective actions, that shows to the society that it has tried to effectively make the difference.

Capacitive crosstalk between adjacent signal wires in integrated circuits may lead to noise or a speedup or slowdown in signal transitions. These in turn may lead to circuit failure or reduced operating speed. This thesis focuses on generating test patterns to induce crosstalk-induced signal delays, in order to determine whether the circuit can still meet its timing specification. A timing-driven test generator is developed to sensitize multiple aligned aggressors coupled to a delay-sensitive victim path to detect the combination of a delay spot defect and crosstalk-induced slowdown. The framework uses parasitic capacitance information, timing windows and crosstalk-induced delay estimates to screen out unaligned or ineffective aggressors coupled to a victim path, speeding up crosstalk pattern generation. In order to induce maximum crosstalk slowdown along a path, aggressors are prioritized based on their potential delay increase and timing alignment. The test generation engine introduces the concept of alignment-driven path sensitization to generate paths from inputs to coupled aggressor nets that meet timing alignment and direction requirements. By using path delay information obtained from circuit preprocessing, preferred paths can be chosen during aggressor path propagation processes. As the test generator sensitizes aggressors in the presence of victim path necessary assignments, the search space is effectively reduced for aggressor path generation. This helps in reducing the test generation time for aligned aggressors. In addition, two new crosstalk-driven dynamic test compaction algorithms are developed to control the increase in test pattern count. The proposed test generation algorithm is applied to ISCAS85 and ISCAS89 benchmark circuits. SPICE simulation results demonstrate the ability of the alignment-driven test generator to increase crosstalk-induced delays along victim paths.

The diploma work deals with the problem of harassment and bullying among the children at elementary schools. It consists of theoretical and practical part. There were used quotations from the literature of well-known Czech and foreign experts on bullying in the work. In theoretical part I am going to define and explain the basic concepts and focus on monitoring the sources of this social pathological phenomenon. At first I describe bullying theory and how it is revealed. Its reasons, authentic features, transmission forms and consequences. Then I am going to pay attention to a characterization of aggressors, the victims of bullying and their families. The end of the theoretical part treats the preventive forms of bullying and shows how to cope with it. In practical part I am going to trace a contemporary situation through a questionnaire at schools. The practical part is composed of investigative research that was carried out in four primary schools with 282 respondents from the third grade up to the fifth one. All results of this research are graphically depicted and evaluated. This thesis is defined to all contemporary and future teachers and of course to parents as their children could be exposed to these problems at the schools.

Ce mémoire vise à identifier des profils au sein des processus de passage à l’acte d’agresseurs sexuels de femmes en tenant compte des facteurs prédisposants (deux ans avant le délit) et précipitants (48 heures avant le délit) à l’agression sexuelle. Les facteurs précrime composant le cycle délictuel sont internes et externes à l’agresseur. Notre échantillon est composé de 37 agresseurs sexuels de femmes. Dans le cadre d’un programme de prévention de la récidive, les participants ont identifié l’enchaînement d’éléments découlant d’évènements de vie importants, qui constitue une chaîne comportementale incluant six composantes : 1) évènements de vie ; 2) cognitions ; 3) émotions ; 4) fantaisies ; 5) comportements ; et 6) conséquences. L’ensemble des chaînes comportementales rapportées par un participant compose son cycle délictuel. Nous avons analysé ces cycles délictuels selon une méthode qualitative exploratoire afin de distinguer des similitudes et des divergences entre les participants. Nos résultats ont permis d’identifier trois profils de cycle délictuel : 1) axé sur la sexualité ; 2) axé sur l’antisocialité ; et 3) mixte. La dimension sexuelle se divise également en deux sous-groupes : 1) sexualité déviante ; et 2) sexualité déviante et/ou désinhibée. Les participants au cycle délictuel axé sur la sexualité (n = 17) rapportent des perceptions négatives d’autrui et de la vie, lesquelles sont principalement associées à de l’hostilité et des émotions négatives (ex.: dépression, anxiété). Les agresseurs présentant un cycle délictuel axé sur l’antisocialité (n = 6) rapportent, entre autres, des perceptions négatives de soi, d’autrui et de la vie, et ce, combinées à une valorisation de la déviance. Les émotions associées étaient généralement d’hostilité et négatives. Les délinquants sexuels ayant un cycle délictuel mixte rapportent, entre autres, des perceptions négatives d’autrui et de la vie ainsi qu’une valorisation de la déviance. Une combinaison d’hostilité et d’émotions négatives, ou d’hostilité, d’émotions négatives et positives, découlait de ces cognitions. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate offending process profiles amongst sexual aggressors of women which integrate predisposing factors (two years prior to the offence) and precipitating factors (48 hours prior to the offence). Precrime factors included in offence cycles are internal and external to sexual aggressors. Thirty-seven convicted sex offenders who participated in a relapse prevention group are included in this study. Participants identified important life events. The sequence following these events forms a behavioural chain, which includes: 1) life events; 2) cognitions; 3) emotions; 4) fantasies; 5) behaviours; and 6) consequences. The series of behavioural chains reported by each participant shape his offending process. Offending processes were analyzed based on a qualitative exploratory method to put forward similarities and differences amongst participants. Results suggest three main offending-process profiles: 1) sexuality-oriented; 2) crime-oriented; and 3) mixed (sexuality and crime-oriented). The sexual dimension encompasses two sub-groups: 1) sexual deviance; and 2) deviant and/or disinhibited sexuality. Sexuality-oriented offenders (n = 17) had negative views of others and of life in general, which were associated mainly with hostility and negative emotions (e.g. depression, anxiety). Crime-oriented offenders (n = 6) had various cognitions, including negative views of themselves, of others, and of life in general, as well as cognitions supporting deviance. Following emotions were mainly hostile and negative. Mixed-profile offenders had various cognitions, including negative views of others and of life in general, as well as cognitions supporting deviance. A combination of hostility and negative emotions, or hostility, negative, and positive emotions followed.

The thesis concentrates on the issue of sexual abuse in childhood. The work is divided into four main chapters. The first and second chapter characterizes the development of a role of child from past to the present, particularly in legal terms. The author's focus is dedicated to the term definition of sexual child abuse, data and incidence of sexual abuse in context with other countries. Supported by viewpoint of other authors, a description of different views on sexual abuse of children is presented with specific forms of abuse (contact and non-contact). The third chapter deals with specific risk factors, related to children, the perpetrators (aggressors) and families. Autor´s focus is on the offender (deviant and non-deviant) and their degree of threat. The data is supported by research results published in the Czech Republic and statistical data from OSPOD MLSA. The last, fourth chapter is considered by the author to be of a great importance as it discusses the implications derived from sexual abuse in childhood. This traumatic experience may have crucial impact on further development and quality of life of the victim. The work is concluded with offers of preventative methods and the role of social worker in the process of uncovering a case of sexual abuse of a child.