This study is a content analysis of political writings of Aggrey Klaaste (1988-2002). Six theoretical themes suggest that Klaaste’s Nation Building philosophy can help deal with racial and social divisions in the country. These historical divisions are the source of racial tensions, lack of inter-racial socialisations and cause separate living. Lack of social cohesion makes it impossible for post apartheid South Africa to achieve much-needed single national identity. The process of nation building proposed by Klaaste starts with breaking down what he refers to as ‘the corrugated iron curtain’. Social curtaining is deliberate actions by people of different racial groups, religious formations and social classes to build psychological, physical, institutional, political, economic and religious boundaries around themselves to keep others outside their living spaces. These conscious barriers result in unstable democracy as the majority (black population) get frustrated with shack dwellings - as symbols of poverty - while the white population and the middle class blacks move to white suburbs. Moving to upmarket suburbs does not necessarily make race groups to cohere and share a common national identity. Instead informal settlements breed social ills such as poverty, crime and drug substances abuse. This status quo can cause serious political instability which will affect everyone – black and white. Klaaste argues that for collective survival all race groups need to enter into politics of action. For this he proposes specific processes and actions through Nation Building. It is argued that political solutions have failed to unite people and leaders from all sectors of society should emerge. Blacks cannot moan and hate forever. Whites will be affected and must actively support the rebuilding process. This treatise proposes nation building as a process to help everyone to find uniting issues free of political ideologies to create new brotherhood and ubuntu.

Les perles, petites masses percées de part en part destinées à être enfilées pour servir en particulier d’ornement, sont une des catégories d’objets les plus fréquemment observées dans les fouilles archéologiques en Afrique. Elles sont aussi présentes dans nombre d’objets perlés actuels ou récents, tels que les colliers, les coiffes, les vêtements, les instruments de danse ou même le mobilier. Employées dans les arts de cour comme dans les formes plus populaires, montées par enfilage simple ou incluses dans des broderies et des tissages, les perles sont omniprésentes dans l’existence d’un Africain, au point d’être considérées comme un des marqueurs d’africanité. Durant la période du commerce triangulaire, elles étaient une des marchandises européennes les plus prisées et ont été une des contreparties les plus courantes dans l’achat d’esclaves. L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre les raisons qui ont abouti à un tel engouement pour ces éléments, à travers l’étude des usages et des symboliques des perles du Cameroun, pays surnommé « l’Afrique en miniature ». Au cours de cette recherche, seront évoquées les « pierres d’aigris » ou « accory », perles bleues produites localement et constituées d’une matière mystérieuse, particulièrement recherchées dans le Golfe de Guinée durant les temps modernes (XVe- XVIIIe siècles). / Beads, beautiful small and perforated items made to be strung, are very common in African archaeological excavations. They are also familiar in actual and modern articles, like collars, headdresses, clothes, dance stuff and furniture. Used in art of courts as well as popular forms, put together in simple assembly or included into embroidery or weaving, beads are everywhere in the life of an African, that’s why they are today a designer label of africanism. All along the triangular trade, Europeans often gave beads in exchange of slaves. This thesis aims to understand why the beads are so valuable in Africa for many centuries. To reach it, uses and symbolism of Cameroonian beads are studied because Cameroon is called “Africa in miniature”. During this research, we investigate the mystery of agree beads, also called acory, which were highly valued in early modern period.

This thesis looks at the life and times of Aggrey Klaaste, the larger-than-life late editor of Sowetan who shot to fame by championing a novel idea of nation building. His initiative started in 1988 as flames of violence engulfed South Africa and it seemed as if an apocalypse was on the cards. Sickened by what the frustrated black community was doing to itself, for example the use of the dreadful practice of necklacing against the so-called collaborators, he called for moral regeneration. He wanted his compatriots to look into the future and take their destiny in their own hands. Through nation building he tirelessly launched into crusading journalism that sought to heal the scars of the black community after decades of apartheid. It was grassroots community building. He rewarded ordinary men and women who made a difference in their communities. He actively sought peace to end the violence of the 1980s and 1990s. He spoke his mind without wearing any ideological blinkers, even as some thought his initiative would disturb the march to freedom. He was the ultimate newspaperman. This thesis argues that by calling for reconciliation and rebuilding of battered black communities even before freedom came, Klaaste was ahead of his time and even predated Nelson Mandela. Klaaste preferred to do what was right and not be shackled to any ideology. In doing so, he angered many people who felt his thinking was derailing the struggle for freedom. But Klaaste stressed that nation building was ideologically neutral and was meant for everyone. By contradicting prevailing political orthodoxy, he very likely risked his own life. But, like a true leader, he stuck to his convictions. Klaaste was exemplary in calling for reconciliation and building when others called for breaking. Ten years after he died, as the country still grapples with issues he raised in his popular weekly column On The Line, it is worth appraising his thinking and actions. The thesis also looks at the environment that influenced his thinking. His life is interwoven with South African history. That he began his adult life shakily, spending his days in a drunken stupor at Johannesburg shebeens to being awarded the Order for Meritorious Service for his outstanding community work, makes him an interesting subject to look at. It’s a story of a man who vanquished his demons and, through his compassionate community engagement, became an asset to the country. It’s a story of redemption. As his private life attests, he was man with flaws – like anyone else. But Aggrey Klaaste strived to do what was right for his community at all times. He was a restless community builder.