Esta dissertação toma como objeto as relações e práticas de arrendamentos rurais estabelecidas entre 1847 e 1910 em Uruguaiana, município situado na fronteira do Brasil com Argentina e Uruguai. Ali predomina a paisagem agrária conhecida como “Campanha rio-grandense”, que se caracteriza pela vastidão de campos nos quais a principal atividade econômica desempenhada desde os tempos coloniais foi a pecuária. O aumento da incidência de arrendamento de terra e gado ao longo de seis décadas analisadas refletia os efeitos da crise de mão-de-obra escrava - base importante da pecuária local - e do fechamento gradativo do acesso à terra naquele contexto. Assim, esses contratos configuraram-se como alternativas de acesso aos meios de produção diante desse quadro, principalmente para aqueles produtores que ocupavam parcelas de terra sem possuir a propriedade jurídica das mesmas, cuja existência era cada vez menos tolerada pelos proprietários. No entanto, os arrendamentos integravam uma gama mais ampla de contratos firmados no mundo agrário, com limites jurídicos não muito precisos, que poderiam responder a demandas de produtores não totalmente desprovidos do acesso à terra, interessados em reproduzir os expedientes da pecuária extensiva praticada na Campanha. Os contratos também implicavam relações de propriedade encarnadas pelas cláusulas contratuais, e estas manifestavam diferentes aspectos das mesmas, que passavam por um processo de redefinição na segunda metade do século XIX. Este contexto estava permeado por conflitos que muitas vezes chegaram às vias judiciais, colocando frente a frente distintas concepções sobre direitos de propriedade. Muitos arrendatários foram protagonistas dessas disputas, e conseqüentemente, contribuíram para a complexidade assumida pelo processo de transformação pelo qual passavam a propriedade fundiária e as relações socioeconômicas no meio rural brasileiro do período. / This dissertation takes as its object the relations and practices of rural tenancies established between 1847-1910 in Uruguaiana, a county located in the Brazilian border with Argentina and Uruguay. In that region, the prevailing agrarian landscape is known as “Campanha rio-grandense”, characterized by the expanse of fields in which the main economical activity fulfilled since colonial times was ranching. The increase of the incidence of land and cattle tenancies along the six decades analyzed mirrored the effects of the slave labor crisis – an important basis of local ranching – and of the access to land gradual closure in such context. Therefore, these contracts constituted themselves as alternatives to the access to means of production in the face of this picture, chiefly to those producers who occupied land plots without having juridical property, whose existence had been less and less tolerated by the land owners. However, tenancies integrated a wider range of contracts subscribed in the “Campanha”. The contracts also implicated relations of property embodied by contractual clauses, and these ones manifested different aspects of such relations, which were passing through a redefinition process in the second half of the nineteenth century. This context was pervaded by conflicts that many times reached the judicial ways, putting face to face distinct conceptions about rights of property. Many tenants were protagonists of these disputes and consequently contributed to the complexity took on by the transformation process through which land property and socioeconomic relations passed in the Brazilian rural environment.

Esta dissertação toma como objeto as relações e práticas de arrendamentos rurais estabelecidas entre 1847 e 1910 em Uruguaiana, município situado na fronteira do Brasil com Argentina e Uruguai. Ali predomina a paisagem agrária conhecida como “Campanha rio-grandense”, que se caracteriza pela vastidão de campos nos quais a principal atividade econômica desempenhada desde os tempos coloniais foi a pecuária. O aumento da incidência de arrendamento de terra e gado ao longo de seis décadas analisadas refletia os efeitos da crise de mão-de-obra escrava - base importante da pecuária local - e do fechamento gradativo do acesso à terra naquele contexto. Assim, esses contratos configuraram-se como alternativas de acesso aos meios de produção diante desse quadro, principalmente para aqueles produtores que ocupavam parcelas de terra sem possuir a propriedade jurídica das mesmas, cuja existência era cada vez menos tolerada pelos proprietários. No entanto, os arrendamentos integravam uma gama mais ampla de contratos firmados no mundo agrário, com limites jurídicos não muito precisos, que poderiam responder a demandas de produtores não totalmente desprovidos do acesso à terra, interessados em reproduzir os expedientes da pecuária extensiva praticada na Campanha. Os contratos também implicavam relações de propriedade encarnadas pelas cláusulas contratuais, e estas manifestavam diferentes aspectos das mesmas, que passavam por um processo de redefinição na segunda metade do século XIX. Este contexto estava permeado por conflitos que muitas vezes chegaram às vias judiciais, colocando frente a frente distintas concepções sobre direitos de propriedade. Muitos arrendatários foram protagonistas dessas disputas, e conseqüentemente, contribuíram para a complexidade assumida pelo processo de transformação pelo qual passavam a propriedade fundiária e as relações socioeconômicas no meio rural brasileiro do período. / This dissertation takes as its object the relations and practices of rural tenancies established between 1847-1910 in Uruguaiana, a county located in the Brazilian border with Argentina and Uruguay. In that region, the prevailing agrarian landscape is known as “Campanha rio-grandense”, characterized by the expanse of fields in which the main economical activity fulfilled since colonial times was ranching. The increase of the incidence of land and cattle tenancies along the six decades analyzed mirrored the effects of the slave labor crisis – an important basis of local ranching – and of the access to land gradual closure in such context. Therefore, these contracts constituted themselves as alternatives to the access to means of production in the face of this picture, chiefly to those producers who occupied land plots without having juridical property, whose existence had been less and less tolerated by the land owners. However, tenancies integrated a wider range of contracts subscribed in the “Campanha”. The contracts also implicated relations of property embodied by contractual clauses, and these ones manifested different aspects of such relations, which were passing through a redefinition process in the second half of the nineteenth century. This context was pervaded by conflicts that many times reached the judicial ways, putting face to face distinct conceptions about rights of property. Many tenants were protagonists of these disputes and consequently contributed to the complexity took on by the transformation process through which land property and socioeconomic relations passed in the Brazilian rural environment.

Esta dissertação toma como objeto as relações e práticas de arrendamentos rurais estabelecidas entre 1847 e 1910 em Uruguaiana, município situado na fronteira do Brasil com Argentina e Uruguai. Ali predomina a paisagem agrária conhecida como “Campanha rio-grandense”, que se caracteriza pela vastidão de campos nos quais a principal atividade econômica desempenhada desde os tempos coloniais foi a pecuária. O aumento da incidência de arrendamento de terra e gado ao longo de seis décadas analisadas refletia os efeitos da crise de mão-de-obra escrava - base importante da pecuária local - e do fechamento gradativo do acesso à terra naquele contexto. Assim, esses contratos configuraram-se como alternativas de acesso aos meios de produção diante desse quadro, principalmente para aqueles produtores que ocupavam parcelas de terra sem possuir a propriedade jurídica das mesmas, cuja existência era cada vez menos tolerada pelos proprietários. No entanto, os arrendamentos integravam uma gama mais ampla de contratos firmados no mundo agrário, com limites jurídicos não muito precisos, que poderiam responder a demandas de produtores não totalmente desprovidos do acesso à terra, interessados em reproduzir os expedientes da pecuária extensiva praticada na Campanha. Os contratos também implicavam relações de propriedade encarnadas pelas cláusulas contratuais, e estas manifestavam diferentes aspectos das mesmas, que passavam por um processo de redefinição na segunda metade do século XIX. Este contexto estava permeado por conflitos que muitas vezes chegaram às vias judiciais, colocando frente a frente distintas concepções sobre direitos de propriedade. Muitos arrendatários foram protagonistas dessas disputas, e conseqüentemente, contribuíram para a complexidade assumida pelo processo de transformação pelo qual passavam a propriedade fundiária e as relações socioeconômicas no meio rural brasileiro do período. / This dissertation takes as its object the relations and practices of rural tenancies established between 1847-1910 in Uruguaiana, a county located in the Brazilian border with Argentina and Uruguay. In that region, the prevailing agrarian landscape is known as “Campanha rio-grandense”, characterized by the expanse of fields in which the main economical activity fulfilled since colonial times was ranching. The increase of the incidence of land and cattle tenancies along the six decades analyzed mirrored the effects of the slave labor crisis – an important basis of local ranching – and of the access to land gradual closure in such context. Therefore, these contracts constituted themselves as alternatives to the access to means of production in the face of this picture, chiefly to those producers who occupied land plots without having juridical property, whose existence had been less and less tolerated by the land owners. However, tenancies integrated a wider range of contracts subscribed in the “Campanha”. The contracts also implicated relations of property embodied by contractual clauses, and these ones manifested different aspects of such relations, which were passing through a redefinition process in the second half of the nineteenth century. This context was pervaded by conflicts that many times reached the judicial ways, putting face to face distinct conceptions about rights of property. Many tenants were protagonists of these disputes and consequently contributed to the complexity took on by the transformation process through which land property and socioeconomic relations passed in the Brazilian rural environment.

This dissertation puts into historical context allegations of farm labour abuse during the period 1948 to 1960 on the eastern Transvaal Highveld. It not only gives an exposition of these events, but importantly analyses these allegations of abuse in the context of the South African government’s intervention into farm labour for this period. The dissertation, however, first gives an overview of the government’s policies of regulating and providing farmers with black labour in the period 1910 to 1948. It deals specifically with the dubious measures introduced and coercive actions taken by the National Party government after 1948 to provide farmers with “cheap and plentiful labour”. The reactions to the accusations of abuse by the South African government, the farmers, the conservative, liberal and leftist press, and other independent bodies, such as the churches, Black Sash and the South African Institute of Race Relations, are also explored. The reaction of the African National Congress and the Potato Boycott launched in 1959 by this organisation in response to the mistreatment of farm labourers, also receives specific attention. It concludes with a discussion of how the farm labour scandals and the reaction during the 1950s and more specifically the Potato Boycott of 1959 are still relevant today by considering the contested nature of the commemoration of this event in 2009 AFRIKAANS : Hierdie verhandeling plaas bewerings van die misbruik van plaasarbeid gedurende die periode 1948 tot 1960 op die oostelike Transvaalse Hoëveld in historiese konteks. Dit bied nie net ‘n uiteensetting van hierdie gebeure nie, maar ontleed dié bewerings van mishandeling teen die agtergrond van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se ingryping ten opsigte van plaasarbeid vir dié tydperk. Die verhandeling bied ten eerste ‘n oorsig van die regering se beleid van die regulering en voorsiening van swart arbeid aan boere gedurende die periode 1910 tot 1948. Dit handel spesifiek oor die twyfelagtige dwangmaatreëls wat deur die Nasionale Partyregering na 1948 geïmplementeer is om boere van “goedkoop en voldoende arbeid” te voorsien. Die reaksies op die bewerings van mishandeling deur die Suid-Afrikaanse regering, die boere, die konserwatiewe, liberale en linkse pers, as ook ander selfstandige instansies, soos die kerke, Black Sash en die Suid-Afrikaanse Instituut van Rasseverhoudinge word ook ondersoek. Die reaksie van die African National Congress en die aartappelboikot wat deur die organisasie in 1959 van stapel gestuur is in reaksie op die mishandeling van plaaswerkers, work ook ontleed. Die studie sluit af met ‘n bespreking van hoe die plaasarbeidskandale, die reaksie in die 1950s en meer spesifiek die aartappelboikot van 1959, steeds vandag relevant is teen die agtergrond van die omstrede herdenking van die gebeurtenis in 2009. / Dissertation (MHCS)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

I ett försök att utöka kunskapsläget kring den agrarhistoriska utvecklingen i nordöstra Skånes ris- och skogsbygd har en undersökning av Näsums socken gjorts. Näsum är beläget i Bromölla kommun, norr om Ivösjön. I undersökningsområdet finns ett gravfält vid namn Gudahagen. Enligt arkeologiska studier har gravfältet använts under järnålder och övergavs troligtvis i början av medeltiden. Intill gravfältet finns två byar belägna, Näsum och Västanå. Möjligtvis har dessa byar en lång historisk kontinuitet som boplats. Del av studien har undersökningar av exempelvis historiska kartor, geologi, topografi, fornlämningar och ort- och marknamn varit. För en djupare förståelse för en av de centrala byarna i Näsum har en historisk karta över Västanå rektifierats och digitaliserats i GIS, för att sedan analyseras i kombination med exempelvis terrängskuggningar och geologiska kartor. Undersökningarna har visat att det finns likheter mellan det historiska landskapet i Näsum och motsvarande landskap i det närbelägna Stoby. Dessutom kan vissa paralleller dras till halländska kulturlandskap. Det går även att utläsa samband mellan exempelvis markanvändning, geologi och topografi. Näsums bykärnor har varit begränsade till de flacka sandjordarna och har naturliga gränser mot den tuffare terrängen i det omgivande moränlandskapet. Sannolikt har även vattnet, både åarna och Ivösjön, spelat en avgörande roll för byarnas placering, försörjning och markanvändning. Ortnamn i socknen tyder på att bygden expanderat under medeltid och kanske även under vikingatid. Sannolikt har bygden expanderat från den större sandslätten i centrala Näsum där byarna Västanå och Näsum är belägna, ut mot socknens gränser. / In an attempt to broaden the state of knowledge regarding the agrarian historical development in north east of Scania, a study of the parish of Näsum has been made. Näsum is located in Bromölla, north of Ivösjön. Located in the central study area, there is a grave field called Gudahagen. According to archaeological studies, the grave field was used during the Iron Age, and was probably abandoned in the early Middle Ages. Two villages, Näsum and Västanå, are located adjacent to the grave field. These villages might have a long historical continuity. Historical maps, geology, topography, ancient remains and land names are examples of factors that has been studied. For a deeper understanding of one of the central villages in Näsum, a historical map of Västanå has been rectified and digitized in GIS, and later analyzed in combination with, for example, terrain shadows and geological maps. The studies have shown that there are similarities between historic landscapes in Näsum and in Stoby, a parish located nearby. Some parallels can also be drawn between the historic landscapes in Näsum och in Halland. In Näsum there are also connections between land use, geology and topography. Näsum's villages have been limited to the sandy plains and have natural boundaries towards the tougher terrain in the surrounding moraine landscape. It’s also likely that the water in Näsum, both Ivösjön and the streams, has played a big part when it comes to planning of land use. Place names in the parish indicate that a medieval expansion has taken place. Perhaps the expansion started as early as in the Viking Age. The villages have probably expanded from the larger sandy plains in the center of Näsum towards the parish boundaries.

1 Abstract In this work I deal with farmyards 13th-15th century, which formed an integral part of the medieval landscape. The main attention is paid to settlement-historical context and economic potential. Attention was also focused on the methods used, archaeological surveys and surface exploration. Nobility farmyards are divided into several types, according to the economic strategy and in material form. Their form depended on the owner, the monasteries were built large courtyards and nobility smaller. The main purpose of these farmyards was to provide the economic base of the nobility. There are also farmyards that served to financial income. The most common owners were a nobility and church institutions. Mostly they were situated to rural settlemet, where they were always dominant feature. Because this is not very frequent theme in Czech archeology, the aim of this work was also to summarize current knowledge. Given the breadth of the topic, I tried to include as much information, on the other hand, I had to approach selected topics in general. Work should, however, include the most important knowledge on this topic.

A agricultura desempenha, desde a colonização do Vale do Ribeira-SP, papel central nas transformações e no desenvolvimento desta região, constituindo-se em locus de investigação e entendimento de suas características marcantes: a pobreza e a conservação do ambiente natural de Mata Atlântica. Através da construção da história agrária do município de Iguape - pontuada por eventos históricos de importância regional - buscamos averiguar como o desenvolvimento da atividade agrícola conjugou o uso da natureza e a satisfação das necessidades humanas desde a virada do século XIX para o XX - quando se configurou uma organização rural tipicamente cabocla - até os dias atuais. Para construir uma história agrária valemo-nos do conceito de sistema de produção agrícola, tendo por referência central o regime de uso do solo, tal como definido por Boserup (1983). Nesta pesquisa, submetemos à análise os processos sociais decorrentes da evolução agrária, a partir de seus aspectos materiais e objetivos e daqueles simbólicos e subjetivos inerentes às práticas sociais. A organização cabocla esteve estreitamente ligada à agricultura tradicional de base tecnológica itinerante, cuja prática exige a ocorrência e o uso da mata, para fins de exploração da efêmera fertilidade do solo. A partir da década de 1960, uma série de eventos associados à incorporação econômica regional - como as migrações, especulação imobiliária, incentivos à modernização produtiva - iniciaram processo de desorganização do sistema de agricultura caboclo e das relações e dinâmicas sócio-culturais implicadas. Já no final da década de 80, julgamos terem sido as novas regras de exploração da Mata Atlântica, estabelecidas pela Legislação Ambiental, determinantes para a conversão da base técnica itinerante, ao impor expressiva restrição às áreas cultiváveis e proibir a derrubada da vegetação florestal. Procuramos demonstrar como este processo foi acentuado pela nova orientação política que alterou a forma e a presença do Estado na região. Através de pesquisa de campo avaliamos como a população rural de tradição cabocla reorganizou a técnica agrícola, as relações de produção e sua articulação com o mercado. Dentre outros efeitos, observamos a formação de produtores desagregados socialmente, desenraizados de sua cultura e empobrecidos economicamente. / Agriculture as undertaken in the Vale do Ribeira, Sao Paulo region from colonization time, has been a key element in the area\'s development and transformation, a real object of study and investigation to further understand its marked traits: poverty and the Mata Atlântica environmental safekeeping. Via the build up of the Iguape district agricultural history - rich in important regional historical events - we strived to deepen knowledge of agricultural development in how nature was used and also the means for fulfilling human needs from the turn of century XIX to XX - when a typically caboclo organization was identified - to present days. To further build up an agricultural history, we have made usage of the \"agricultural production system\" concept, as reference the soil usage regime, as defined by Boserup (1983). In this survey we submit to analysis the social processes resulting from agricultural evolution, starting from material aspects, goals, symbols and subjective values pertaining to social action and mutually determined by economics. The caboclo organization was deeply linked to traditional farming rooted in shifting technology, which banked on the existence and usage of woods, its fleeting fertility and land rotation. From the 1960 decade on, a series of events associated to regional economic incorporation - such as migrations, real estate dealings, modernization output subsidies - led to the process of disorganization of the caboclo agricultural system and of implied dynamic socio-cultural relations. In the late 80\'s, we believe that the new Mata Atlântica ruling, set down by the Environmental Legislation, determining the itinerant technique conversion, while setting significant restriction to arable areas and the banning of forest clearing. We show how this process was further determining under the new political orientation which altered the presence and form of the State in the region. By means of field work we studied how the caboclo tradition bred rural population reorganized agricultural techniques, production schemes and market handling. To mention among other effects, we found socially disrupted producers, culturally uprooted and economically impoverished producers.

This study examines landscape change in the Province of Jämtland during c. 1000–1750 AD. Settlement and arable cultivation are two of the most important sources in this study. They are therefore treated in depth, particularly farmsteads that were deserted during the late medieval agrarian crisis, so-called ödesbölen, and their fossil field-traces. The dissertation contains four major investigations. In the first investigation 610 possible ödesbölen were identified. The desertion was estimated at 50 per cent. The second investigation had its focus on the geographic location, and the conclusion was that the ödesbölen may have been deserted when the climate turned colder in the 14th century. The third investigation concerned medieval agriculture. Using historical maps and detailed mapping of fossil field traces it was established that the annually cultivated acreage decreased from the High Middle Ages until early modern times. This probably means that the agrarian crisis caused a change in the agrarian regime, from predominant arable farming to predominant stock-raising. The fourth investigation was whether the ownership or the use of the ödesbölen created obstacles to recolonization when the crisis subsided. This turned out not to be so in the case of ownership, but may have been so with regard to communal forest grazing. According to historical maps the ödesbölen in Jämtland were finally recolonized about 200 years later than for example in southern Sweden. The reasons probably were wars and a worse climate. The dissertation is capped off with both a model and a description of landscape change in Jämtland. Characteristic for the development of the landscape has been fluctuations in settlement. The ödesbölen are part of a pattern in which they are colonized, deserted, recolonized and again deserted in a cyclical course of events. The openness of the landscape is not part of this course of events.

A agricultura desempenha, desde a colonização do Vale do Ribeira-SP, papel central nas transformações e no desenvolvimento desta região, constituindo-se em locus de investigação e entendimento de suas características marcantes: a pobreza e a conservação do ambiente natural de Mata Atlântica. Através da construção da história agrária do município de Iguape - pontuada por eventos históricos de importância regional - buscamos averiguar como o desenvolvimento da atividade agrícola conjugou o uso da natureza e a satisfação das necessidades humanas desde a virada do século XIX para o XX - quando se configurou uma organização rural tipicamente cabocla - até os dias atuais. Para construir uma história agrária valemo-nos do conceito de sistema de produção agrícola, tendo por referência central o regime de uso do solo, tal como definido por Boserup (1983). Nesta pesquisa, submetemos à análise os processos sociais decorrentes da evolução agrária, a partir de seus aspectos materiais e objetivos e daqueles simbólicos e subjetivos inerentes às práticas sociais. A organização cabocla esteve estreitamente ligada à agricultura tradicional de base tecnológica itinerante, cuja prática exige a ocorrência e o uso da mata, para fins de exploração da efêmera fertilidade do solo. A partir da década de 1960, uma série de eventos associados à incorporação econômica regional - como as migrações, especulação imobiliária, incentivos à modernização produtiva - iniciaram processo de desorganização do sistema de agricultura caboclo e das relações e dinâmicas sócio-culturais implicadas. Já no final da década de 80, julgamos terem sido as novas regras de exploração da Mata Atlântica, estabelecidas pela Legislação Ambiental, determinantes para a conversão da base técnica itinerante, ao impor expressiva restrição às áreas cultiváveis e proibir a derrubada da vegetação florestal. Procuramos demonstrar como este processo foi acentuado pela nova orientação política que alterou a forma e a presença do Estado na região. Através de pesquisa de campo avaliamos como a população rural de tradição cabocla reorganizou a técnica agrícola, as relações de produção e sua articulação com o mercado. Dentre outros efeitos, observamos a formação de produtores desagregados socialmente, desenraizados de sua cultura e empobrecidos economicamente. / Agriculture as undertaken in the Vale do Ribeira, Sao Paulo region from colonization time, has been a key element in the area\'s development and transformation, a real object of study and investigation to further understand its marked traits: poverty and the Mata Atlântica environmental safekeeping. Via the build up of the Iguape district agricultural history - rich in important regional historical events - we strived to deepen knowledge of agricultural development in how nature was used and also the means for fulfilling human needs from the turn of century XIX to XX - when a typically caboclo organization was identified - to present days. To further build up an agricultural history, we have made usage of the \"agricultural production system\" concept, as reference the soil usage regime, as defined by Boserup (1983). In this survey we submit to analysis the social processes resulting from agricultural evolution, starting from material aspects, goals, symbols and subjective values pertaining to social action and mutually determined by economics. The caboclo organization was deeply linked to traditional farming rooted in shifting technology, which banked on the existence and usage of woods, its fleeting fertility and land rotation. From the 1960 decade on, a series of events associated to regional economic incorporation - such as migrations, real estate dealings, modernization output subsidies - led to the process of disorganization of the caboclo agricultural system and of implied dynamic socio-cultural relations. In the late 80\'s, we believe that the new Mata Atlântica ruling, set down by the Environmental Legislation, determining the itinerant technique conversion, while setting significant restriction to arable areas and the banning of forest clearing. We show how this process was further determining under the new political orientation which altered the presence and form of the State in the region. By means of field work we studied how the caboclo tradition bred rural population reorganized agricultural techniques, production schemes and market handling. To mention among other effects, we found socially disrupted producers, culturally uprooted and economically impoverished producers.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Czech lands were among the largest hop-growing regions in the world. Hop products became, in the interwar period, one of the crucial agricultural export goods of the Czechoslovak economy. This study aims to draw attention to the process of emergence of cartels in this particular branch of agricultural production. It traces the attempts to organize the industry by means of cartels from their very beginning in the late 19th century until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1938. As a point of departure, it takes the assumption shared by many theoreticians of industrial organization who argue that the given structure of the industry to some extent pre-determines the ways how the cartels emerge and the particular forms they assume. These institutions, however, might in turn reshape the structure of the industry. The analysis indicates that the cartels in the hop industry were essentially 'children of opportunity' and their emergence was rarely correlated with an economic crisis. Even though the industry gave rise also to international collusive structures, the cartels in the hop industry were essentially unstable and weak and in most cases, the attempts to create them failed. Present study challenges the belief, widely held in the scholarship on cartels in the Czech lands,...