Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-30T23:12:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FlavioBruno.pdf: 799456 bytes, checksum: 8035c20cdf9aea23648d26342c087a69 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-30T23:12:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FlavioBruno.pdf: 799456 bytes, checksum: 8035c20cdf9aea23648d26342c087a69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-24 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo analisou a prática de subsídios à agricultura no comércio internacional, sendo concebido nos alicerces da interdisciplinaridade do movimento de Law and Economics. Estruturado a partir de estudos bibliográficos e levantamentos estatísticos sobre o cenário comercial internacional, tem como principal objetivo dimensionar a prática dos subsídios enquanto instrumento econômico fundamentalmente estratégico para o setor agrícola, especialmente para os Estados Unidos e a União Europeia. A doutrina econômica afirma que o derradeiro impacto dos subsídios é provocar distorções no comércio internacional e assegura que na prática isso tem se demonstrado. Este estudo dimensiona essas afirmações, buscando compreender como a doutrina chegou a essa conclusão e por quais motivos esses efeitos são sentidos na prática do comércio internacional. Uma completa proibição dos subsídios não é desejável porque sua prática, em essência, constitui uma alternativa à busca do bem-estar social da nação. Contudo, a utilização dos subsídios, na forma como vêm sendo praticados, em especial os concedidos à agricultura, constituem-se em intervenções de cunho protecionista que provocam distorções no comércio internacional. Pode-se identificar os Estados Unidos e a União Europeia como as nações que mais se utilizam de subsídios no comércio internacional, haja vista a quantidade de casos registrados na OMC que envolvem as duas nações como parte demandada, em matéria de direitos compensatórios à prática de subsídios. Demonstrou-se que os níveis de subsídios concedidos ao setor agrícola continuam em um patamar elevado, fator que tem gerado preocupações sobre a eficiência das regras internacionais que visam regular sua prática. Foi possível identificar que houve um aumento considerável das disputas comerciais em matéria de direitos compensatórios em relação ao total de disputas comerciais que envolvem o setor agrícola. Demonstrou-se que os Estados Unidos e a União Europeia são as economias que mais se utilizam deste instrumento de política comercial para intervirem no comércio internacional, examinando-se dois casos mais notórios para estas duas economias que foram submetidos à OMC, e que envolvem a concessão de subsídios na atuação destas nações no comércio agrícola internacional. / This study examined the practice of agricultural subsidies in international trade, being conceived on the foundations of the movement of the interdisciplinary Law and Economics. Designed based on bibliographical studies and statistics on international trade scenario, the main objective scale the practice of subsidies as a tool primarily economic strategy for the agricultural sector, especially to the United States and the European Union. The doctrine states that the ultimate economic impact of subsidies is causing distortions in international trade and ensures that in practice it has proved. This study dimensions such statements, trying to understand how the doctrine came to this conclusion and for what reasons these effects are felt in the practice of international trade. A complete ban on subsidies is not desirable because its practice, in essence, is an alternative to seeking the welfare of the nation. However, the use of subsidies, how they are being charged, especially those given to agriculture, are formed in nature protectionist interventions that distort international trade. One can identify the United States and European Union nations as they use most of subsidies in international trade, given the amount of registered cases in the WTO involving the two nations as the defendant in respect of countervailing duties to the practice of subsidizing. It was demonstrated that the levels of subsidies to the agricultural sector remain at a high level, a factor that has raised concerns about the effectiveness of international rules aimed at regulating their practice. It was identified that there was a considerable increase of trade disputes relating to countervailing duties in relation to total trade disputes involving agricultural sector. It was demonstrated that the United States and the European Union economies they use most of this trade policy instrument to intervene in international trade, examining two most notorious cases for these two economies that have been submitted to the WTO, which involve the granting subsidies in the performance of these nations in international agricultural trade.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 2, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-124).

Thesis (MScAgric (Agricultural Economics)--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / The Doha Round of negotiations on the liberalisation of agricultural trade inherited complications from its predecessor - the Uruguay Round (UR). It needs to be noted, as one of the fundamental differences, that agriculture sectors in the developed countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) get support from their governments. In contrast to the situation, in the developing countries, agriculture is taxed to generate government revenue. The subsidies that farmers receive in the developed countries affect farmers globally through world prices (world prices depression). Therefore protection and greater subsidies should be not encouraged. As such, after a long time of preferential treatment, agriculture trade was tabled as a separate issue of negotiations at the UR and resulted to the round to be prolonged. However, one of the achievements of the UR was imposing of bound tariffs on agricultural products and determining tariff equivalence for non-tariff measures. Then, the Doha Round (DR) also known as the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) which is the first round to place development and focus strongly on agricultural liberalisation as a tool for development. International trade theory supports agricultural liberalisation, as negotiated in the DDA. Therefore, the DDA, in seeking more liberalised agricultural markets, continues a theoretically sound approach, as in the UR. The effects of liberalising agricultural trade in the DDA will differ across countries, whereas some will gain, others may loose, and the same situation is true for different sectors within an economy. The focus of the DDA on agriculture, as a tool of development, links well to the fact that agriculture in the developing countries accounts for a substantial share of their gross domestic products (GDPs) and exports. This situation, therefore, calls for a closer consideration of the possible impact of agricultural liberalisation in South Africa even though agricultural share of GDP is less than 4 percent.

Submitted by Luanna Matias (lua_matias@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-02-05T20:14:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Natália Fernanda Gomes - 2014.pdf: 1218754 bytes, checksum: eb3116a364820cf1c64bd387116406ed (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-02-19T11:22:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Natália Fernanda Gomes - 2014.pdf: 1218754 bytes, checksum: eb3116a364820cf1c64bd387116406ed (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-19T11:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Natália Fernanda Gomes - 2014.pdf: 1218754 bytes, checksum: eb3116a364820cf1c64bd387116406ed (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-02 / The present work analyzes the granting of agricultural subsidies by the States and the existing multilateral regulation on the subject. Explores the ambivalent character of the agricultural subsidies, which are important agricultural public policy mechanisms, but when granted in excess can cause damage to other countries, especially the developing ones, that have smaller budget availability to protect their productions. Then, it analyzes, by using the third world approaches to the international law, the existing regulation from the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the subject which, although declares its objectivity as to establish an agricultural trade system that is more fair and equitable, ends up legitimizing the subsidies programs of the developed countries, even at the expense of the interests and needs of other States. / O presente trabalho analisa a concessão de subsídios agrícolas pelos Estados e a regulação internacional existente sobre o tema no âmbito multilateral. Explora o caráter ambivalente da concessão de subsídios agrícolas, os quais ao mesmo tempo em que são importantes mecanismos de política pública agrícola, quando concedidos em excesso podem provocar prejuízos para outros países, em especial aqueles em desenvolvimento, que possuem menor disponibilidade orçamentária para proteger suas produções. Analisa, então, sob uma perspectiva do Terceiro Mundo ao direito internacional, a regulação existente junto a Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) acerca do tema a qual, embora declare objetivar estabelecer um sistema de comércio agrícola mais justo e equitativo, acaba por legitimar os programas de subsídios dos países desenvolvidos, mesmo quando em detrimento dos interesses e necessidades dos demais Estados.

Submitted by Gisely Teixeira (gisely.teixeira@uniceub.br) on 2016-11-29T17:40:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 60000192.pdf: 489635 bytes, checksum: e9b0f0d1beec3d15f8f6482995f7d4d0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rayanne Silva (rayanne.silva@uniceub.br) on 2016-12-12T22:40:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 60000192.pdf: 489635 bytes, checksum: e9b0f0d1beec3d15f8f6482995f7d4d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T22:40:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 60000192.pdf: 489635 bytes, checksum: e9b0f0d1beec3d15f8f6482995f7d4d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / A presente dissertação explora o tema do comércio internacional de produtos agrícolas, com o objetivo de identificar as forças conflituosas que direcionam o rumo das negociações no âmbito da Organização Mundial de Comércio. Toma-se a dicotomia Norte-Sul como ponto de partida. Tendo em vista que o estudo se concentra na história, percebe-se que, aos menos nas primeiras cinco décadas de operação do GATT, outras conformações antagônicas detêm maior influência sobre o regime do comércio internacional de produtos agrícolas. O embate entre Estados Unidos e Comunidade Européia na década de oitenta é fundamental para entender a sistemática do Acordo Agrícola em vigência. Com o aumento do interesse de países em desenvolvimento, o cenário muda nas negociações da Rodada Doha. O uso mais freqüente de elementos como tratamento preferencial, não reciprocidade e discriminação positiva em benefício de países de baixa renda torna o diálogo Norte-Sul mais relevante ao se analisar o regime do comércio internacional de produtos agrícolas. No entanto, reconhece-se que a tensão entre economias centrais continua exercendo um papel fundamental nesse tocante.

This master thesis focuses on the topic of agricultural subsidies and other issues related with agriculture policies and farmers' behaviour. Emphasis is laid on the importance of cooperation between farmers and the creation and institutionalization of their networks. The main aim of this study is to analyze spatial aspects of subsidies flowing from the first axis of Rural Development Programme (RDP) in the Czech Republic and then to compare, explain and verify the results with a research made among farmers in two model regions. The theoretical part of this study provides an outline of agricultural changes in Czech and European agriculture and discusses the most recent trends in multifunctional agriculture, rural development and networks. My research was carried out in two sections. In the first section I tried to evaluate regional differences in allocations of subsidies to Modernisation of Agricultural Enterprises (MAE; RDP, Axis I, measure 1.1.1.) in the Czech Republic between the years 2007 and 2010 on the level of districts (N = 77). I tried to explain these differences through the use of representative physical- and socio-geographical quantitative indicators. In the second section I conducted a qualitative survey (standardized interviews) with 22 farmers and 12 institutional actors in model areas of...

Magister Legum - LLM / It has been held that agricultural domestic support would not be such a contentious issue if its only effect was the benefit of local farmers, but this is not the case.1 It was found that several forms of domestic support have the effect of distorting the patterns of agricultural production and trade at an international level, leaving non-supported farmers elsewhere worse off.2 It was thus concluded that such support measures may indeed nullify the benefits which accrue from trade liberalisation and explains how the AoA3 regulates these measures in a way that reduces their trade distorting effects.4 It has been noted that the agricultural sector only accounted for a small percentage of the developed world's Gross Domestic Product {GDP}, yet the regulation of international agricultural trade was not an easy task.5 Smith explains that numerous attempts were made to implement some form of regulation, including a half-hearted effort in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the subsequent AoA upon the creation of the WTO in 1995.6 According to Smith, the successful regulation of international agricultural trade remained elusive, despite Desta MG and McMahon JA explain that the WTO is not very concerned with countries that provide domestic support to their agricultural sectors, as this only matters to the extent that it hopes for liberalising trade in the sector.7 affects trade in that sector.8 It is further observed that the AoA balances out the freedom to provide domestic support with the need to reduce or eliminate the trade distortive effects thereof and note that the AoA has essentially made all forms of domestic support more transparent and easier to deal with.9 A party is therefore unlikely to be challenged, successfully, if domestic support is given in accordance with the provisions of the AoA.10 The aforementioned views only seem to address the merits of the AoA and the way in which it regulates the use of agricultural subsidies. It should however be noted that the literature fails to address the fact that the WTO has not enforced the provisions of the AoA very effectively against the EU and the USA, in light of the continued misuse of subsidies within both parties. In this regard it must be ascertained whether the WTO should impose stricter penalties as a means to deter its member states, especially the EU and USA, from using subsidies in an abusive way. In addition to this, it must be determined which types of penalties can and should be imposed.

Since the latter half of the nineteenth century, industrialization and modernization have strongly shaped the development of the French department Ariège. Over the last roughly 150 years, Ariège has seen its population decline from a quarter million to 150,00. Its traditional agrarian economy has been remade for competition on global markets, and the department has relied on tourism to bring in revenue where other traditional industries have failed to do so. In this thesis I identify the European Union and French policies that continue to guide Ariège's development through subsidies and regulation. I explain the origins and effects of modernization on rural areas such as Ariège, and the ways in which market pressures and new technologies have reshaped the landscape, and advance an argument for why Ariège's story is relevant across rural Europe and communities globally that exist at the margins.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 702224 bytes, checksum: d0803d0d78eba57fa012f42da176d61e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Brazil and the United States are considered great participants in the world market of the soybean and of the orange juice. The objective of this research is to analyze the influence of the American agricultural subsidies on the exports of the soybean and orange juice complex of Brazil, in the period between 1990 and 2006. The theoretical model to study the international trade was proposed by Brander and Spencer, with focus of imperfect competition incorporating the government intervention. In the empiric approach, he took place a junction of models of temporary series and of theory of the games, as instruments to evaluate the effect of the subsidies on the exports of those commodities. The conclusion of research is that the American protection harmed the capacity exporter of Brazil in that examined period. As conclusion is reinforced the participation activates of Brazil in the defense of the liberalization of the agricultural trade, for his access to the protected section and, also for the conquest of new trading partners. / O Brasil e os Estados Unidos são considerados grandes participantes no mercado mundial da soja e do suco de laranja. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar a influência dos subsídios agrícolas americanos sobre as exportações dos complexos soja e suco de laranja do Brasil, no período entre 1990 e 2006. O modelo teórico para estudar o comércio internacional foi proposto por Brander e Spencer, com enfoque de competição imperfeita incorporando a intervenção governamental. Na abordagem empírica, realizou-se uma junção de modelos de séries temporais e de teoria dos jogos, como instrumentos para avaliar o efeito dos subsídios sobre as exportações dessas commodities. Concluiu-se que a proteção americana prejudicou a capacidade exportadora do Brasil nesse período examinado. Como conclusão reforça-se a participação ativa do Brasil na defesa da liberalização do comércio agrícola, para o seu acesso ao setor protegido e, também para a conquista de novos parceiros comerciais.

The diploma thesis deals with the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU on the Czech agrarian sector. The aim of the thesis is to determine whether the EU accession and the application of the CAP had a positive or negative influence on Czech agriculture. First, it is explained the creation of the CAP, its goals and principles. The next chapter of the thesis describes the development and reform of the CAP which influenced the Czech Republic after EU accession. Other parts are already engaged in agricultural policy of the Czech Republic after 1989 and the agricultural policy before and after EU accession. There are describes the problems that needed remove before the EU accession. And this helped to the fluent introduction of the CAP. The fourth part discusses the support provided by the EU, which has been the greatest benefit of EU accession, and divides them into direct payments and rural development. In the last chapter is analyzed the impact of the CAP on a farm AGROSPOL, Malý Bor a. s. and is trying to find the positives and negatives of EU accession.