Um projeto de investimento foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade econômica da utilização de resíduo agroindustrial na produção de painéis de partículas (MDP). A unidade de produção foi inicialmente concebida para a utilização em pesquisas na Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo - Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, sendo que esta tese buscou avaliar a viabilidade econômico-financeira do empreendimento. Foram avaliados dezesseis cenários nos quais utilizou-se, na confecção dos painéis, o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e resinas à base de ureia-formaldeído e poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona, em diferentes proporções. Os primeiros doze cenários foram definidos a partir da variação de preços dos produtos vendidos e das variações dos desembolsos decorrentes da utilização das diferentes resinas e porcentagem dessas na confecção dos painéis. Para esta avaliação inicial utilizou-se como fonte de financiamento do empreendimento o capital próprio. Nos quatro últimos cenários foram avaliados os efeitos da fonte de financiamento do empreendimento, via operação de crédito junto ao Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES). Para estes cenários foram avaliados aqueles que apresentaram viabilidade econômica na etapa inicial da avaliação. O método de análise econômica utilizado foi o de Fluxo de Caixa (Cash Flow) e as técnicas aplicadas foram: Payback Simples, Payback Descontado, Valor Presente (VPL) e Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). O empreendimento mostrou-se economicamente viável estritamente para os cenários nos quais foram utilizados os preços médios e máximos projetados e com a utilização de resina ureia-formaldeído. A utilização de financiamento via operação de crédito junto ao BNDES não melhorou os índices apurados, porém mostrou-se alternativa para viabilizar a execução do empreendimento. / A study of an investment project was developed with the objective of evaluating the economic viability of agro industrial residue application (sugar cane bagasse) in the production of particle board (MDP). The constructed building production unit was initially designed for researches at the Department of Food Engineering of the University of São Paulo - Department of Biossystems Engineering, and this thesis attempted to evaluate the economic-financial viability of the project. Sixteen scenarios were used, where sugar cane bagasse and resin based on urea-formaldehyde and polyurethane based on castor oil were applied in the preparation of the panels in different proportions. The first twelve scenarios were defined based on the variation of the sold products\' prices and the variations of the payoff resulting from the use of the different resins and their percentage in the preparation of the panels. For the initial evaluation the investment was financing from own researcher\'s capital. In the last four scenarios, the effects of the financing source of the project were evaluated through a credit operation with National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES). For these scenarios, the presented economic feasibility was evaluated on the initial stage of evaluation. The method of economic analysis used was Cash Flow and the applied techniques were: Simple Payback, Discounted Payback, Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The project showed economically feasible strictly for the scenarios in which the average and maximum prices projected used urea-formaldehyde resin. The use of financing through a credit operation along with BNDES bank did not improve the established rates, but it was an alternative to make the accomplishment of the project feasible.

Um projeto de investimento foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade econômica da utilização de resíduo agroindustrial na produção de painéis de partículas (MDP). A unidade de produção foi inicialmente concebida para a utilização em pesquisas na Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo - Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, sendo que esta tese buscou avaliar a viabilidade econômico-financeira do empreendimento. Foram avaliados dezesseis cenários nos quais utilizou-se, na confecção dos painéis, o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e resinas à base de ureia-formaldeído e poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona, em diferentes proporções. Os primeiros doze cenários foram definidos a partir da variação de preços dos produtos vendidos e das variações dos desembolsos decorrentes da utilização das diferentes resinas e porcentagem dessas na confecção dos painéis. Para esta avaliação inicial utilizou-se como fonte de financiamento do empreendimento o capital próprio. Nos quatro últimos cenários foram avaliados os efeitos da fonte de financiamento do empreendimento, via operação de crédito junto ao Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES). Para estes cenários foram avaliados aqueles que apresentaram viabilidade econômica na etapa inicial da avaliação. O método de análise econômica utilizado foi o de Fluxo de Caixa (Cash Flow) e as técnicas aplicadas foram: Payback Simples, Payback Descontado, Valor Presente (VPL) e Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). O empreendimento mostrou-se economicamente viável estritamente para os cenários nos quais foram utilizados os preços médios e máximos projetados e com a utilização de resina ureia-formaldeído. A utilização de financiamento via operação de crédito junto ao BNDES não melhorou os índices apurados, porém mostrou-se alternativa para viabilizar a execução do empreendimento. / A study of an investment project was developed with the objective of evaluating the economic viability of agro industrial residue application (sugar cane bagasse) in the production of particle board (MDP). The constructed building production unit was initially designed for researches at the Department of Food Engineering of the University of São Paulo - Department of Biossystems Engineering, and this thesis attempted to evaluate the economic-financial viability of the project. Sixteen scenarios were used, where sugar cane bagasse and resin based on urea-formaldehyde and polyurethane based on castor oil were applied in the preparation of the panels in different proportions. The first twelve scenarios were defined based on the variation of the sold products\' prices and the variations of the payoff resulting from the use of the different resins and their percentage in the preparation of the panels. For the initial evaluation the investment was financing from own researcher\'s capital. In the last four scenarios, the effects of the financing source of the project were evaluated through a credit operation with National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES). For these scenarios, the presented economic feasibility was evaluated on the initial stage of evaluation. The method of economic analysis used was Cash Flow and the applied techniques were: Simple Payback, Discounted Payback, Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The project showed economically feasible strictly for the scenarios in which the average and maximum prices projected used urea-formaldehyde resin. The use of financing through a credit operation along with BNDES bank did not improve the established rates, but it was an alternative to make the accomplishment of the project feasible.

Agricultural production in Sweden account for a large contribution of the territorial GHG emissions. System optimization, fossil fuel removal and increased circularity is therefore of great importance in order to reach the national net zero emission target by 2045. Biochar production from biomass side flows is a cost-efficient method for carbon dioxide removal which could help to reduce the climate impact of agricultural systems. This study aimed to investigate the potential for climate change mitigation by implementing biochar production from wheat straw at farm level in Sweden. A life cycle perspective was used to assess the climate change impact for production of 1 Mg wheat, with three scenarios for straw management 1) biochar production and application on fields 2) straw incorporation into soil and 3) district heat production. A time distributed LCI was used to include the time dynamics of soil processes. Climate impact was assessed using two metrics: Total GWP100 impact(static) and global surface temperature change (time dynamic). Excess thermal energy from the pyrolysis process was assumed to be used for drying of grains and heating buildings at the farm. The results showed a total GWP100 impact of 214 kg CO2-eq/Mg wheat in the scenario with biochar production, which compare to the impact of 425-429 kg CO2-eq/Mg wheat for the scenarios with conventional straw management practices. The temperature response was ca 50 % lower all throughout the analysed time period, compared to the scenarios with straw incorporation or district heat production. The largest contribution to the impact reduction was achieved from carbon sequestration from biochar application to soil amounting to 223 kg CO2-eq/Mg. A sensitivity analysis of the biochar yield (kg biochar produced per kg of dry mass feedstock) for pyrolysis of straw confirmed that biochar production was preferable over other straw management practices for lower biochar yields as well. In conclusion, utilizing straw for biochar production could have a large potential for reducing the climate impact from wheat production in Sweden. However, a combination of measures for climate change mitigation is needed to reach net zero emissions of wheat production. / Jordbruksproduktionen står idag för en betydande del av Sveriges territoriella växthusgasutsläpp. För att minska jordbrukssektorns klimatpåverkan krävs åtgärder såsom material och energiåtervinning, utfasning av fossila bränslen och elektrifiering. För att nå det nationella klimatmålet om nollutsläpp år 2045 krävs även åtgärder för infångning och lagring av koldioxid. Biokolsproduktion av restprodukter och avfall i form av biomassa är en kostnadseffektiv och lättillgänglig metod för kolinlagring. Pyrolys är en termokemisk process som sker när biomassa upphettas till höga temperaturer utan tillgång till syre. Produkterna från processen är syngas, pyrolysolja och biokol. Processen optimeras utifrån vilka produkter som är önskade och syngas förbränns ofta för att tillföra energi och upprätthålla reaktionen. Biokol används därefter främst som jordförbättringsmedel i planteringar men kan även användas för vattenfiltrering, som fyllnadsmaterial i betong, applicering på åkermark och som tillsatts i djurfoder. Efterfrågan och produktionen av biokol är än så länge relativt liten i Sverige. Då det finns en stor tillgång på biomassa från restprodukter inom jordbruket så finns även en stor möjlighet att minska sektorns klimatpåverkan genom pyrolys och biokolsproduktion. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur implementering av biokolsproduktion från vetehalm skulle kunna bidra till minskad klimatpåverkan från veteproduktion. Studien utförs med ett gårdsperspektiv och har målen att: Identifiera och kvantifiera växthusgasutsläpp för relevanta materialflöden och processer inom veteproduktion. Beräkna klimatpåverkan utifrån ett livscykelperspektiv för produktion av 1 Mg vete under tre scenarion för halmhantering 1) biokolsproduktion och applicering på fält 2) halminblanding i jord 3) energiåtervinning genom produktion av fjärrvärme.  Klimatpåverkan, GWP100, beräknades med mätenheten (kg CO2-eq/Mg vete) och beskriver den totala påverkan från de ackumulerade utsläppen över en 100 års tidshorisont som förutsätter att alla utsläpp sker under det första året. För att kunna inkludera ett tidsperspektiv och ta hänsyn till icke-fossila utsläpp av CO2, markprocesser och koncentrationen av växthusgaser i atmosfären över tid, så beräknades även temperaturförändringen av den globala yttemperaturen (K/Mg vete och år), ΔT. Dessa beräkningar utfördes genom att använda tidsdistribuerade utsläpp för en 100 års period och klimatpåverkan, ΔT, beräknades för 150 år. Startåret för beräkningarna och veteproduktionen var satt till år 2019. Gården antogs producera höstvete årligen, utan växelbruk, under en tidsperiod på 20 år. Biokolsproduktion antogs ske på gården och värmeöverskottet antogs användas till torkning av vete och värme till byggnader på gården. En systemexpansion gjordes för att modellera utsläppsminskningen från ett lokalt fjärrvärmeverk där halmen antogs ersätta träpellets producerade av skogsrester.  Resultatet visade en klimatpåverkan av 214 kg CO2-eq/Mg vete. för scenariot med biokolsproduktion, 425 kg CO2-eq/Mg vete för scenariot med fjärrvärmeproduktion och 429 kg CO2-eq/Mg vete för scenariot med hamninblandning i jord. För den tidsdynamiska klimatpåverkan hade scenariot med biokolsproduktion en genomgående ca 50 % lägre temperaturpåverkan under hela tidsperioden. Resultatet visade även att kolinlagringen från biokol var den största bidragande faktorn till den minskade klimatpåverkan. Användning av överskottsvärme från pyrolysprocessen hade även ett betydande påverkan till minskade klimatutsläpp.  Biokolsproduktion av restprodukten vetehalm har därigenom en stor potential till att minska klimatpåverkan från veteproduktion. Effekten av biomassaomvandlingskvoten för pyrolys av halm (mängd producerad biokol per tillförd mängd biomassa) analyserades genom en känslighetsanalys som fann att biokolsproduktion från halm är fördelaktigt även vid lägre omvandlingskvoter, 20 %. En ökning av biomassaomvandlingskvoten med 5 % kan ge ytterligare en minskning på 16-20 % av de totala utsläppen. Även effekten av jordförbättrande egenskaper som skördeökning och minskade markutsläpp av N2O analyserades. Då biokolsmängden per hektar är relativt låg och antas ge effekt endast ett år, så var dessa effekter på den totala klimatpåverkan försumbara. De ackumulerade effekterna av biokol som jordförbättring undersöktes dock inte, men skulle eventuellt kunna ge en mer betydande effekt.  För att bättre kunna analysera klimateffekterna av jordförbättring krävs dock mer forskning om effekter av biokol under svenska odlingsförhållanden över en längre tid. För att dessutom få en mer övergripande bild av potentialen för implementering av biokolsproduktion inom jordbrukssektorn så rekommenderas framtida studier för analys av olika sorters grödor, växtföljder, restprodukter och regioner.  Utifrån resultatet dras slutsatsen att gårdsproduktion av biokol från vetehalm har en möjlighet att minska klimatpåverkan från vete med ca 50 % jämfört med annan halmhantering. Biokolsproduktion är även fördelaktigt när tidsdynamiska effekter av utsläppen inkluderas. För att nå en klimatneutral veteproduktion krävs dock även andra åtgärder.

Road traffic dominates in domestic Swedish transportation and is highly dependent on fossil fuels, petrol and diesel. Currently, the use of renewable fuels in transportation accounts for less than 6% of the total energy use in transport. The demand for bioethanol to fuel transportation is growing and cannot be met through current domestic production alone. Lignocellulosic ethanol derived from agricultural crop residues may be a feasible alternative source of ethanol for securing a consistent regional fuel supply in Swedish climatic conditions.  This licentiate thesis focuses on regional transport fuel supply by considering local small-scale ethanol production from straw. It presents the results of investigations of regional transport fuel supply with respect to minimising regional CO2 emissions, cost estimates for transport fuel supply, and the availability of lignocellulosic resources for small-scale ethanol production. Regional transport fuel demand between the present and 2020 is also estimated. The results presented here show that significant bioethanol can be produced from the straw and Salix available in the studied regions and that this is sufficient to meet the regions’ current ethanol fuel demand.  A cost optimisation model for regional transport fuel supply is developed and applied for two cases in one study region, one when the ethanol production plant is integrated with an existing CHP plant (polygeneration), and one with a standalone ethanol production plant. The results of the optimisation model show that in both cases the changes in ethanol production costs have the biggest influence on the cost of supplying the regional passenger car fleet with transport fuel, followed by the petrol price and straw production costs.  By integrating the ethanol production process with a CHP plant, the costs of supplying regional passenger car fleet with transport fuel can be reduced by up to a third. Moreover, replacing petrol fuel with ethanol can cut regional CO2 emissions from transportation by half.

Orientadores: Maria Angela de Almeida Meireles Petenate, Tânia Forster Carneiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T17:37:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CardenasToro_FiorellaPatricia_D.pdf: 20104541 bytes, checksum: 3c5867a10520478debcff56ff3a375e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A fibra de palma prensada (Elaes guineensis) é um resíduo procedente da indústria de extração de óleo de palma que possui na sua composição compostos bioativos tais como alfa- e beta-caroteno, assim como os polissacarídeos (celulose e hemicelulose). Estes compostos podem ser recuperados mediante processos de extração e hidrólise com a finalidade de produzir de forma sustentável, extratos enriquecidos com carotenoides e produtos hidrolisados com aplicação na indústria química, de alimentos e farmacêutica. Entre as tecnologias que utilizam solventes limpos a altas e baixas pressões, temos a extração por Soxhlet (LPSE-SOX), extração por percolação (LPSE-PE), extração por líquido pressurizado (PLE), extração com fluído supercrítico (SFE) e hidrólise subcrítica com água (SubWH). Neste trabalho, um processo integrado utilizando SFE e SubWH foi proposto como modelo de aproveitamento integral da fibra de palma prensada. O estudo incluiu a avaliação dos efeitos dos parâmetros operacionais de extração: temperatura e pressão empregando uma razão mássica de solvente por massa de matéria-prima (S/F) de 30 na obtenção de um extrato rico em carotenoides; e dos parâmetros operacionais de hidrólise: temperatura, pressão, S/F e tempo de residência na produção de monossacarídeos e oligossacarídeos nos produtos hidrolisados. Após esse primeiro estudo, um segundo estudo dos processos de extração LPSE-SOX, LPSE-PE e PLE utilizando etanol como solvente limpo foi realizado com o objetivo de explorar as condições de operação: temperatura, pressão e vazão na razão S/F de 20, que favorecessem a produção de um extrato rico em carotenoides (alfa e beta-caroteno) incluindo a avaliação econômica de cada processo. Os resultados do primeiro estudo para o SFE utilizando dióxido de carbono como solvente indicaram que o maior rendimento de carotenoides totais no extrato foi 800 ± 200 ug beta-caroteno/g extrato na condição de 318 K (45°C) e 15 MPa. Posteriormente, os experimentos de hidrólise subcrítica da fibra de palma desengordurada obtiveram uma mistura de produtos hidrolisados e produtos de degradação de açúcares, sendo a condição de 523 K (250°C), 15 MPa, tempo de residência de 2,5 min e S/F de 120 aquela com maiores rendimentos de açúcares redutores totais (22,9 g glicose/100 g carboidrato). Este estudo mostrou a viabilidade de integração de processos para o melhor aproveitamento da fibra de palma prensada. Na segunda parte do estudo, os processos de extração com etanol à baixa e alta pressão com melhores rendimentos de carotenoides foram: 305 ± 18 ug alfa-caroteno/g extrato e 713 ± 46 ug beta-caroteno/g extrato para o processo PLE na condição de 308 K (35°C), 4 MPa, 2,4 g/min e 37 min; 142 ± 13 ug alfa-caroteno/g extrato e 317 ± 46 ug beta-caroteno/g extrato para o processo LPSE-SOX num tempo de 6 h; 79 ± 9 ug alfa-caroteno/g extrato e 195 ± 20 ug beta-caroteno/g extrato para o processo LPSE-PE na condição de 308 K (35°C), 2,4 g/min e 37 min. Os custos de manufatura (COM) na escala industrial de 0,5 m3 utilizando 2 extratores em modo contínuo foram de US$98,1/g carotenoide para o processo LPSE-SOX; US$48,9/g carotenoide para o processo LPSE-PE e US$28,7/g carotenoide para o processo PLE. Diante dos resultados obtidos no primeiro e segundo estudo, um estudo cinético dos processos de extração a altas pressões PLE e SFE foi realizado nas condições operacionais que obtiveram altos rendimentos de carotenoides no extrato. O rendimento de extração na razão S/F de 7 e 10 resultou em 90% do total do extrato obtido no final da extração para o processo PLE e SFE, respectivamente. Para o processo PLE e SFE os menores valores de COM foram encontrados para as capacidades de extratores industriais de 0,05 m3 e 0,5 m3. Para o processo PLE, na razão S/F de 8 obtiveram-se os menores valores de COM e COM* específico: US$30,4/kg extrato e US$0,02/g carotenoide para 0,5 m3. Uma tendência similar foi observada para o processo SFE com valores de COM de US$30,8/kg extrato e US$0.08/g carotenoide para 0,5 m3. Baseados nestes resultados, o processo PLE apresenta uma melhor vantagem econômica que o processo SFE e pode ser considerado como a primeira etapa do processo integrado de obtenção de extrato rico em carotenoides seguido do processo SubWH para a obtenção de produtos hidrolisados / Abstract: Pressed palm fiber (Elaes guineensis) is a residue obtained from the palm oil extraction industry that is a source of bioactive compounds such as alpha- and beta-carotene present in the residual oil and polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose), which can be recovered by extraction and hydrolysis processes in order to produce in a sustainable manner extracts enriched with carotenoid for direct application in food industry as additives and/or formation of hydrolysate products with high yields of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides with application in the chemical food and pharmaceutical industry. Technologies that use clean solvents at high and low pressures include Soxhlet extraction (LPSE-SOX), extraction by percolation (LPSE-PE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and subcritical hydrolysis (SubWH). In this work, an integrated process using SFE and SubWH was proposed as the model of completely utilization of pressed palm fiber. The study included the evaluation of the effects of operating parameters of extraction: temperature and pressure at the ratio of solvent mass to feed mass (S/F) of 30 in the obtaining of extracts rich in carotenoids and the study of operational parameters of hydrolysis: temperature, pressure, S/F and residence time on the production of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides in the hydrolyzed products. After this first study, a second study of the extraction processes LPSE-SOX, LPSE-PE and PLE using ethanol as a clean solvent was conducted in order to explore the operational conditions: temperature, pressure and flow rate at S/F ratio of 20, which promotes the production of an extract rich in carotenoids (alpha- and beta-carotene) including the economic evaluation of each process. Results of the first study for SFE using carbon dioxide as a solvent indicated that the highest yield of total carotenoids in the extract was 800 ± 200 ug alpha-carotene/g extract at the condition of 318 K (45°C) and 15 MPa. Thereafter, the experiments of subcritical hydrolysis of defatted pressed palm fiber resulted in a mixture of hydrolysate products and sugar degradation products, where the condition of 523 K (250°C), 15 MPa, residence time of 2.5 min and S/F 120 presented the highest yield of total reducing sugars (glucose 22.9 g/100 g carbohydrate). In the second part of this study, the extraction processes with ethanol at low and high pressure with highest yields of carotenoids in extracts were: 305 ± 18 ug alpha-carotene/g extract and 713 ± 46 ug beta-carotene/g extract for the PLE process at the condition of 308 K (35°C), 4 MPa, 2.4 g/min and 37 min; 142 ± 13 ug alpha-carotene/g extract and 317 ± 46 ug beta-carotene/g extract for LPSE-SOX process at 6 h; and 79 ± 9 ug alpha-carotene/g extract and 195 ± 20 ug beta-carotene/g extract for LPSE-PE process at condition of 308 K (35°C), 2.4 g/min and 37 min. The cost of manufacturing (COM) for the industrial scale of 2 extractors in continuous mode with capacity of 0.5 m3 were US$98.1/g carotenoid for the LPSE-SOX process, US$48.9/g carotenoid for the LPSE-PE process and US$28.7/g carotenoid for the PLE process. From the results obtained in the first and second study, a kinetic study of the PLE and SFE processes at the operating conditions which obtained the highest carotenoid yields from pressed palm fiber was carried out in order to find the adequate processing time and manufacturing cost. The results showed that the extraction at the S/F ratio of 7 and 10 resulted in extract yields higher than 90% for the PLE and SFE process. On the other hand, the carotenoid yield of carotenoids in the extract increased with the S/F ratio. For PLE and SFE processes, the lowest COM values were found for the industrial scale of extractors of 0.05 and 0.5 m3. For PLE process, the S/F ratio of 8 resulted in the lowest COM and specific COM* value: US$30.4/kg extract and US$0.02/g carotenoid for 0.5 m3. A similar trend was observed for the SFE process with values of US$30.8/kg extract and US$0.08/g carotenoid for capacity of 0.5 m3. Based on these results, the PLE process is economically more advantageous than the SFE process and PLE can be considered as the first step of the integrated process for obtaining of extract rich in carotenoids followed by SubWH for obtaining of hydrolysate products / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutora em Engenharia de Alimentos

Subprodutos de frutas são rotineiramente descartados pelas indústrias. Porém, são ricos em compostos bioativos, podendo ser utilizados como ingredientes em produtos funcionais, promovendo a saúde e minimizando o impacto ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o potencial funcional de subprodutos desidratados de acerola e de laranja, como fontes de compostos fenólicos, e desenvolver leites fermentados probióticos adicionados deste resíduo, avaliando suas características físico-químicas durante o armazenamento sob refrigeração (28 dias; 4 ± 1 °C), bem como o impacto das condições gastrointestinais sobre os flavonoides e as cepas probióticas. Os subprodutos foram obtidos em indústrias de processamento de frutas do estado de São Paulo, e foram realizadas as seguintes análises para caracterizá-los: composição centesimal, teores de vitamina C, minerais, fibras alimentares, compostos fenólicos totais e proantocianidinas, capacidade antioxidante in vitro e perfil cromatográfico de flavonoides (CLAE). Foram elaboradas quatro formulações de leites fermentados: F0 (controle), sem adição de resíduo de acerola (RA); F2, com 2% de RA; F5, com 5% de RA; F10, com 10% de RA. Adicionou-se a cultura probiótica ABT-4 nos produtos, constituída de duas cepas probióticas: Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Bb-12 e Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, além da cultura starter Streptococcus thermophilus. As seguintes análises foram realizadas com as formulações de leites fermentados, durante o armazenamento sob refrigeração (28 dias, 4 ± 1 °C): composição centesimal, pH, acidez, viabilidade dos microrganismos, teor de compostos fenólicos totais (CF), cor e textura instrumentais. Além disso, os leites fermentados foram submetidos a condições gastrointestinais simuladas in vitro, para avaliação do impacto na viabilidade das cepas probióticas e nos compostos fenólicos. O RA mostrou-se excelente fonte de vitamina C (605 mg/100 g b.u.), além de apresentar melhor capacidade antioxidante in vitro do que o RL. Proantocianidinas foram encontradas apenas no RA, na concentração de 617 &#181;g EC/g b.s. O teor de compostos fenólicos totais do RA (3240 &#181;g EAG/100 g b.s.) foi 3,6 vezes maior que o do RL. Os principais compostos fenólicos encontrados no RA foram: derivados de quercetina, procianidina B1, rutina, e derivados de caempferol. No RL, foram identificados: naringenina, sinensetina, homorientina, isovitexina e derivados de ácido clorogênico. Os subprodutos estudados apresentaram elevados teores de fibras totais (acima de 60%) e proteínas totais (RA: 10,4%; RL: 9,9%), além de reduzido teor de lipídeos totais (RA: 1,6%; RL: 2,6%). Os principais minerais identificados em ambos os resíduos foram: potássio, magnésio, cálcio e fósforo. Quanto às quatro formulações de leites fermentados, estas apresentaram baixo teor de lipídeos totais (menor que 1%), e o teor de proteínas totais variou entre 3,9 e 5,1 g/100 g, estando de acordo com a legislação vigente para este tipo de produto. O pH das formulações F0 (controle) e F2 manteve-se estável significativamente (p > 0,05) ao longo do período de armazenamento sob refrigeração (28 dias; 4 ± 1 °C), e das outras formulações sofreu pequena queda, mesmo assim mantendo-se acima de 4,5. A acidez das formulações, que variou entre 0,92 a 1,28 mg de ácido lático/g, aumentou entre os dias 1 e 14 de armazenamento, depois se manteve até o final da vida de prateleira. O RA não interferiu de maneira negativa nas populações de microrganismos analisadas durante o armazenamento, já que as formulações F2, F5 e F10 mantiveram suas populações em torno de 8 log UFC/g. Quanto ao teor de CF, as amostras diferiram significativamente entre si (p < 0,05), sendo que F0 apresentou teor em torno de 5 vezes inferior a F10 (21,13 e 101,13 &#181;g EAG/100 g, respectivamente, no dia 1). A cor dos produtos se manteve até o final da vida de prateleira, e diferiram significativamente (p < 0,05) entre si. O RA influenciou pouco nos parâmetros de textura dos leites fermentados, mas a formulação controle foi a única que perdeu adesividade. Após a fase gástrica da digestão simulada in vitro, no 7° dia de armazenamento, as populações de bactérias probióticas diminuíram drasticamente (quedas em torno de 3 a 5 log UFC/g), e após a fase entérica não foram detectadas contagens. Por outro lado, os flavonoides encontrados nos leites fermentados adicionados de RA aumentaram em torno de 2 a 5 vezes, após a fase gástrica, mantendo-se ou sofrendo pequena queda após fase entérica. Estes resultados mostram que o pó de subprodutos de acerola é um valioso ingrediente a ser utilizado em alimentos funcionais, pois é rico em vitamina C, fibras e compostos fenólicos, agregando valor nutricional, além de servir como antioxidante natural. Seus flavonoides parecem ser altamente resistentes aos ácidos e sais da digestão, podendo, assim, exercer efeitos positivos sobre a saúde. / Fruits by-products are routinely discarded by industries. However, they are rich in bioactive compounds, and can be used as ingredients in functional foods, promoting health and minimizing environmental impact. The objective of this study was to investigate the functional potential of acerola and orange dehydrated by-products, as sources of phenolic compounds, and to develop probiotic fermented milks suplemented with this residues, evaluating its physico-chemical characteristics during refrigerated storage (28 days, 4 ± 1 °C), as well as the impact of gastrointestinal conditions on flavonoids and probiotic strains. The by-products were obtained from fruit processing industries of São Paulo, and the following analyzes were performed to characterize them: contents of moisture, ash, lipids, proteins, vitamin C, minerals, dietary fibers, total phenolic compounds and proanthocyanidins, antioxidant capacity in vitro and flavonoids chromatographic profile (HPLC). Were elaborated four formulations of fermented milks: F0 (control), without addition of acerola residue (AR); F2, with 2% AR; F5, with 5% AR; F10, with 10% AR. Was used the probiotic culture ABT-4, composed of two probiotic strains, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Bb-12 and Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, in addition to the starter culture Streptococcus thermophilus. During the refrigerated storage (28 days, 4 ± 1 °C), the following analyzes were performed with the fermented milks: contents of moisture, ash, lipids and proteins, pH, acidity, viability of microorganisms, total phenolic compounds (PC), instrumental color and texture. In addition, the fermented milks were submitted to in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions to evaluate the impact on the viability of probiotic strains and phenolic compounds. AR presented excellent content of vitamin C (605 mg/100 g), in addition to presenting better antioxidant capacity in vitro than orange residue (OR). Proanthocyanidins were found only in AR (617 &#181;g CE/g). The PC content of AR (3240 &#181;g GAE/100 g) was 3.6 higher than in OR. The phenolic compounds identified in AR were quercetin-3-rhamnoside, rutin and others quercetin derivatives, procyanidin B1 and kaempferol derivatives. In OR, were identified naringenin, sinensetin, homorientin, isovitexin and chlorogenic acid derivatives. The by-products studied showed high total fibers content (above 60%) and total proteins (AR: 10.4%, OR: 9.9%), as well as reduced total lipids content (AR: 1.6%; OR: 2.6%). Both residues showed high levels of potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. The four formulations of fermented milks presented low total lipids content (below 1%), and the total proteins content ranged from 3.9 to 5.1 g/100 g, being in agreement with the legislation. The pH of F0 (control) and F2 formulations remained stable (p > 0.05) throughout the refrigerated storage period (28 days, 4 ± 1 °C), and the other formulations showed a small decreased, even thus remaining above 4.5. The acidity of the formulations, ranging from 0.92 to 1.28 mg of lactic acid/g, increased between days 1 and 14 of storage, then remained until the end of shelf life. The AR did not negatively interfere in the populations of microorganisms analyzed during storage, since the formulations F2, F5 and F10 maintained their populations around 8 log CFU/g. Regarding PC content, the samples differed significantly (p < 0.05), with F0 being about 5 lower than F10 (21.13 and 101.13 &#181;g GAE/100 g, respectively, in the day 1). The instrumental color of the products remained until the end of shelf life, and differed significantly (p < 0.05) from each other. The AR influenced a little in the texture parameters of the fermented milks, but the control formulation was the only one that lost adhesiveness. After the gastric phase of the simulated digestion in vitro, on the 7th day of storage, the populations of probiotic bacteria decreased dramatically (of 3 to 5 log CFU/g), and after the enteric phase no colonies were detected. On the other hand, the flavonoids found in the fermented milks that were suplemented with AR increased from 2 to 5 times, after the gastric phase, maintaining or suffering small decreased after enteric phase. These results show that acerola by-products powder is a valuable ingredient to be used in functional foods because it is rich in vitamin C, dietary fibers and phenolic compounds, adding nutritional value, and serving as a natural antioxidant. Its flavonoids appear to be highly resistant to the acids and salts of digestion and can thus have positive effects on health.

Subprodutos de frutas são rotineiramente descartados pelas indústrias. Porém, são ricos em compostos bioativos, podendo ser utilizados como ingredientes em produtos funcionais, promovendo a saúde e minimizando o impacto ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o potencial funcional de subprodutos desidratados de acerola e de laranja, como fontes de compostos fenólicos, e desenvolver leites fermentados probióticos adicionados deste resíduo, avaliando suas características físico-químicas durante o armazenamento sob refrigeração (28 dias; 4 ± 1 °C), bem como o impacto das condições gastrointestinais sobre os flavonoides e as cepas probióticas. Os subprodutos foram obtidos em indústrias de processamento de frutas do estado de São Paulo, e foram realizadas as seguintes análises para caracterizá-los: composição centesimal, teores de vitamina C, minerais, fibras alimentares, compostos fenólicos totais e proantocianidinas, capacidade antioxidante in vitro e perfil cromatográfico de flavonoides (CLAE). Foram elaboradas quatro formulações de leites fermentados: F0 (controle), sem adição de resíduo de acerola (RA); F2, com 2% de RA; F5, com 5% de RA; F10, com 10% de RA. Adicionou-se a cultura probiótica ABT-4 nos produtos, constituída de duas cepas probióticas: Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Bb-12 e Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, além da cultura starter Streptococcus thermophilus. As seguintes análises foram realizadas com as formulações de leites fermentados, durante o armazenamento sob refrigeração (28 dias, 4 ± 1 °C): composição centesimal, pH, acidez, viabilidade dos microrganismos, teor de compostos fenólicos totais (CF), cor e textura instrumentais. Além disso, os leites fermentados foram submetidos a condições gastrointestinais simuladas in vitro, para avaliação do impacto na viabilidade das cepas probióticas e nos compostos fenólicos. O RA mostrou-se excelente fonte de vitamina C (605 mg/100 g b.u.), além de apresentar melhor capacidade antioxidante in vitro do que o RL. Proantocianidinas foram encontradas apenas no RA, na concentração de 617 &#181;g EC/g b.s. O teor de compostos fenólicos totais do RA (3240 &#181;g EAG/100 g b.s.) foi 3,6 vezes maior que o do RL. Os principais compostos fenólicos encontrados no RA foram: derivados de quercetina, procianidina B1, rutina, e derivados de caempferol. No RL, foram identificados: naringenina, sinensetina, homorientina, isovitexina e derivados de ácido clorogênico. Os subprodutos estudados apresentaram elevados teores de fibras totais (acima de 60%) e proteínas totais (RA: 10,4%; RL: 9,9%), além de reduzido teor de lipídeos totais (RA: 1,6%; RL: 2,6%). Os principais minerais identificados em ambos os resíduos foram: potássio, magnésio, cálcio e fósforo. Quanto às quatro formulações de leites fermentados, estas apresentaram baixo teor de lipídeos totais (menor que 1%), e o teor de proteínas totais variou entre 3,9 e 5,1 g/100 g, estando de acordo com a legislação vigente para este tipo de produto. O pH das formulações F0 (controle) e F2 manteve-se estável significativamente (p > 0,05) ao longo do período de armazenamento sob refrigeração (28 dias; 4 ± 1 °C), e das outras formulações sofreu pequena queda, mesmo assim mantendo-se acima de 4,5. A acidez das formulações, que variou entre 0,92 a 1,28 mg de ácido lático/g, aumentou entre os dias 1 e 14 de armazenamento, depois se manteve até o final da vida de prateleira. O RA não interferiu de maneira negativa nas populações de microrganismos analisadas durante o armazenamento, já que as formulações F2, F5 e F10 mantiveram suas populações em torno de 8 log UFC/g. Quanto ao teor de CF, as amostras diferiram significativamente entre si (p < 0,05), sendo que F0 apresentou teor em torno de 5 vezes inferior a F10 (21,13 e 101,13 &#181;g EAG/100 g, respectivamente, no dia 1). A cor dos produtos se manteve até o final da vida de prateleira, e diferiram significativamente (p < 0,05) entre si. O RA influenciou pouco nos parâmetros de textura dos leites fermentados, mas a formulação controle foi a única que perdeu adesividade. Após a fase gástrica da digestão simulada in vitro, no 7° dia de armazenamento, as populações de bactérias probióticas diminuíram drasticamente (quedas em torno de 3 a 5 log UFC/g), e após a fase entérica não foram detectadas contagens. Por outro lado, os flavonoides encontrados nos leites fermentados adicionados de RA aumentaram em torno de 2 a 5 vezes, após a fase gástrica, mantendo-se ou sofrendo pequena queda após fase entérica. Estes resultados mostram que o pó de subprodutos de acerola é um valioso ingrediente a ser utilizado em alimentos funcionais, pois é rico em vitamina C, fibras e compostos fenólicos, agregando valor nutricional, além de servir como antioxidante natural. Seus flavonoides parecem ser altamente resistentes aos ácidos e sais da digestão, podendo, assim, exercer efeitos positivos sobre a saúde. / Fruits by-products are routinely discarded by industries. However, they are rich in bioactive compounds, and can be used as ingredients in functional foods, promoting health and minimizing environmental impact. The objective of this study was to investigate the functional potential of acerola and orange dehydrated by-products, as sources of phenolic compounds, and to develop probiotic fermented milks suplemented with this residues, evaluating its physico-chemical characteristics during refrigerated storage (28 days, 4 ± 1 °C), as well as the impact of gastrointestinal conditions on flavonoids and probiotic strains. The by-products were obtained from fruit processing industries of São Paulo, and the following analyzes were performed to characterize them: contents of moisture, ash, lipids, proteins, vitamin C, minerals, dietary fibers, total phenolic compounds and proanthocyanidins, antioxidant capacity in vitro and flavonoids chromatographic profile (HPLC). Were elaborated four formulations of fermented milks: F0 (control), without addition of acerola residue (AR); F2, with 2% AR; F5, with 5% AR; F10, with 10% AR. Was used the probiotic culture ABT-4, composed of two probiotic strains, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Bb-12 and Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, in addition to the starter culture Streptococcus thermophilus. During the refrigerated storage (28 days, 4 ± 1 °C), the following analyzes were performed with the fermented milks: contents of moisture, ash, lipids and proteins, pH, acidity, viability of microorganisms, total phenolic compounds (PC), instrumental color and texture. In addition, the fermented milks were submitted to in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions to evaluate the impact on the viability of probiotic strains and phenolic compounds. AR presented excellent content of vitamin C (605 mg/100 g), in addition to presenting better antioxidant capacity in vitro than orange residue (OR). Proanthocyanidins were found only in AR (617 &#181;g CE/g). The PC content of AR (3240 &#181;g GAE/100 g) was 3.6 higher than in OR. The phenolic compounds identified in AR were quercetin-3-rhamnoside, rutin and others quercetin derivatives, procyanidin B1 and kaempferol derivatives. In OR, were identified naringenin, sinensetin, homorientin, isovitexin and chlorogenic acid derivatives. The by-products studied showed high total fibers content (above 60%) and total proteins (AR: 10.4%, OR: 9.9%), as well as reduced total lipids content (AR: 1.6%; OR: 2.6%). Both residues showed high levels of potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. The four formulations of fermented milks presented low total lipids content (below 1%), and the total proteins content ranged from 3.9 to 5.1 g/100 g, being in agreement with the legislation. The pH of F0 (control) and F2 formulations remained stable (p > 0.05) throughout the refrigerated storage period (28 days, 4 ± 1 °C), and the other formulations showed a small decreased, even thus remaining above 4.5. The acidity of the formulations, ranging from 0.92 to 1.28 mg of lactic acid/g, increased between days 1 and 14 of storage, then remained until the end of shelf life. The AR did not negatively interfere in the populations of microorganisms analyzed during storage, since the formulations F2, F5 and F10 maintained their populations around 8 log CFU/g. Regarding PC content, the samples differed significantly (p < 0.05), with F0 being about 5 lower than F10 (21.13 and 101.13 &#181;g GAE/100 g, respectively, in the day 1). The instrumental color of the products remained until the end of shelf life, and differed significantly (p < 0.05) from each other. The AR influenced a little in the texture parameters of the fermented milks, but the control formulation was the only one that lost adhesiveness. After the gastric phase of the simulated digestion in vitro, on the 7th day of storage, the populations of probiotic bacteria decreased dramatically (of 3 to 5 log CFU/g), and after the enteric phase no colonies were detected. On the other hand, the flavonoids found in the fermented milks that were suplemented with AR increased from 2 to 5 times, after the gastric phase, maintaining or suffering small decreased after enteric phase. These results show that acerola by-products powder is a valuable ingredient to be used in functional foods because it is rich in vitamin C, dietary fibers and phenolic compounds, adding nutritional value, and serving as a natural antioxidant. Its flavonoids appear to be highly resistant to the acids and salts of digestion and can thus have positive effects on health.

L’objectif de ces travaux consiste à développer de nouvelles briques de terre cuite à base d’agents porogènes biosourcés dans le but d’obtenir des matériaux à haute performance thermique. Les matières premières, argile et biomasse, ont d’abord été caractérisées de manière individuelle. L’utilisation de co-produits agricoles (paille de blé, tourteau de tournesol et farine de noyaux d’olive) en tant qu’agents porogènes pour l’obtention de briques de terre cuite porosées a ensuite été étudiée. L’intérêt d’ajouter des éléments biosourcés entraînant une augmentation de la porosité, une augmentation de la résistance thermique malgré une diminution des propriétés mécaniques a alors été démontré. Toutefois, des problèmes de plasticité causant des soucis de mise en forme au niveau des échantillons ont été identifiés. Après avoir optimisé le taux de sable, l’impact de la granulométrie des matières végétales ainsi que leur taux d’incorporation ont été évalués. Une porosité maximale de 34,4 %, constituée de macropores, a été obtenue dans les conditions expérimentales optimales conduisant à une conductivité thermique de 0,45 W/m.K, soit une diminution de 15 % par rapport à un échantillon de référence sans matière végétale. Afin de continuer à améliorer les propriétés du matériau argileux obtenu, il a ensuite été envisagé de créer une microporosité en modifiant chimiquement les matières végétales qui seraient ensuite dégradées lors de la cuisson. Pour cela, les matières végétales ont été modifiées soit par imprégnation directe de carbonates soit par greffage de nouvelles fonctions carbonates ou esters. Les matières ainsi modifiées ont ensuite été incorporées dans les formulation de terre cuite et les propriétés des matériaux obtenus ont été mesurées (physiques, mécanique et thermique). Enfin, l’impact environnemental potentiel des échantillons contenant des additifs modifiés a été étudié à travers une Analyse de Cycle de Vie. Les différents scénarios, simples (avec un seul agent porogène) ou combinés (avec un agent végétal et un agent de synthèse) ont été comparés avec la méthode ReCiPe. Les étapes présentant les impacts les plus importants ont été mises en exergue. Il a également été démontré que le choix de l’unité fonctionnelle pouvait modifier radicalement les conclusions de l’étude. / The objective of this work is to develop new clay bricks with biobased pore-forming agents in order to obtain materials with high thermal performance. The raw materials, clay and biomass, were first characterized individually. The use of agricultural by-products (wheat straw, sunflower seed cake and olive stone flour) as pore-forming agents for the production of porous clay bricks was then studied. The benefits of the addition of biobased components that increase the porosity and the thermal resistance was demonstrated even if it results in a decrease of mechanical properties. However, problems of plasticity causing trouble during the extrusion of samples were identified. After optimizing the sand rate, the impact of the particle size of the biomass and the rate of incorporation were assessed. A maximum porosity of 34.4%, made up of macropores was obtained under optimal experimental conditions, leading to a thermal conductivity of 0.45 W/m.K, representing a decrease of 15 % compared to the reference brick without additive. In order to improve the properties of the resulting material, it was considered to create microporosity, thanks to the chemical modification of the vegetable materials that will be degraded during the firing process. For this, the agricultural by-products were modified either by direct impregnation of carbonates or by grafting of new chemical moieties (carbonate or ester). These modified matters were then incorporated into the clay formulation and the properties of the obtained bricks were measured (physical, mechanical and thermal ones). Finally, the potential environmental impact of the modified samples containing additives was studied through a Life Cycle Assessment. Different scenarios, simple (with one pore-forming agent) or combined (with a crude vegetable agent and a synthesized one) were compared with the ReCiPe method. The steps from the process with the most significant impacts were highlighted. It was also shown that the choice of the functional unit could radically alter the conclusions of the study.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Herstellung geformter Adsorbentien aus den Agrarreststoffen Reisstroh und Bagasse. Dazu wurde eine neue Prozessroute entwickelt, anhand welcher die Ausgangsstoffe zunächst pelletiert und anschließend pyrolysiert werden. Ziel ist es ein Produkt mit hoher mechanischer Festigkeit (Ball Pan Hardness) > 80 % und spezifischer Oberfläche > 300 m2/g zu erzeugen. Dies ist durch die Auswahl geeigneter Mischungszusammensetzungen, die Anpassungen der Pelletierparameter und des Pyrolyseregimes möglich. Zusätzliche Aktivierungsschritte führen zu einer weiteren Verbesserung der spezifischen Oberfläche. Auf Basis der experimentellen Untersuchungen wurden mittels statistischer Methoden Einfluss- und Zielgrößen in Hinblick auf die anschließende empirische mathematische Modellentwicklung ausgewählt. Damit kann die spezifische Oberfläche anhand von validierten, nicht-linearen Regressionsmodellen mithilfe von Prozessparametern abgebildet werden kann.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Symbolverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 2 Grundlagen 2.1 Zusammensetzung und struktureller Aufbau biogener Reststoffe 2.1.1 Aufkommen biogener Reststoffe 2.1.2 Stoffliche Zusammensetzung biogener Reststoffe 2.1.3 Struktureller Aufbau biogener Reststoffe 2.2 Pelletierung biogener Rohstoffe 2.2.1 Wirkungsweise der Pelletierung 2.2.2 Stand der Forschung zur Einflussnahme auf die spezifischen Eigenschaften von Pellets aus biogenen Rohstoffen 2.3 Charakterisierung und Herstellung technischer Adsorbentien 2.3.1 Begriffsklärung, Einteilung und typische Eigenschaften technischer Adsorbentien 2.3.2 Stand der Forschung zu Wandlungsvorgängen und ihren Effekten bei der Herstellung kohlenstoffhaltiger Adsorbentien aus biogenen Rohstoffen 2.4 Ableitung der Aufgabenstellung zur Herstellung von geformten Adsorbentien aus Agrarreststoffen 3 Material und Methoden 3.1 Untersuchte biogene Reststoffe 3.2 Herstellung der Produkte und Begriffsklärung 3.2.1 Herstellung der Biomassepellets 3.2.2 Pyrolyse der biogenen Reststoffe und Pellets 3.2.3 Aktivierung der Biomassen und Formkohlen 3.3 Charakterisierung der Ausgangsstoffe, Zwischenprodukte und Produkte 3.3.1 Stoffliche Zusammensetzung 3.3.2 Mechanisch-physikalische Eigenschaften 3.3.3 Adsorptionsspezifische Eigenschaften 3.4 Vorgehensweise zur empirischen Modellentwicklung 3.5 Fehlerbetrachtung 4 Diskussion der experimentellen Ergebnisse 4.1 Charakterisierung der eingesetzten Rohstoffe 4.2 Auswahl geeigneter Mischungszusammensetzungen und Pelletierbedingungen zur Herstellung von Formkohlen 4.3 Einfluss der Pyrolysebedingungen auf die Eigenschaften der Formkohle 4.3.1 Einfluss des Pelletwassergehaltes auf die spezifische Oberfläche der Formkohlen 4.3.2 Einfluss des Pyrolyseregimes auf die spezifische Oberfläche der Formkohlen 4.4 Einfluss von Aktivierungsschritten auf die Eigenschaften der Formaktivkohlen 4.4.1 Einfluss der chemischen Aktivierung der Biomassen 4.4.2 Einfluss der Aktivierung der Formkohlen 5 Empirische mathematische Modellentwicklung 5.1 Auswahl relevanter Einflussgrößen und Zielgrößen für die empirische Modellentwicklung 5.2 Modellentwicklung zur Abbildung der spezifischen Oberfläche anhand ausgewählter Einflussgrößen 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 7 Literatur 8 Anhang A. Recherche zur Zusammensetzung ausgewählter Agrarreststoff B. Übersicht über ausgewählte, wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen zur Herstellung von Biomassepellets C. Übersicht über ausgewählte, wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen zur Aktivierung von (pyrolysierten) Agrarreststoffen D. Übersicht über ausgewählte, wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen zur Herstellung (geformter) Kohlenstoffadsorbentien aus Reisstroh und Bagasse E. Übersicht über die Ball Pan Hardness und spezifische Oberfläche kommerziell erhältlicher Form(aktiv)kohlen F. Übersicht über die genutzten Messgeräte und die zugehörigen Messfehler G. Zusammensetzung der Aschen aus Bagasse und Reisstroh H. Übersicht über ausgewählte Charakteristika der hergestellten Formkohlen und kommerziell erhältlicher Produkte

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Actualmente, la sostenibilidad del sector porcino depende de su capacidad para responder a la elevada demanda de productos ganaderos derivada del crecimiento de la población, adaptándose a los cambios en los contextos económico y político, y mejorando su rendimiento medioambiental mediante la mitigación de su impacto ambiental. En este contexto, el uso de subproductos agroindustriales ofrece materias primas alternativas en producción animal, con una menor carga ambiental asociada, en forma de piensos para el ganado, fuente de compuestos bioactivos o materias primas útiles en la producción de bioenergía. Esta tesis doctoral pretende evaluar el uso de subproductos agroindustriales mediterráneos como ingredientes en piensos para el ganado porcino o como co-substratos para la producción de biogás. Con este objetivo, se diseñaron y realizaron cuatro ensayos para evaluar el uso de subproductos de la industria del aceite de oliva y del zumo de naranja en alimentación porcina, evaluando su valor nutricional y las consecuencias de su inclusión sobre el rendimiento y la salud de los animales, la calidad del producto final y las emisiones de gases de los purines. Además, se realizó un ensayo para evaluar el efecto de cuatro sustratos agrícolas sobre el potencial bioquímico de metano (BMP) en co-digestión anaerobia con purines. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de los ensayos de valor nutricional indican que las tortas de aceituna y las pulpas de naranja ensayadas pueden ser incluidas en la dieta con cambios asociados en la excreción de nutrientes que conducen a modificaciones en las emisiones potenciales de amoníaco y BMP de los purines. En cuanto a los subproductos de la torta de aceituna, el ensayo de valor nutricional con tortas de aceituna crudas (COC) y parcialmente desgrasadas (PDOC) mostró que ambas tortas son fuentes apreciables de fibra insoluble, pero tienen un valor energético limitado (11.2 y 7.4 MJ/kg MS para COC y PDOC respectivamente) y un bajo valor como fuente de proteínas. En cambio, las pulpas de naranja deshidratadas (DOP) y ensilada secada al sol (ESDOP) ensayadas son una fuente de energía relevante (14.2 y 13.2 MJ/kg MS para DOP y ESDOP respectivamente) con valor añadido debido a su contenido en fibra soluble. En los ensayos de emisiones in vitro, los subproductos ensayados generaron una disminución en la excreción de N en la orina y, en el caso de la pulpa de aceituna, un aumento de la excreción de materia seca en heces. La emisión de amoniaco por kg de purín disminuyó con la inclusión de torta de aceituna y pulpa de naranja, mientras que el BMP por animal y día se vio negativamente afectado por la inclusión de torta de aceituna obteniendo un mayor BMP con estos subproductos. En cuanto a los ensayos de rendimientos productivos, la PDOC y la DOP pueden incluirse en la dieta hasta 120 y 240 g/kg respectivamente, sin efectos negativos en el caso de la PDOC y efectos menores para la DOP sobre los rendimientos productivos, la composición corporal y la calidad de la canal. La inclusión de PDOC y DOP no afectó a los recuentos microbianos ni al volumen, la composición y la emisión global de gases de los purines. Además, se observaron efectos beneficiosos sobre la grasa subcutánea con la inclusión de PDOC, mejorando su concentración en ácido oleico. La co-digestión anaerobia de subproductos agrícolas y purines mejora el BMP de la mezcla de sustratos en comparación con la digestión única de purines. Se obtuvieron mayores valores de BMP con la adición de los sustratos agrícolas, lo que confirma el mejor rendimiento de los sistemas en co-digestión a niveles de inclusión adecuados. Las combinaciones con tomate, pimiento y melocotón al nivel de inclusión 3 (50% de SV) alcanzaron el mayor BMP. Esto supuso un incremento del BMP del 41% con tomate, 44% con pimiento, 28% con melocotón y 12% con caqui. Los sustratos vegetales mostraron un mayor contenido en lípidos, prote / [CAT Actualment, la sostenibilitat del sector porcí depèn de la seua capacitat per a respondre a l'elevada demanda de productes ramaders derivada del creixement de la població, adaptant-se als canvis en els contextos econòmic i polític, i millorant el seu rendiment mediambiental mitjançant la mitigació del seu impacte ambiental. En aquest context, l'ús de subproductes agroindustrials ofereix matèries primeres alternatives en producció animal, amb una menor càrrega ambiental associada, en forma de pinsos per al bestiar, font de compostos bioactius o matèries primeres útils en la producció de bioenergia. Aquesta tesi doctoral pretén avaluar l'ús de subproductes agroindustrials mediterranis com a ingredients en pinsos per al bestiar porcí o com co-substrats per a la producció de biogàs. Amb aquest objectiu, es van dissenyar i realitzar quatre assajos per a avaluar l'ús de subproductes de la indústria de l'oli d'oliva i del suc de taronja en alimentació porcina, avaluant el seu valor nutricional i les conseqüències de la seua inclusió sobre el rendiment i la salut dels animals, la qualitat del producte final i les emissions de gasos dels purins. A més, es va realitzar un assaig per a avaluar l'efecte de quatre substrats agrícoles sobre el potencial bioquímic de metà (BMP) en co-digestió anaeròbia amb purins. Els resultats obtinguts a partir dels assajos de valor nutricional indiquen que les trotes d'oliva i les polpes de taronja assajades poden ser incloses en la dieta amb canvis associats en l'excreció de nutrients que condueixen a modificacions en les emissions potencials d'amoníac i BMP dels purins. Quant als subproductes de la torta d'oliva, l'assaig de valor nutricional amb tortes d'oliva crues (COC) i parcialment desengreixades (PDOC) va mostrar que totes dues coques són fonts apreciables de fibra insoluble, però tenen un valor energètic limitat (11.2 i 7.4 MJ/kg MS per a COC i PDOC respectivament) i un baix valor com a font de proteïnes. En canvi, les polpes de taronja deshidratades (DOP) i ensitjada assecada al sol (ESDOP) assajades són una font d'energia rellevant (14.2 i 13.2 MJ/kg MS per a DOP i ESDOP respectivament) amb valor afegit a causa del seu contingut en fibra soluble. Pel que fa als assajos d'emissions in vitro, els subproductes assajats van generar una disminució en l'excreció de N en l'orina i, en el cas de la polpa d'oliva, un augment de l'excreció de matèria seca en femtes. L'emissió d'amoníac per kg de purí va disminuir amb la inclusió de torta d'oliva i polpa de taronja, mentre que el BMP per animal i dia es va veure negativament afectat per la inclusió de torta d'oliva obtenint un major BMP amb aquests subproductes. Quant als assajos de rendiments productius, la PDOC i la DOP poden incloure's en la dieta fins a 120 i 240 g/kg respectivament, sense efectes negatius en el cas de la PDOC i efectes menors per a la DOP sobre els rendiments productius, la composició corporal i la qualitat de la canal. La inclusió de PDOC i DOP no va afectar els recomptes microbians ni al volum, la composició i l'emissió global de gasos dels purins. A més, es van observar efectes beneficiosos sobre el greix subcutani amb la inclusió de PDOC, millorant la seua concentració en àcid oleic. La co-digestió anaeròbia de subproductes agrícoles i purins millora el BMP de la mescla de substrats en comparació amb la digestió única de purins. Es van obtenir majors valors de BMP amb l'addició dels substrats agrícoles, la qual cosa confirma el millor rendiment dels sistemes en co-digestió a nivells d'inclusió adequats. Les combinacions amb tomaca, pimentó i bresquilla al nivell d'inclusió 3 (50% de SV) van aconseguir el major BMP. Això va suposar un increment del BMP del 41% amb tomaca, 44% amb pimentó, 28% amb bresquilla i 12% amb caqui. Els substrats vegetals van mostrar un major contingut en lípids, proteïnes, lignina i cel·lulosa que els substrats de fruita. / [EN] Nowadays the sustainability of the pig sector relies on its capability to respond to the increasing demands for livestock products that are arising from population growth, adapting to changes in the economic and policy contexts, and improving its environmental performance through the mitigation of its impact on climate. In this framework, the use of the agro-industrial by-products offers potential alternative raw materials for animal production with a lower associated environmental burden in the form of feedstuffs for livestock, source of bioactive compounds or raw materials useful in bioenergy production. This PhD thesis aims to evaluate the use of Mediterranean agro-industrial by-products as feed ingredients for pigs or co-substrates for biogas production. To fulfil these objectives, four trials were designed and conducted to evaluate the use of olive oil and orange juice industry by-products in swine nutrition, assessing its nutritional value and the consequences of its inclusion in the diet on animals' performance and health, final product quality traits and gas emissions associated to the pig slurry. Additionally, one more trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of four agricultural substrates (tomato, pepper, peach and kaki) on the biochemical methane potential (BMP) in anaerobic co-digestion with pig slurry, focusing on the type of substrate and its inclusion level on the final substrate's mixture. The results presented in this PhD Thesis from the nutritional value assays indicate that the olive cakes and orange pulps tested can be potentially included in pig diets with associated changes in urine and faeces nutrients excretion that leads to modifications in the potential ammonia and BMP emissions from slurries. Concerning olive cake by-products, the nutritional value assay designed to test the crude (COC) and partially defatted (PDOC) olive cakes showed that they are appreciable sources of insoluble fibre but have limited energy value (11.2 and 7.4 MJ/kg DM for COC and PDOC respectively) and a low value as protein source. On the contrary, the dehydrated (DOP) and ensiled sun-dried (ESDOP) orange pulps tested are a relevant energy source (14.2 and 13.2 MJ/kg DM for DOP and ESDOP respectively) with added value in terms of SF concentration. With respect to the in vitro potential ammonia and BMP emissions assays, the by-products tested led to a decreased N excretion in urine and, in the case of the OC, increased DM excretion in faeces. The ammonia emission per kg of slurry decreased with the inclusion of olive cake and orange pulp, whereas the BMP per animal and per day was negatively affected by the inclusion of olive cake obtaining higher BMP with these by-products. Regarding the performance assays, the PDOC and the DOP may be included in balanced pig diets at rates of up to 120 and 240 g/kg respectively, without negative effects in the case of PDOC and minor effects for DOC on growth performance, body composition and carcass quality traits. Contrary to what was expected, the inclusion of PDOC and DOP did not affect microbial counts nor excreta volume, composition and global gas emission from the slurry. Additionally, beneficial effects on subcutaneous fat were observed with the inclusion of PDOC, improving its oleic acid concentration. The anaerobic co-digestion of agricultural by-products and pig slurry improves the BMP from the mixture compared to only pig slurry anaerobic digestion. Higher BMP values were obtained with increasing addition of agricultural substrate, confirming the better performance of co-digestion systems at adequate inclusion levels. In fact, combinations with tomato, pepper and peach at inclusion level 3 (50% of VS) achieved the highest BMP. This resulted in an increase in BMP of 41% with tomato, 44% with pepper, 28% with peach and 12% with kaki. Vegetable substrates (pepper and tomato) showed higher lipid, protein, lignin and cellulose content than fruit substrates (kaki and peach). / Ferrer Riera, P. (2021). Valorisation of Mediterranean agroindustrial by-products in pig production as feed and anaerobic co-digestion of slurry [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171747 / Compendio