The subject of this study is the rural settlements in Classical Greece. There is no doubt that there were various factors determined the ancient settlement patterns in Greek countryside. Geographical conditions, socio-economic and political structures can be regarded as major significant factors behind the settlement practices of ancient societies. In this study the relationships between agricultural system and rural settlements of Classical Greece will be examined.

Chosen agricultural enterprise Agricultural Cooperative Slapy u Tábora farms in the South Bohemia Region near the Tábor city. Analysis of inner structure of this farm was worked out for the period 1996 {--} 2006. Harvest area and yield of individual crops, mineral fertilizer consumption and cattle stock have been used for the analysis. On the basis of performed analysis, variants of inner structure have been calculated, aimed on production of bioenergy: cereals for bioethanol production, raps for biodiesel production, biogas. From aspect of energetic gain, the variant for bioethanol production was evaluated as optimal.

Chosen agricultural enterprise Agricultural-Trading Cooperative Farm operates 20 km away from České Budějovice in South Bohemia Region. Analysis of inner structure of this farm was performed for period 1997 {--} 2006. To project inner structure of the agricultural system, it is necessary to know the harvest area and yield of individual crops, cattle stock, and mineral fertilizer consumption. On the basis of performed analysis, using carbon-balance method, projects of inner structure specialized in bioenergy production were calculated. The production of bioethanol from cereals, oil from rape and biogas from cattle breeding refuse are taken into account. At comparison of individual variants from aspect of energetic gain under existing natural conditions, the variant specialized in cereals for ethanol production proves as the most suitable.

The chosen agricultural enterprise, Agricultural Cooperative Skalka {--} Jankov farms in the South Bohemia region near the city of České Budějovice. Analysis of the inner structure of the agricultural system was calculated for a ten-year period 1998 {--} 2007. Data used for the analysis include: harvest area, yield of individual crops, mineral fertilizer consumption and cattle stock. On the basis of this analysis, using carbon balance principles, variants of agricultural inner structure project have been worked out, aimed at bioenergy production: cereals for production of bioethanol, raps for biodiesel production, biogas.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-01-13T16:49:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 brunonovelinovittoretto.pdf: 13014221 bytes, checksum: bd390e4a265e6b7d47478095e667fef6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-01-31T11:14:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 brunonovelinovittoretto.pdf: 13014221 bytes, checksum: bd390e4a265e6b7d47478095e667fef6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T11:14:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 brunonovelinovittoretto.pdf: 13014221 bytes, checksum: bd390e4a265e6b7d47478095e667fef6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente tese busca uma compreensão sobre a fronteira agrária do café na região da Zona da Mata mineira, estabelecida entre os anos de 1870 e 1940. O trabalho faz parte de uma tentativa de interpretação dos elementos autônomos da Mata enquanto principal região produtora da rubiácea em Minas Gerais, frente às transformações nos dois extremos da cadeia internacional da commodity. Para tanto, analisa ao longo de todo o texto a ação metabólica ocorrida entre os dois elementos do sistema agrário, o trabalho e a terra. Através de um duplo recorte espacial, primeiro busca compreender de que forma se estabeleceu a mão de obra nas unidades de produção cafeeira em dois períodos distintos do status jurídico do trabalho. Em um segundo momento, avalia a posse e a disponibilidade da terra enquanto elementos de reprodução da economia do café nas localidades em foco. Partindo desses dois pontos, enfim, descreve um modelo de fronteira cafeeira para a região, em suas demarcações espaciais e cronológicas distintas. / This thesis seeks an understanding of the agrarian frontier of coffee in Zona da Mata region, established between the years 1870 and 1940. The work is part of an attempt to interpret the autonomous elements of Mata as the main rubiacea producing region in Minas Gerais, considering all changes at both extremes of international commodity chain. It analyzes throughout the text the metabolic action occurred between agricultural system’s two elements: labor and land. Employing a double spatial cutting, first seeks to understand how labor was settled in coffee production farms in two different periods of its legal status. In a second step, evaluates the possession and availability of land while crucial coffee economy’s reproduction elements in all localities in focus. From these two points, lastly, describes a coffee frontier model for the region, in its distinguished spatial and chronological boundaries.

Tools that highlight the human impact on ecosystems and the accelerating depletion of natural resources are essential in the strife towards a more sustainable way of living. Emergy analysis is a scientific and robust method to assess the degree of sustainability of human as well as natural systems. Despite the advantages of the method, its public breakthrough has been slow. One reason could be that the results of an emergy analysis are difficult to grasp. In contrast, ecological footprint is a concept that has a widespread impact, much due to its pedagogical disposition. Ecological footprint made use of the vision to develop a method to well communicate the magnitude of human effect on nature. Another more recently created method suitable in this context is ecosystem services. Ecosystem services as a concept is not yet so well developed methodologically, but its use of mainstream concepts point toward a promising application. The main purpose of this study is to make the emergy analysis and ecosystem services methods more accessible and also to facilitate effective communication of the results from these methods. The second part of the study aims to assess the degree of sustainability ofan agricultural system in central Sweden by means of emergy analysis and ecosystems services. By demonstrating the results of the emergy analysis as a foot- and fingerprint, a better understanding of the outcome may be achieved. The footprint, here called emergy-based footprint, visualizes all resources used in the production system. An emergy-based fingerprint identifies the resources of the most important items in the system. Furthermore, ecosystem services are evaluated from a data matrix and presented by means of a radar diagram. Alternative scenarios for the agricultural system were created in the study, each presented as an emergy-based foot- and fingerprint, as well as by means of a radar diagram to visualize the values of the ecosystem services. Together, these methods demonstrate the sustainability characteristics of the different production systems. Results from this study suggest the agricultural system analysed, as well as the developed scenarios, not to be sustainable. The use of emergy analysis combined with ecosystem services and the visualization methods developed in this study, serve to provide accessible and effective communication methods when aiming to transform agricultural systems towards sustainability. The communication methods developed in this study are alsoapplicable in systems other than agriculture.

Foi analisado, através de uma descrição pontual e circunstancial, o sistema agrícola praticado por algumas famílias Guarani Mbyá residentes na região Sudeste do Brasil. O local escolhido para um estudo de caso foi a aldeia Guarani Yvyty, localizada na Ilha do Cardoso, município de Cananéia, São Paulo. Dentro dessa descrição, foram enfocados alguns aspectos do manejo agrícola Guarani que estariam voltados para a conservação in situ do milho por eles cultivado, o avaxí eteí. Os dados obtidos para a presente dissertação basearam-se nas técnicas de trabalho de campo comumente utilizadas hoje nas Ciências Socias como: observações diretas em campo e coleta de informações com informantes chaves (utilizando-se de um roteiro semi-estruturado para as questões a serem abordadas). Buscou-se identificar a origem e o tempo de introdução dos cultivares agrícolas que cada família detinha em suas áreas de roças e técnicas de uso do solo, plantio, colheita, seleção e armazenagem empregadas para o cultivo do milho Guarani. Para embasar as discussões apresentadas no presente estudo, foram consultados alguns autores que, a partir da década de cinqüenta, utilizando-se de fontes históricas e também produzindo novos levantamentos, trataram de aspectos da cultura, território e agricultura Guarani. Os dados analisados demonstram que a prática do sistema agrícola Guarani Mbyá está relacionada, sobretudo, à organização sociocultural deste grupo indígena. A conservação in situ dos cultivares de avaxí eteí presentes nas áreas de roça das famílias Mbyá é viabilizada pelos mais variados mecanismos que compõem o seu sistema agrícola e que favorecem a manutenção e o aumento da variabilidade genética de seus cultivares. Dentre esses mecanismos destaca-se a constante prática da importação de cultivares para dentro de uma mesma área de roça viabilizada pelas redes de troca estabelecidas entre parentes, pelos laços matrimoniais e mudanças na constituição familiar. / This study analyzes, through a particular and circumstantial description, the agricultural system practiced by some of the Guarani Mbyá families that live in the Southeast region of Brazil. The site chosen for this case study was the Guarani Yvyty settlement, situated in Cardoso Island, Cananéia municipality, State of São Paulo. The description highlighted some aspects of the Guarani agricultural handling that were related to the conservation in situ of the corn they cultivated, the so called avaxí eteí. Data gathered for this thesis were based on field work techniques that today are usually utilized in Social Sciences, such as: direct observations on field, and assessment of information with key informers (using a semi-structured questionnaire). This study aimed at identifying the origin and the timing of introduction of the agricultural folk varieties that each family had in their back woods, as well as at the techniques of soil use, planting, harvesting, selection and storage employed for the cultivation of the Guarani corn. In order to build a foundation for the discussions presented in this study, some authors, who have considered, since the 1950’s, aspects of the Guarani’s culture, territory and agriculture, by utilizing historical sources, as well as producing new data, were consulted. Analyzed data show that the practice of the Guarani Mbyá agricultural system relates, above all, to the socio cultural organization of this indigenous group. The conservation in situ of the avaxí eteí folk varieties, present in the back wood areas of the Mbyá families, is made possible by diverse mechanisms which compound their agricultural system, and that favor the maintenance and the increasing of the genetic variability of their folk varieties. Among these mechanisms, the constant practice of folk varieties import into the same back wood area made possible by exchange networks established among relatives, by matrimonial ties, and changes within the familiar constitution, stand out.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:13:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Luiz Antonio Staub Mafra.pdf: 2130428 bytes, checksum: bb108831d505e9c9cc02eca8050be745 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Geographic Indication (GI) comes as a protection tool to farmers and has been becoming in a qualification process that links the product to the environmental and social characteristics of its origin. In this way, qualification goes beyond the technical aspects and denotes an intense process of dispute and negotiations, generating productivity, political and territorial reorganizations, as it brings to the origin the efforts of coordination of activities and qualification that were performed by the industry. Hence, the thesis shows a reading of the appearance of the GIs and the valorization of the origin like a building process of the coffee market from the case study of the GI in the Mineiro Cerrado. The GIs have been used differently in different countries and sectors; including, paradoxically, typically commoditized sectors, like the one of the coffee. Thus, the GIs can have different meanings (economical, political and symbolic), according to the local differences, the type of product or market and even of the form how they are organized. By emphasizing the value of its origin, the Mineiro Cerrado region could overcome an unfavourable situation, in which the coffee produced in the region was sold as one of lower quality. With an increased activity to gather efforts of local farmers and organizations, the region became to be recognized as coffee producer with top qualities, something that awarded it the condition to be the second Brazilian GI. This change comes from a negotiation process and conventions around the specificities of quality, whose results are fruits of consensus and agreements about quality until reaching the official recognition. The existence of the GI in the Mineiro State is justified by the geographic and environmental specificities, that in the studied case, showed that it relies on a serie of factors, as its organization and articulation around the formation of the market by the producers, with the objective of consolidating its reputation among the intermediaries and the consumers. Although the preservation of the traditions have had an important role in the justification for the GIs formation, the research showed that the innovations brought by the market (regarding the product evaluation, organization etc) had fundamental importance for the recognition of their quality attributes. / A Indica??o Geogr?fica (IG) surge como mecanismo de prote??o aos agricultores e vem se transformando num processo de qualifica??o que agrega ao produto as caracter?sticas ambientais e sociais de sua origem. Nesse sentido, a qualifica??o vai al?m de aspectos t?cnicos e denota um processo intenso de articula??es e negocia??es, provocando reordena??o produtiva, pol?tica e territorial, uma vez que traz para a origem os esfor?os de coordena??o de atividades e de qualifica??o que eram desempenhados pela ind?stria. Dessa forma, a tese traz uma leitura do surgimento das IGs e a valoriza??o da origem como um processo de constru??o do mercado de caf?, a partir do estudo de caso da IG no Cerrado Mineiro. As IGs v?m sendo utilizadas de maneira distinta entre pa?ses e setores, inclusive, de forma paradoxal, por setores tipicamente commoditizados, como o caso do caf?. Assim, as IGs podem assumir diferentes significados (econ?micos, pol?ticos e simb?licos), em fun??o das caracter?sticas locais, do tipo de produto e de mercado e, ainda, da forma como s?o implementadas. Por meio da valoriza??o de sua origem, a regi?o do Cerrado Mineiro conseguiu superar uma situa??o desfavor?vel, na qual o caf? ali produzido era comercializado como de qualidade inferior. Com o incremento de uma intensa mobiliza??o de esfor?os de produtores e organiza??es locais, a regi?o passou a ser reconhecida como produtora de caf? com qualidades diferenciadas, o que lhe confere o reconhecimento da segunda IG no Brasil. Esta mudan?a resulta de um processo de negocia??o e conven??es em torno das especificidades da qualidade, cujos resultados v?m sendo fruto de consensos e acordos sobre a qualidade at? chegar ao reconhecimento oficial. A IG no Cerrado mineiro ? justificada pelas suas especificidades geogr?ficas e ambientais, as quais contribu?ram para a consolida??o de sua reputa??o no mercado e que, no caso estudado, demonstraram que ela foi constru?da por meio de uma s?rie de fatores inovadores, como t?cnicas de produ??o, diferencia??o pela qualidade, organiza??o e articula??o em torno da constru??o do mercado pelos produtores. Embora a preserva??o das tradi??es tenha tido papel importante nas justificativas de implementa??o das IGs, a pesquisa demonstrou que as inova??es efetuadas no mercado (quanto ? avalia??o do produto, ? organiza??o, etc.) tiveram fundamental import?ncia para o reconhecimento de seus atributos de qualidade.

Foi analisado, através de uma descrição pontual e circunstancial, o sistema agrícola praticado por algumas famílias Guarani Mbyá residentes na região Sudeste do Brasil. O local escolhido para um estudo de caso foi a aldeia Guarani Yvyty, localizada na Ilha do Cardoso, município de Cananéia, São Paulo. Dentro dessa descrição, foram enfocados alguns aspectos do manejo agrícola Guarani que estariam voltados para a conservação in situ do milho por eles cultivado, o avaxí eteí. Os dados obtidos para a presente dissertação basearam-se nas técnicas de trabalho de campo comumente utilizadas hoje nas Ciências Socias como: observações diretas em campo e coleta de informações com informantes chaves (utilizando-se de um roteiro semi-estruturado para as questões a serem abordadas). Buscou-se identificar a origem e o tempo de introdução dos cultivares agrícolas que cada família detinha em suas áreas de roças e técnicas de uso do solo, plantio, colheita, seleção e armazenagem empregadas para o cultivo do milho Guarani. Para embasar as discussões apresentadas no presente estudo, foram consultados alguns autores que, a partir da década de cinqüenta, utilizando-se de fontes históricas e também produzindo novos levantamentos, trataram de aspectos da cultura, território e agricultura Guarani. Os dados analisados demonstram que a prática do sistema agrícola Guarani Mbyá está relacionada, sobretudo, à organização sociocultural deste grupo indígena. A conservação in situ dos cultivares de avaxí eteí presentes nas áreas de roça das famílias Mbyá é viabilizada pelos mais variados mecanismos que compõem o seu sistema agrícola e que favorecem a manutenção e o aumento da variabilidade genética de seus cultivares. Dentre esses mecanismos destaca-se a constante prática da importação de cultivares para dentro de uma mesma área de roça viabilizada pelas redes de troca estabelecidas entre parentes, pelos laços matrimoniais e mudanças na constituição familiar. / This study analyzes, through a particular and circumstantial description, the agricultural system practiced by some of the Guarani Mbyá families that live in the Southeast region of Brazil. The site chosen for this case study was the Guarani Yvyty settlement, situated in Cardoso Island, Cananéia municipality, State of São Paulo. The description highlighted some aspects of the Guarani agricultural handling that were related to the conservation in situ of the corn they cultivated, the so called avaxí eteí. Data gathered for this thesis were based on field work techniques that today are usually utilized in Social Sciences, such as: direct observations on field, and assessment of information with key informers (using a semi-structured questionnaire). This study aimed at identifying the origin and the timing of introduction of the agricultural folk varieties that each family had in their back woods, as well as at the techniques of soil use, planting, harvesting, selection and storage employed for the cultivation of the Guarani corn. In order to build a foundation for the discussions presented in this study, some authors, who have considered, since the 1950’s, aspects of the Guarani’s culture, territory and agriculture, by utilizing historical sources, as well as producing new data, were consulted. Analyzed data show that the practice of the Guarani Mbyá agricultural system relates, above all, to the socio cultural organization of this indigenous group. The conservation in situ of the avaxí eteí folk varieties, present in the back wood areas of the Mbyá families, is made possible by diverse mechanisms which compound their agricultural system, and that favor the maintenance and the increasing of the genetic variability of their folk varieties. Among these mechanisms, the constant practice of folk varieties import into the same back wood area made possible by exchange networks established among relatives, by matrimonial ties, and changes within the familiar constitution, stand out.

The research proposes methodology applied to an integrated management of natural resources having the water as the main axis on a prioritary territorial unit, the micro-watershed Rio Sarandi, located in the Southwest of Paraná, whose 592 rural properties have been delimitated according to its original asymmetry, size variation, measured area of 18,45 Ha, inadequate infrastructure and with the intense use of soil, especially in areas of wavy smooth relief, essential to the regional social economical development. The research has been based on geoprocessing techniques and the application of a Geographic Information System (GIS) on a manantial with an area of 11.690 Ha, whose hydrography is born in Ampere city, supplies with water the urban population of Realeza and Santa Izabel do Oeste cities, where it has its largest/widest surface. It includes in the GIS an economical evaluation proposal based on the main and most vulnerable production systems, grains, milk, silk worm production and tobacco, involving 382 family agriculturalists. It has enabled the elaboration of an environmental study method with emphasis on the use of soil and water, generating thematic maps, current and precise information as well as simulations and diverse results about the anthropic action in the watershed, among which, the constatation of the existence of 55,6 % for riparian area and 46,8% of legal reservation necessary to the solution of the environmental passive. The reduction impact on agricultural operational income considering the useful area surface of rural properties, is from 4% to 13% in the implementation of the Permanent Preservation Area, with the possibility of compensation through the improvement of management and technological integration, although with a fall from 18% to 31% for the legislation fulfillment with the incorporation of Legal Reserve, depending on the activity, a fact that demonstrates the necessity of more debates regarding economical alternatives, which is a cause of unease and insecurity over the future for the citizens due to the dimension of these consequences. The result of the study has generated abundant educative content, qualitative and quantitative input for managers, public and private institutions, and for the community, contributing to the technical strategy and to the objective of the Integrated Environmental Management Program in Watersheds, that has recently been implemented by the Parana State Government. / A pesquisa propõe uma metodologia aplicada a gestão integrada dos recursos naturais, tendo a água como eixo principal, sobre uma unidade territorial prioritária, a microbacia hidrográfica Rio Sarandi, localizada no Sudoeste do Paraná, cujas 592 propriedades rurais foram delimitadas conforme sua ocupação original, assimetria, variação de tamanho, área media de 18,45 Ha, infra-estrutura inadequada e com uso do solo intenso, sobretudo em áreas de relevo suave ondulado, fundamental para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico regional. Realizada com base em técnicas de geoprocessamento e aplicação de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) sobre um manancial com área de 11.690 ha, cuja hidrografia nasce no Município de Ampére, abastece com água a população urbana de Realeza e Santa Izabel do Oeste, onde tem sua maior superfície. Inclui-se no SIG uma proposta de avaliação econômica focada nos sistemas de produção principais e mais vulneráveis, grãos, leite, sericicultura e fumo, envolvendo 382 agricultores familiares residentes. Possibilitou a elaboração de um método de estudo ambiental, com ênfase no uso do solo e da água, gerando mapas temáticos e informações atualizadas, precisas, também simulações e resultados diversificados sobre a ação antrópica na microbacia, entre os quais, a constatação da existência de 55,6 % da mata de galeria e 46,8% de reserva legal necessária para solução do passivo ambiental. O impacto de redução da renda operacional agrícola considerando a superfície de área útil das propriedades rurais é de 4 a 13% na implantação de Área de Preservação Permanente, com possibilidade de compensação através da melhoria de gestão e integração tecnológica, porém queda de 18 a 31% para o atendimento a legislação com incorporação da Reserva Legal, dependendo da atividade, fato que mostra a necessidade de maior debate envolvendo alternativas econômicas, causa de desconforto e insegurança sobre o futuro em seus moradores devido a dimensão destas conseqüências. O resultado do estudo gerou farto conteúdo educativo, insumos qualitativos e quantitativos para gestores, instituições públicas e privadas, profissionais e comunidade, vindo de encontro a estratégia técnica e aos objetivos do Programa de Gestão Ambiental Integrado em Microbacias Hidrográficas, recentemente implantado pelo Governo do Paraná.