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The currently unnamed early Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 4) sandstone unit is exposed in the Minto Inlier of western Victoria Island, Canadian Arctic Islands, and forms the base of the Phanerozoic succession. Coeval with other sandstones of this age in Laurentia, it was deposited in a shallow-marine embayment on the passive margin during the initial phase of the early Paleozoic transgression. Four facies associations are recognized: (1) outer embayment sand dune complex characterized by laterally continuous, planar cross-stratified, medium- to coarse-grained sandstone; (2) inner embayment sand flat consisting dominantly of fine- to medium-grained bioturbated sandstone and fine- to medium-grained sandstone interbedded with laminated mudstone; (3) coastal lagoon characterized by laterally continuous, medium-grained oolitic ironstone and fine- to medium-grained bioturbated sandstone; and (4) offshore muddy shelf consisting dominantly of laminated mudstone with discontinuous seams of medium- to coarse sand. Bioturbation in the form of a typical early Cambrian suite of shallow-subtidal ichnofossils predominated in the inner embayment and coastal lagoon settings, representing a low-diversity Cruziana ichnofacies. Oolitic ironstone horizons in the coastal lagoon setting mark periods of low sedimentation rates when iron became concentrated and calcite was the primary cementing agent. Dunes are, for the most part, non-bioturbated or contain just a few individual burrows belonging to Skolithos, representing the Skolithos ichnofacies. The dominantly tabular, sheet-like geometry of the sandstones characterizes a comparatively lower energy regime than what has been found in typical complex dune geometries in modern and ancient examples and is attributed to sediment deposition under essentially uniform current speeds at consistent water depth conditions on a low-gradient shelf. Paleocurrent measurements and thickness variation suggest that deposition was affected by undulating topography on the Proterozoic basement within facies association 1 and 2, as well as by syndepositional faulting in some areas. The coastline is envisaged as a complex of bays and lagoons. The embayment opened to the northwest where sandbars developed offshore; stratigraphic thinning towards both the south and northeast indicates the direction of the paleoshoreline. Approximately shoreline orthogonal paleocurrents are considered indicative of a tidal origin. The lack of hummocky cross-stratification suggests there was no influence of major storms in this region.

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La question des frontières est actuellement portée par une urgence politique économique et sociale. C’est ce qui explique le retour aux questions spatiales ; particulièrement sous la forme d’une interrogation sur les limites ; dans les sciences sociales, la géopolitique et la philosophie. Le développement de ce qui est communément nommé mondialisation entraîne l’idée de la possibilité de leur disparition à plus ou moins long terme. Il convient donc d’élaborer un concept et une typologie des frontières et de leur rapport à l’espace pour décider de l’éventuelle réalité de leur disparition. Le premier point est que malgré l’homogénéité apparemment évidente que nous donne l’expérience immédiate l’espace est une construction hétérogène parmi les éléments de laquelle apparaît un espace politique dont la frontière est une partie essentielle. L’espace se constitue par strates. Celles-ci s’accumulent sur une étendue purement matérielle. Entre cette étendue et la strate d’espace primaire existe une surface synaptique que nous nommons sol. Il est la condition de la saisie de la matière par les strates. Parmi les différents modes d’espace il faut aussi compter les espaces rhizomatiques que sont les réseaux économiques et de communication. Les espaces ainsi dégagés comme strates et leurs compléments rhizomatiques sont l’espace perceptif, le territoire individuel tel que le définissent Deleuze et Guattari, un espace social, un espace discursif et le pli que forme la subjectivité. Le rôle de l’espace politique est d’opérer une synthèse de ces différents espaces. Chacune des strates connaît une forme spécifique de limite qui lui est purement immanente et une limite interstrate qui lui permet d’entrer en rapport avec les strates contigües. Si les frontières servent de limites au sein de la strate politique ; elles ont aussi un rôle de métalimite qui correspond au rôle constituant de l’espace politique. Il est la strate qui permet aux autres de fonctionner entre elles. La frontière à donc un rôle synthétique dans la construction de l’espace en général. La frontière accapare Les fonctions de toutes les autres limites, elle est ce qui permet à l’espace politique d’exercer son rôle de synthèse. / The issue of borders is currently borne by political, economic and social emergency, which accounts for reverting to space-related questions, especially in the form of questioning limits, in social sciences, geopolitics and philosophy. The development of what is commonly known as globalization brings forth the idea that they might disappear in the mid- or short-term. It is therefore necessary to set up a concept and a typology of borders and their relation to space in order to decide on the possible reality of their disappearance.The first item goes thus : despite the apparently obvious homogeneity we get from immediate experience, space is a heterogeneous construction among whose elements appears the political space, in which borders take an essential part. Space is made of strata, which pile upon a sheerly material expanse. In between this expanse and the primary stratum of space lies a synaptic area that we call ground. It is a necessary condition for strata to operate the seizure of matter. Among the various modes of space, one also has to take into account rhizomatic spaces such as economy networks and communication networks. Spaces thus identified as strata, together with their rhizomatic complements, make up the perceptive space, the individual territory as was defined by Deleuze and Guattari, a social space, a discursive space and the crease formes by subjectivity. The political space plays its part by synthesizing these different spaces. Each stratum has its own immanent, specific form of limit, as well as a cross-stratum limit that allows for its relationship with contiguous strata. Although borders work as limits within the political stratum, they also act as a meta-limit that corresponds with the constituting role of the political space. It is the one stratum that allows the others to operate together. The border therefore plays a synthetisizing part in the construction of space in general. The border monopolizes the functions of all other limits; its existence allows the political space to play its synthesizing role.

My dissertation looks at the depiction of China's ethnic frontiers in contemporary Chinese literature in order to examine a range of responses to the state-envisioned ideals of Harmony propagated throughout PRC history. The Confucian texts of Datong, or Great Harmony, are embedded in Maoist utopian visions for moulding the natural and human worlds in anticipation of socialist modernity; the contemporary revival of the Datong ideal expresses China's desire to build a harmonious (hexie) society in the 21st century. In the world of fiction, China's borderlands, home to ethnic minorities, are often conceived of as idyllic lands brimming with the type of harmony that is absent in the imperfect actuality of the political center. These depictions have emerged as either direct reactions to grand narratives of progress or as continued attempts to create an audience that grows attentive to the alternative models of a good society inherited from and preserved by the traditions of minorities. I borrow Foucault's concept of "heterotopia" to analyze literary fantasies surrounding three minority regions -- the wilderness of the Inner Mongolian steppe as the cradle of the wolf totem, the Tibetan areas associated with mythical Shangri-La, and the homeland of the matrilineal Mosuo, known as the Country of Women, in Southwest China. My dissertation formulates and develops the thesis that the featured writers set heterotopias at the geographical and social periphery in order to imagine and reconfigure China's road to modernity in a fashion that paradoxically challenges and enriches the official discourse of utopianism. They withdraw from the grand schemes of Harmony by creating their own utopian visions. In the meantime, their quest for a spiritual asylum unveils the historical impact of socialist campaigns on minority regions and people. The textual construction of the three different minority areas both capitalizes on and revolutionizes the stereotypical image that has presented such places as backward and primitive. Instead, the texts my dissertation analyses offer a fantasy about how minority places deliver the spiritual, ecological, and gender-based harmony that complements and perhaps even surpasses the dominant political narrative, when describing the ideal interaction between individuals, society, and nature.

Orientador: Terezinha de Jesus Machado Maher / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T14:25:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Braz_EvodiadeSouza_M.pdf: 877635 bytes, checksum: 731d1779af6995cc4b101d34c52139a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O presente estudo foi realizado na região de fronteira Brasil / Venezuela, mais precisamente no município brasileiro de Pacaraima, localizado no extremo norte do estado de Roraima. Objetivando analisar representações sobre línguas e nacionalidades, a pesquisa focou a área comercial turística da cidade de Pacaraima, no perímetro urbano do município. Desenvolvido nos limites fronteiriços com Santa Elena de Uairén, cidade venezuelana, o comércio de Pacaraima representa a principal atividade econômica da cidade e o primeiro ponto de encontro entre brasileiros e hispânicos, sobretudo venezuelanos e peruanos. A pesquisa, interpretativista e de cunho etnográfico, foi viabilizada, nesse contexto bilíngue, através de conversas informais (registradas em notas de campo), de entrevistas semi-estruturadas (gravadas em áudio) e de registros fotográficos. As perguntas de pesquisa que orientaram a análise dos dados foram: a) De que forma as identidades nacionais são representadas pelos participantes da pesquisa, isto é, pelos comerciantes brasileiros da fronteira Brasil / Venezuela? e b) Que representações são construídas pelos comerciantes brasileiros da fronteira Brasil / Venezuela acerca das línguas utilizadas no comércio, português e espanhol, e de suas diferentes variedades? Utilizando contribuições teóricas de diferentes áreas (Linguística Aplicada, Estudos Culturais, Antropologia e Sociologia), foram discutidos os conceitos de língua (COX e ASSIS-PETERSON, 2007; CESAR e CAVALCANTI, 2007), identidade (CUCHE, 2002; HALL, 2006; BAUMAN, 2005), nacionalidade (BERENBLUM, 2003) e representação (HALL, 1997). A análise realizada sugere que embora a brasilidade seja vista positivamente no confronto com outras identidades nacionais, a identidade dos brasileiros da região é percebida como frágil e conflituosa quando construída tendo como referência os problemas locais. De forma análoga, atribui-se um valor positivo à língua portuguesa quando essa é comparada ao espanhol, em suas diferentes variedades, embora esse prestígio diga respeito a uma variedade outra que não ao português utilizado na região. No que se refere às representações acerca da língua espanhola, há evidências de que as variedades mais distantes dessa língua (a variedade peninsular e a variedade utilizada em Caracas) são as únicas que têm prestígio, já que o espanhol local é estigmatizado / Abstract: The present study was conducted in the frontier between Brazil and Venezuela, more precisely in Pacaraima, a Brazilian district located up northern Roraima State. Focusing on the commercial and tourist section of urban Pacaraima, its aim was to analyze representations of local different languages and nationalities. Quite close to Santa Elena de Uairén, a Venezuelan town, the commercial zone of Pacaraima represents, not only the most important economic activity or the area, but a significant meeting point between Brazilians and their Hispanic neighbors. The data of this research, which was interpretativist an ethnographic in nature, was collected though informal conversations (registered in field notes) and semistructured audio-taped interviews, as well as photographs taken in such bilingual context. Two research questions guided the data analysis: a) How are national analysis represented by research subjects, that is, by Brazilian salespeople in the frontier of Brazil and Venezuela? and b) What representations are constructed by Brazilian salespeople in the frontier of Brazil and Venezuela in regard to the languages (Portuguese, Spanish and their sociolinguistic varieties) used in commerce? Making use of contributions from different theoretical areas (Applied Linguistics, Cultural Studies, Anthropology and Sociology), concepts such as language (COX e ASSIS-PETERSON, 2007; CESAR e CAVALCANTI, 2007), identity (CUCHE, 2002; HALL, 2006; BAUMAN, 2005), nationality BERENBLUM, 2003) and representation (HALL, 1997) were discussed. Data analysis suggest that although Brazilian identity is seen positively when contrasted with other national identities, the identity of Brazilians who live in the area is perceived as being fragile and conflictive when thought of in terms of local existing problems. Similarly, a positive value is attributed to Portuguese when compared to Spanish and its varieties, although such prestige refers, not to the Portuguese variety spoken locally, but to the way this language is used elsewhere. As far as the representations of Spanish is concerned, results showed that more distant varieties of this language (such as the varieties used in Spain and in Caracas) are considered to be the only prestigious ones, since the local variety of Spanish is stigmatized / Mestrado / Multiculturalismo, Plurilinguismo e Educação Bilingue / Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

No / As this volume, the final monograph of the SPLASHCOS network, was being finalised, the European Research Council agreed to fund a major new project relating to the marine palaeolandscapes of the southern North Sea. Emerging from the earlier work of the North Sea Palaeolandscapes Project (NSPP), the Lost Frontiers project seeks to go beyond the maps generated by that ground-breaking research. Led by researchers in the fields of archaeogeophysics, molecular biology and computer simulation, the project seeks to develop a new paradigm for the study of past environments, ecological change and the transition between hunter gathering societies and farming in North West Europe. Following from earlier work, the project will seek to release the full potential of the available seismic reflectance data sets to generate topographical maps of the whole of early Holocene Doggerland that are as accurate and complete as possible. Using these data, the study will then reconstruct and simulate the emerging palaeoenvironments of Doggerland using conventional palaeoenvironmental data, as well as ancient DNA extracted directly from sediment cores along the routes of two submerged river valleys. Using this base data, the project aims to transform our understanding of the colonisation and development of floral, faunal and human life, to explore the Mesolithic landscapes and to identify incipient Neolithic signals indicating early contact and development within the region of Doggerland. / European Research Council’s support for the Lost Frontiers Project through the provision of an Advanced Grant (Grant Agreement 670518 ERC-2014-ADG/ERC-2014-ADG).

A fronteira é uma área fragilizada; o trânsito livre de pessoas na região faz com que ela seja altamente vigiada, tanto para a segurança quanto o contrabando e tráfico. Essa facilidade de acesso no transito entre os países, traz um número de pessoas que fazem um trajeto longo, muitas vezes com risco de vida eminente, em busca de assistência médica, inexistente no seu país de origem. O pagamento dessa fatura é de responsabilidade do país que realizou o atendimento, assim como a estatística. Os gestores estaduais e municipais tentam contornar essa situação da melhor maneira possível, sem causar perdas financeiras no seu orçamento. A partir da experiência internacional de parcerias entre cidades de fronteira (transfronteirização), esta dissertação tem como eixo principal analisar o caso do município de Foz do Iguaçu, onde a problemática da política brasileira de saúde nas fronteiras se revela em sua potência máxima. O trabalho apresenta a situação do financiamento da saúde na fronteira oeste do Estado do Paraná, propondo um termo de cooperação na assistência e no financiamento. / The frontier is a fragile area. Free traffic of people in this frontier region makes it highly monitored as to safety and as to restrain smuggling and drugs trafficking. Facility of access within coutries, brings in a great number of people who travel a long way, many times, facing great eminent death hazard, in search of medical care that does not exist in their home country. When they are assisted, payment is due to the country responsible for health care Managers try to overcome this situation and avoid financial losses. Inspired by European experience of partnerships between neighbor towns of different countries, this thesis analyzes the situation in Foz do Iguaçu city, where the problem of Brazilian health politics in the frontier is revealed at its maximum. The work presents the health financing situation in the West frontier of Parana State, proposing a cooperation term for health care and health financing, which would allow treatment for this population by Brazilian health system.

New ideas about trade, society, and the nature of government pulsed throughout the Atlantic World during the eighteenth century. This dissertation explores the relationship between political reforms and life along a colonial frontier. To do so, this project analyzes the effects of new laws imposed by the Spanish monarchy in Central America during the eighteenth century. The policies implemented during this time offered unequal prospects to social groups (e.g., Indians, merchants, soldiers, and farmers), state and non-state institutions (e.g., the Church, town councils, merchant guilds, and regional governments), and individuals to reconfigure traditional local power arrangements. This process, however, produced new conflicts between individuals, communities, and institutions as they attempted to expand and defend their traditional roles in society. I argue Nicaragua's relative isolation from the rest of the Spanish world allowed for the already complex and unwieldy process to become even more difficult. Thus, the majority of the reforms introduced over the eighteenth century remained poorly implemented. Even in areas where royal officials achieved noticeable progress and success, such as the creation of a tobacco monopoly, the new legal regime created new, often unforeseen, problems. In the first part of my dissertation, I examine how vague (and sometimes contradictory) decrees from Spain provided opportunities for new expressions of local power. In the first chapter, I examine the effect that new laws limiting the power of the Church had on local officials and members of the clergy. For example, new ordinance concerning the regulation of private gatherings and dances provoked a major conflict between two pillars of local rule: the bishop and the governor. In the second chapter, I analyze how new laws and decrees contributed to the expansion of an already flourishing black market. New economic ideas, such as ones that established royal monopolies, led to a significant increase in the remittances sent to Spain from Central America; however these same economic policies also eroded local economies and pushed some individuals to participate in illicit trade. The second half of this study analyzes the colonial experiences of indigenous peoples in two very different areas of Central America. In the third chapter, I examine western Nicaragua, where Spanish rule was its strongest and indigenous communities struggled to defend themselves from increasingly onerous demands for labor and tribute. In the fourth chapter, I shift the view to eastern and central Nicaragua and Honduras, where Spain's presence was tenuous or non-existent. There, local indigenous groups capitalized on Spanish fears of a British presence in eastern Central America to extract major concessions and preserve their autonomy while individuals sold their services to the competing empires. This dissertation draws on extensive work with sources, many hitherto untapped, at archives in Spain, Guatemala, the United States, and Nicaragua to demonstrate that residents of Spanish Central America—Spanish, American born Spaniards, natives, mulattos, and mestizos alike—contributed to new understandings of imperial goals that proved that some reforms could be flexible and amendable to local conditions. The legal battles, Church records, military reports, and pleas to the king also highlight shifting ideas about the political, economic, and social organization of society. Beyond its contribution to the limited studies that focus on Nicaragua during the colonial period, my dissertation adds to the broader, comparative fields of colonial studies, economic history, the study of borderlands and frontiers, and the Atlantic World.

The ground conditions prevailing on the day of a cricket match is an important confounding variable that results in the majority of cricket analyses requiring qualification. We present a Bayesian method for estimating the value of ground conditions in the absence of a direct measure. We use dynamic programming techniques to estimate models of both the first and second innings and we outline an application for each model. We extract a proxy variable for risk from our first-innings model and we use this variable to successfully estimate the trade-off between scoring rate and the probability of survival for individual batsmen. This enables us to decompose a batsman’s performance into ability and strategic nous. Our second-innings model gives an estimate of a team’s probability of winning at any point in the second innings of the match. We use this variable in conjunction with our ground-conditions variable to outline a new method for adjusting the target score in rain-affected matches. We introduce a simple metric for comparing the performance of various rain rules and we find that our proposed rule outperforms the incumbent Duckworth/Lewis method.