Os elevados preços das matérias primas utilizadas em rações para a criação de animais monogástricos, tem obrigado a busca de novas fontes alimentares principalmente na forma de co-produtos. Dentre os diversos co-produtos advindos de atividades agroindustriais, podemos citar o resíduo de cervejaria com potencial para substituir parcialmente os alimentos convencionais das rações. Diante do exposto, foram realizados dois experimentos na Unidade de Ensino e Pesquisa de Avicultura do Campus Dois Vizinhos - UTFPR. No primeiro experimento, que teve período de duração de 1 a 21 dias, foram utilizados 714 pintainhos, com peso médio inicial de 44,7+/-0,3g, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 6 níveis crescentes de inclusão de resíduo de cervejaria, com 7 repetições e 17 animais por unidade experimental. Enquanto que no segundo experimento, com período de 21 a 42 dias, foram utilizados 546 pintos de corte com 21 dias de idade, peso médio de 865 +/- 8 g, distribuídos em um delineamento e tratamentos semelhantes ao experimento I e com 14 aves por repetição. As aves foram pesadas na chegada, 21 e 42 dias no experimento I e aos 21 e 42 dias no experimento II para determinação do desempenho dos animais nestas fases. No experimento I, aos 21 dias, foram coletas amostras de sangue de 2 aves por unidade experimental, bem como abatidas 2 aves para avaliação da composição corporal e desenvolvimento das vilosidades intestinais e mais 2 aves aos 42 dias para avaliar os possíveis efeitos residuais dos tratamentos no rendimento de carcaça e cortes nobres. Enquanto que no experimento II, aos 42 dias de vida, também foram coletadas amostras de sangue de duas aves, bem como abatida 1 ave por unidade experimental para avaliação da composição corporal e outra 1 ave por repetição para avaliação do rendimento de carcaça e cortes nobres e desenvolvimento das vilosidades intestinais. Todas as aves foram sacrificadas por deslocamento cervical. As análises estatísticas dos níveis estudados foram realizadas pelo programa Sistema de Análises Estatísticas – SAEG (Universidade Federal de Viçosa – UFV, 1999). / The high prices of the raw materials used in diets for the creation of monogastric animals, is forced to search for new food sources mainly as byproducts. Among the various co-products arising from agro-industrial activities, we can mention the potential to brewery waste to partially replace conventional food rations. Given the above, two experiments were conducted at the Teaching Unit and Campus Poultry Research Dois Vizinhos - UTFPR. In the first experiment, which had duration of 1-21 days 714 chicks were used, with average weight 44,7+/- 0,3g, distributed in a completely randomized design with 6 increasing levels of brewery waste inclusion with 7 replicates of 17 animals each. While in the second experiment, with from 21 to 42 days, were used 546 broiler chicks at 21 days old, average weight of 865 +/- 8g, distributed in a design and treatments similar to the first experiment and 14 birds per repetition. The birds were weighed on arrival, 21 and 42 days in experiment I and at 21 and 42 days in the second experiment to determine the performance of animals in these phases. In the first experiment, 21 days, blood samples of two birds were collected by experimental unit and killed 2 birds to assess body composition and development of the intestinal villi and 2 birds at 42 days to assess the possible residual effects of treatments on carcass yield and prime cuts. While in the second experiment, after 42 days of life also blood samples of two birds were collected and slaughtered one bird per experimental unit for assessment of body composition and another one bird by repetition to evaluate the carcass yield and prime cuts and development of the intestinal villi. All birds were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Statistical analyzes of the studied levels were carried out by the Statistical Analysis System program - SAEG (Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 1999).

Ao abordar o tema contaminação ambiental, logo se recorda a quantidade de resíduos domésticos e urbanos, que são gerados nas cidades e metrópoles, os quais muitas vezes não recebem nenhum tipo de tratamento. Porém, problemas de contaminação ambiental também estão vinculados à agricultura, onde são gerados resíduos orgânicos com elevados potenciais poluidores. Dessa forma, o projeto objetivou estudar o processo de codigestão anaeróbia de dejetos bovinos e suínos oriundos de sistemas de produção de suínos e atividade pecuária leiteira, como alternativa para tratamento destes tipos de matrizes, além de investigar a eficiência do biofertilizante produzido a partir das matrizes de resíduos em cultura de milho. Para isso, se coletaram amostras de dejetos de bovinos e suínos para caracterização e posterior utilização nos ensaios com tratamentos diferentes. Na sequência se fez a preparação das amostras para os ensaios utilizando-se de inoculos diferenciados (in natura, inoculo da rede de saneamento básico e inoculo isolado de dejeto bovino) com o propósito de avaliar a degradação dos dejetos via codigestão anaeróbia. Em cada ensaio citado se fizeram vinte tratamentos, via planejamento fatorial 2³, com seis pontos centrais, sendo as variáveis de entrada: tempo, fração de sólidos e razão de mistura; e as variáveis respostas (dependentes): pH, razão AV/AL, umidade, série de sólidos, razão SV/ST, redução de sólidos totais, DQO, redução de DQO, nitrogênio total, fósforo e potássio. Fez-se depois o estudo cinético do processo, se utilizando do ensaio in natura com proporção de mistura de 75% em dejeto suíno e 25% em dejeto bovino, com fração de sólidos de 8,9%, mediante Teste de Tukey. Após a estabilização da biomassa utilizada, fez-se a aplicação do biofertilizante em cultura de milho, comparando-se com fertilizante comercial (ureia), verificando-se o crescimento e desenvolvimento desta cultura. No planejamento fatorial se concluiu mediante análise de Tukey e considerando a importância de cada variável resposta que o ensaio in natura apresentou as melhores condições operacionais, pois se teve o maior número de variáveis respostas sendo consideradas satisfatórias, como razão AV/AL, razão SV/ST e redução da DQO. Observou-se durante o estudo cinético que a biomassa apresentou estabilização próxima aos vinte dias de tratamento, indicando a degradação orgânica dos dejetos em codigestão e produção de biofertilizante, o qual é mais estável e menos poluente ao ambiente, sendo utilizado como opção no processo de fertilização de culturas agrícolas como o milho. No que diz respeito à utilização do biofertilizante (40 kg.ha-1), notou-se semelhança deste se comparado à ureia (40 kg.ha-1) para o cultivo de milho, podendo ser uma alternativa interessante de destinação dos dejetos, diminuindo a poluição ambiental causada pelo manejo inadequado. / When discussing environmental contamination, just remember the amount of domestic and urban waste that are generated in towns and cities, which often do not receive any treatment. However, problems of environmental contamination are linked to agriculture, where organic waste with high potential polluters is generated. This way, the project had the objective of studying the anaerobic codigestion process of cattle and pig waste from the swine production systems and dairy farming activity, as an alternative to the treatment of these kinds of matrices, as well as to investigate the efficiency of biofertilizer matrices produced from the waste in cultured maize. For this, samples of manure from cattle and pigs were collected for characterization and subsequent use in the tests with different treatments. Then, the preparation of samples for the tests using the different inocula were made (in natura, inoculum of sanitation and inoculum isolated from bovine manure), in order to evaluate the degradation of waste via anaerobic codigestão. In each test mentioned twenty treatments were made, via 2³ factorial design with six central points, where the input variables: time, fraction of solids and mixing ratio; and the response variables (dependent): pH, ratio AV/AL, moisture, solids, ratio SV/ST, reduction of total solids, COD, reduction of COD, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. It was made after the kinetic study of the process, using the test in natura mix ratio of 75% in swine manure and 25% in cattle manure with solid fraction of 8.9% by the Tukey test. After stabilization of the biomass used, there was the application of biofertilizers in crop maize compared with commercial fertilizer (urea), verifying the growth and development of this culture. In factorial design was completed by Tukey analysis and considering the importance of each variable response that the test in natura presented the best operating conditions, because it had the largest number of variable responses being considered satisfactory ratio as AV / AL, ratio SV / ST and COD reduction. It was observed during the kinetic study that biomass showed stabilization next to twenty days of treatment, indicating the degradation of organic waste in codigestão and biofertilizer production, which is more stable and less polluting to the environment, being used as an option in process fertilization of agricultural crops such as maize. Regarding the use of biofertilizers (40 kg.ha-1), this similarity was noted compared to urea (40 kg.ha-1) for the cultivation of maize and it may be an interesting alternative for allocation of waste, reducing environmental pollution caused by improper handling.

O processamento da cana gera vários co-produtos tais como, o bagaço e a palha, sendo esta considerada um dos principais resíduos gerados devido à mecanização da colheita. Assim, a disponibilidade e a composição desse resíduo de cana-de-açúcar têm impulsionado muitas pesquisas para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que proporcionem o seu aproveitamento efetivo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a separação dos principais componentes da palha de cana-de-açúcar para a obtenção de insumos químicos com maior valor econômico, sendo proposta a obtenção, caracterização e modificação da celulose desta biomassa vegetal, a ser utilizada na síntese da carboximetilcelulose (CMC) partindo da celulose branqueada por meio da combinação do processo químico com o enzimático, utilizando xilanase. Foi também avaliada a influência nas propriedades mecânicas, termogravimétricas e morfológicas das poliuretanas, ao adicionar-se celulose a esses polímeros obtidos a partir de óleo de mamona (Ricinus communis L.). A palha de cana foi pré-tratada por explosão a vapor e submetida à deslignificação alcalina. Foi realizado, posteriormente, o tratamento utilizando-se xilanase e então, a polpa foi branqueada com peróxido de hidrogênio. A polpa branqueada obtida foi utilizada para obtenção de CMC. Foi determinado o ganho de massa após a reação de obtenção e o grau de substituição da CMC obtida. A polpa deslignificada (celulose) foi utilizada como reforço para obtenção de biocompósitos com poliuretana obtida a partir do óleo de mamona. Os biocompósitos obtidos foram analisados por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), termogravimetria (TGA), foram determinadas as propriedades mecânicas, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e estudo de absorção de água. A adição de fibras de palha em matriz de PU de óleo de mamona melhorou as propriedades mecânicas comparado à matriz pura, e uma possível redução no custo sugere uma aplicação industrial do produto final. / The sugarcane processing generates various agricultural byproducts such as bagasse and straw, which is considered one of the main waste generated due to the mechanization of the harvest in Brazil. Thus, the availability and composition of sugarcane straw have driven a great effort to develop technologies that provide its effective utilization. This study aimed to separate the main components of sugarcane straw to obtain chemical products with higher economic value, and the proposed obtainment is the modification and characterization of cellulose biomass to be used in the synthesis of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) based on the bleached pulp through a combination of chemical process with the enzyme, using xylanase. It was also studied the influence in mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of polyurethane obtained from castor oil (Ricinus Communis L.) reinforced composites. Sugarcane straw was pretreated by steam explosion, delignified, treated with xylanase and bleached with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached cellulose obtained was used to produce CMC. It was determined the mass gain and the degree of substitution of the obtained CMC. The delignified pulp (cellulose) was used as reinforcement in composites of polyurethane obtained from castor oil. The biocomposites were analysed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA), and it was also determined the mechanical properties, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water absorption. The incorporation of sugarcane straw fibers in the polyurethane matrix improved the mechanical properties compared with the pure matrix, and a possible reduction in the costs of production suggests a industrial application of the material.

Orientador: Luiz Antonio Graciolli / Banca: Ana Maria Rodrigues Cassiolato / Banca: Eustáquio Souza Dias / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo evidenciar os principais componentes químicos que influenciam o cultivo do cogumelo Pleurotus florida, bem como avaliar a composição química dos corpos de frutificação cultivados em diferentes resíduos agrícolas. Para tanto, foram utilizados seis resíduos agrícolas: palha de arroz (PA), palha de feijão (PF), palha de trigo (PT), palha de sorgo (PS), folha de bananeira (FB) e sabugo de milho (SM). Estes resíduos, coletados na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, foram analisados quanto aos teores de macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) e micronutrientes (Fe, Mn e Zn), lignina, celulose, hemicelulose, cinzas e relação C/N. Foram avaliados: o tempo necessário para a colonização do substrato (corrida micelial), o início da formação de primórdios, o tempo total de cultivo, o número de cogumelos, a produção e a eficiência biológica utilizando a fórmula: EB = (peso fresco dos cogumelos/peso seco do substrato inicial) x 100. Além disso, os cogumelos foram avaliados quanto aos teores de macro (N, P, K, Ca e Mg) e micronutrientes (Fe, Mn e Zn) e o teor de proteínas. O substrato PF apresentou resultados semelhantes para produção (189,8 g/kg-1), EB (89,2%) e número de cogumelos (12) à PA, substrato utilizado tradicionalmente no cultivo de Pleurotus em escala comercial. Não foi possível atribuir apenas a um fator químico as altas produções e EB observadas em PA e PF e muito menos para a baixa produção em PS (77,8 g/kg-1) e SM (53,2 g/kg-1). No geral, substratos com conteúdo de N ao redor de 1,0%, relação C/N em torno de 45%, baixo teor lignina, alto conteúdo de cinzas e maiores teores de P, K e Ca foram os melhores para o cultivo de P. florida. Entre os macronutrientes analisados, P. florida apresentou maiores teores de K, seguido por P. O Ca e o Mg estiveram presentes em pequenas quantidades nos corpos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed to show the main chemical components that influence the cultivation of the mushroom Pleurotus florida, and evaluate the chemical composition of fruiting bodies grown on different agricultural residues. For that, six agricultural residues were used: rice straw (RS), bean straw (BS), wheat straw (WS), sorghum straw (SS), banana leaf (BL) and cob of maize (CM). These wastes were collected at Teaching, Research and Extention Farm of UNESP, Campus of Ilha Solteira, analyzed for the levels of macro (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn), lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, ash and the C/N ratio. Was evaluated: spawn run time, earliness, the total time of cultivation and mushroom number, production and biological efficiency using the formula: EB = (fresh weight of mushrooms/dry weight of initial substrate) x 100. Moreover, the mushrooms were evaluated for levels of macro (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn) and protein content. The substrate BS showed similar results for yield (189,8 g/kg-1), EB (89,2%) and number of mushrooms (12) as RS substrate traditionally used for the cultivation of Pleurotus in commercial scale. Unable to allocate only the chemical factors and the high yields and EB observed in BS and RS, much less for the yield low in SS (77,8 g/kg-1) and CM (53,2 g/kg-1). In general, substrates with N content of around 1.0%, C/N ratio around 45%, low lignin content, high ash content, increased by higher levels of P, K, Ca were the best for the cultivation of P. florida. Among the macronutrients analyzed, P. florida with higher contents of K, followed by P. The Ca and Mg were present in small amounts in fruiting bodies. Among the micronutrients, Zn was present in high amount, followed by Fe and Mn. P. florida showed high ability to accumulate Zn. The mushrooms obtained in this work could not be considered a source of minerals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

M. Tech. (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences) -- Vaal University of Technology / The widespread use of phenols and phenolic derivatives in industrial applications has resulted in their discharge as part of industrial wastewater. These chemicals are toxic and need to be removed from the aqueous environment. Amongst the available pollutant removal technologies, adsorption has been widely used due to its simplicity, ease of operation, cost-effectiveness and ability to sequester pollutants at very low concentrations. Different adsorbents have been applied for removal of phenols and their derivatives. Use of agricultural waste as adsorbents seems to offer a much cheaper alternative in pollutant removal. This study examines the synthesis of a hydrophobic biomaterial composite by cross-linking of Fenton treated pine cone and applying the prepared adsorbent for 2-nitrophenol removal from aqueous solution. Pine cone biomass, in its raw and modified forms was tested for its ability to remove 2-nitrophenol from simulated industrial wastewater. The experimental procedure is divided into two main parts: (1) pine cone modification using Fenton’s reagent and 1.6-hexamethylene diisocyanate and (2) application of the prepared hydrophobic adsorbent for 2-nitrophenol removal from wastewater. Fenton’s reagent was used to remove pigments, extractives and other soluble organic compounds from the raw pine. FTIR spectroscopy showed an increase in magnitude of oxygenated surface groups which resulted in a decrease in pHpzc. The effect of Fenton treatment on further modification of the pine biomass via cross-linking using 1.6-hexamethylene diisocyanate was investigated. Optimum reaction variables for the cross-linking using dibutyltin dilaurate as catalyst under an inert nitrogen gas atmosphere in anhydrous hexane solvent were determined using FTIR spectroscopy. Success of the cross-linking procedure was confirmed by use of analytical techniques (XRD, TGA, SEM, EDX and BET surface area) and weight percent gain calculations. Pine and modified pine biomass were tested for their ability to sequester 2-nitrophenol via batch adsorption technique. The effect of pine modification on affinity for the biosorbate was investigated. The mechanism of the adsorption process was determined via use of kinetic, diffusion and equilibrium isotherm models. Two error functions (coefficient of determination and percent variable error) were employed to substantiate the model showing a good fit to the experimental adsorption data. The experimental adsorption kinetic data was fit to the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Due to the large size of the pollutant molecules diffusion process analysis was also conducted. The effect of pine modification on kinetic and diffusion parameters was determined. The experimental equilibrium adsorption data was fit to the Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson and Hill isotherm models. The initial shapes of the adsorption isotherms for 2-nitrophenol adsorption onto pine and modified pine biomass determined the type of equilibrium isotherm models to fit the experimental data to. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated to determine the spontaneity, feasibility and energy changes associated with the adsorption process. The degree of disorder at the solid/liquid interface after the adsorption was determined. The effect of temperature on the adsorption process was used to show whether the adsorption is physical or chemical. The effect of pine modification on equilibrium isotherm parameters was determined. The study is divided into seven chapters: Chapter 1: The chapter covers the introduction, problem statement, aim and objectives of the research. It gives an insight into the research project. Chapter 2: The literature review of pollutants in industrial wastewater and methods of their removal is dealt with in this chapter. Adsorption is introduced as an alternative technique for pollutant removal from aqueous systems. An in-depth review of various adsorbents (including pine cone), their merits and limitations are also discussed together with methods of modifying and use of modified adsorbents. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic models used to treat adsorption experimental data are presented. Chapter 3: The experimental procedures on the synthesis, characterization and application of the hydrophobic biosorbent in the removal of 2-nitrophenol from aqueous solution are presented. Kinetic and equilibrium experiments are described in detail. Chapter 4: It describes the first part of the results and discussions. The chapter focuses on optimization of reaction variables and characterization (using various analytical techniques) of the hydrophobic biomaterial composite. Chapter 5 The chapter discusses the second part of the results. It focuses on magnitude of surface charge, pHpzc and kinetic studies. Fitting of the adsorption experimental data to kinetic and diffusion models is presented together with the error functions. Chapter 6 The chapter discusses part three of the results on equilibrium studies. The adsorption experimental data is fitted to equilibrium isotherm equations and error determination is presented. Thermodynamic parameters are calculated and interpreted. Chapter 7: Conclusion and recommendations are presented. The optimum reaction variables for cross-linking of Raw and Fenton treated pine cone were determined using FTIR analysis and found to be: 0.2 g pine biomass, 3.5 cm3 1.6-hexamethylene diisocyanate cross-linker, 50 cm3 anhydrous hexane solvent, 1.5 cm3 dibutyltin dilaurate catalyst, temperature of 50 °C and a reaction time of 4 hours. The pine surface showed an increase in phenolic, lactonic and carboxylic acid groups due to the modification. The pHpzc showed a decrease due to modification of the pine cone biomass. The pHpzc values for the pine and modified pine cone biomass were found to be: Raw = 7.49, Raw-HMDI modified = 6.68, Fenton treated pine = 5.40 and Fenton-HMDI modified = 6.12. The optimum pH for the adsorption of 2-nitrophenol onto raw pine and modified pine cone biomass was determined to be 6. The optimum adsorbent dosage was determined as 1.5 g/dm3. The adsorption kinetics show a good fit with the pseudo-second-order model. This suggests that surface adsorption is the controlling step in the adsorption of 2-nitrophenol onto pine cone biomass. The analysis of diffusion processes showed that the initial rapid stage during the adsorption is due to external mass transfer processes. The adsorption experimental data also showed that pore diffusion was rate-limiting amongst the diffusion processes. Pine modification using Fenton’s reagent and 1.6-hexamethylene diisocyanate increased magnitude of kinetic and diffusion parameters. Experimental data for 2-nitrophenol adsorption onto pine and modified pine cone biomass showed better correlation with the Redlich-Peterson and Hill isotherm models and poor correlation with the Freundlich isotherm model. This suggests that the mechanism does not show complete multilayer coverage with cooperative phenomena between adsorbate molecules. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption is feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic and results in a decrease in degree of disorder at the solid/liquid interface. An increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in adsorption capacity showing that the adsorption is physical. Pine modification using Fenton’s reagent and 1.6-hexamethylene diisocyanate increased magnitude of kinetic, diffusion and isotherm parameters. The kinetic and equilibrium results show that the adsorption of 2-nitrophenol onto pine cone biomass follows the order: Fenton treated-HMDI > Fenton treated > Raw-HMDI > Raw. Hence, it can be concluded that Fenton treatment and HMDI cross-linking modification did increase the adsorptive capabilities of the pine cone biomass. / VUT Research Directorate

Resumo: A banana é a fruta com maior produção mundial, sendo plantada em quase todos os continentes. Devido à grande oferta de banana no mercado, é notável a existência de problemas com a geração de resíduos causados por desperdícios (fruta sobremadura) e material celulósico gerado no cultivar. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal a aplicação do processo de secagem para resíduos do cultivar da banana nanica (Mussa spp. Haploide AAB ), visando seu possível aproveitamento na indústria. Resíduos de banana tipo nanica (casca, pedicelo, pedúnculo) e polpa foram caracterizados quimicamente, encontrando valores de cinza, umidade, matéria seca, proteína, lipídeos e carboidratos totais muito próximos à literatura. A relação entre o conteúdo de umidade e a atividade de água proporciona informações uteis para a armazenagem e processamento destes resíduos. Na pesquisa foram determinadas isotermas de desorção para casca, pedicelo e polpa de banana a seis temperaturas (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 e 70°C), na faixa de conteúdo de umidade entre 0,001-6,360 kg·kg -1 e atividades de água entre 0,02-0,907. O modelo teórico de GAB foi empregado para a modelagem das isotermas de desorção. Foi proposta a segunda derivada da solução analítica da equação de Clausius-Clapeyron para calcular o calor isostérico de sorção, a entropia diferencial e, a energia livre de Gibbs, através do modelo de GAB quando o efeito da temperatura em equilíbrio higroscópico é considerado. Experimentos de secagem para casca de banana foram realizados em um secador de leito fixo, a três diferentes velocidades de ar (2.5, 1.5 e 1.0 m·s -1 ), e quatro temperaturas (40, 50, 60 e 70°C). Os modelos de Peleg, Lewis, Henderson-Pabis e difusivo, foram empregados na modelagem das curvas de secagem. Na análise gráfica, encontrou-se que a velocidade de ar não influência no tempo final secagem... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Banana is the most produced fruit in the world, being planted in every continent. Due to the large supply bananas in the market, the existence of problems with waste generation caused for overripe fruit and cellulosic material is noteworthy. The objective of this paper is the drying process implementation for banana waste, variety nanica (Mussa spp. Haploid AAB), for a possible application in the industry. Waste (peel, pedicel and peduncle) and pulp of banana nanica were characterized chemically, where values of ash, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and water were quantified, showing similar results with literature. The relationship between moisture content and water activity provides useful information for processing and storage of banana waste. The desorption isotherms of peel, pedicel and pulp of overripe bananas were determined at six different temperatures (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70ºC) over wide ranges of moisture content (0,001-6,360 kg kg-1 d.b.) and water activity (0,02- 0,907). The theoretical model of GAB was used for modeling the desorption isotherms. An analytical solution of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation was proposed to compute the isosteric heat of sorption, the differential entropy, and the Gibbs' free energy, by means of the GAB model when the effect of temperature on hygroscopic equilibrium is considered. Drying kinetics for peel banana in convective hot air forced equipment were determined, at three air velocities (2.5, 1.5 and 1.0 m·s -1 ), and four temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70 ° C). The models of Peleg, Lewis, Henderson-Pabis, and diffusive were used to the modeling of drying curves. In the graphical analysis, for all experiments, air velocity does not influence in the final time of drying, showed a decreasing rate period of drying. Finally, acid hydrolysis of dry peel banana was performed by using a central composite design experimental with three... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Javier Telis Romero / Coorientador: Vanildo Luiz Del Bianchi / Co-oreintador: Henry Alexander Váquiro Herrera / Banca: Miriam Dupas Hubinger / Banca: José Francisco Lopes Filho / Mestre

Evaporation ponds that dispose of agricultural drainwater provide attractive habitat for waterbirds but may result in contaminant exposure that impairs reproduction. I estimated post-hatching survival and evaluated productivity estimates for American avocets (Recurvirostra americana) nesting at evaporation ponds in the Tulare Basin, California from 1991 to 1993. Avocets and Black-necked stilts (Himantopus mexicanus) comprised the majority of 5,969 nests found. Nest success and embryo mortality varied among ponds and between species. Embryo deformity and mortality rates associated with selenium were higher in stilts. The majority of reproductive losses were attributed to predation, especially at ponds without islands. Post-hatch survival of radiomarked avocets after 5 weeks ranged from 0.375-0.729 and differed among ponds (log-rank X²=7.12, 2 df, P=0.028). Predation accounted for 55.4% (36/65) of known mortalities. Depredated chicks ranged from 1-30 days of age with a median age of 6 days. Arsenic concentrations in avocet livers were below detection limits while boron concentrations were below detection limits at Westlake-South (WLS) and Tulare Lake Drainage District-South (TLDD-S) in 1993. Mean boron concentration in livers was 3.7 ppm at TLDD-S in 1992 and 22.9 ppm at Lost Hills Water District (LHWD). Liver selenium concentrations increased with age and differed among ponds (P=0.0001). Mercury concentrations differed among ponds (P=0.0001), but were similar to background. Growth, survival and selenium exposure were consistent to support post-hatching effects of selenium. Mortality in avocet chicks was highest at LHWD, intermediate at TLDD-S and lowest at WLS, consistent with selenium exposures. I observed lower survival, histologic lesions, lower hatchling weights, slower growth, and elevated selenium and boron in tissue at LHWD. I used capture-recapture analysis also to estimate post-hatching survival and calculated avocet productivity. Survival estimates for the first 4 weeks post-hatching, based on model averaging, ranged from 0.572 to 0.751. Productivity at some ponds was insufficient to offset adult mortality. Estimates of average annual productivity were 0.49 and 0.45 in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Juvenile survival rates necessary for recruitment to offset 10% and 20% adult mortality ranged from 0.204 to 0.408 and 0.222 to 0.444, respectively. / Graduation date: 2004

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Margeli_Pereira_de_Albuquerque.pdf: 2111974 bytes, checksum: 78ccb6bb7d9db190ff964dd329c64706 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-20 / The Pleurotus species, popularly known as oyster mushroom, are primary decompositers of woods and others biodegradables wastes. These mushrooms show nutricional proprieties with higher proteins, essencial aminoacids, unsaturated fat acids, vitamins and mineral contents, however are becoming as an important food resource. The substrata identification are the mainly stage in the productivity increase studies in the fungiculture. The in vitro and in vivo cultures aim to elucidate the optimal conditions of fungi growing related to a culture media that allow the fast development and increase the productivity. For Pleurotus spp. the currently strains available, were selected by the use of different ways of culture, aimed to increase the productivity. Therefore, these works aim to study the in vitro micelial growth and colonization of substratum and the productivity of three mushrooms strains in different agricultural wastes. Three experiments were carried out to reach the objectives, using rice straw, castor bean seed husks and peanut shells as substrata. In the first experiment, the strains was repicated to a petri dishes, with a solid medium prepared with the selected substrata, and incubated at 25°C. The mycelial growing was daily mensured with ruler and at the end of experiment the mycelial biomass was quantified. In the second experiment was evaluated the colonization capacity under in vitro conditions. The strains were repicated to the tubes with pasteurized susbtrata and incubated at 28°C. Were measured, in intervals of 24 hours, the distance of mycelia from the colonization origin for each tube. In the third experiment were evaluated the productivity, biological efficiency, the fresh and dry mass and the centesimal composition of the basidiomata produced in the selected substrata, beyond the carbon/nitrogen ratio in each substrata before and after the 66 days of cultive. The medium formulated with peanut shells extract propritiated the higher vegetative growing of Lentinus sajor-caju (PSC01/06) mycelia. The strain POR01/06 of Pleurotus ostreatoroseus, demonstrate the higher mycelial growing in the castor bean seed husks extract medium. The wild strain of Pleurotus pulmonarius grows indifferently in both tested media, moreover shows the highest mycelial growing that P. ostreatoroseus. The results of second experiment concludes that the rice straw provides faster colonization of Lentinus sajor-caju when it compares with the others substrata. The castor bean seed husks and the peanut shells substrata provides a slowly linear colonization for P. ostreatoroseus. The results of the third experiment allow to conclude that Lentinus sajor-caju as revealed such the most promising for the fungiculture, showing 81,13% of biological efficiency. The rice straw substrata provides the higher productivity and biological efficiency for all tested strains. The nutricional quality of mushroons varies as the used substratum. P. ostreatoroseus and P. pulmonarius demonstrated an lower fat content and its basidiomata acumulate more minerals when it grows in castor bean seed husks. Finally, it is observed that the most productivity was obtained at the first flow of production for all tested strains. / As espécies de Pleurotus, popularmente conhecidas por cogumelos ostra, são decompositoras primárias de madeira e outros resíduos vegetais biodegradáveis. Estes fungos apresentam propriedades nutricionais com elevados teores de proteínas aminoácidos essenciais, ácidos graxos insaturados, vitaminas e minerais, por isso estão tornando-se cada vez mais importantes como um recurso alimentar. A identificação de substratos que permitam o rápido desenvolvimento do micélio fúngico é uma das principais etapas nos estudos que visam melhorar a produtividade no cultivo de cogumelos. O cultivo in vitro e in vivo busca elucidar as condições ótimas de crescimento do fungo visando a seleção de meios de cultura e substratos que permitam o rápido desenvolvimento e produtividade. Deve-se considerar que no cultivo de Pleurotus spp. as linhagens atualmente disponíveis, foram selecionadas pelo uso de diferentes meios de cultura, visando aumento na produtividade. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar três isolados de cogumelos em diferentes substratos, avaliando-se a velocidade de crescimento micelial, a biomassa de micélio, a colonização do substrato in vitro e a produtividade. Para tanto, três experimentos foram realizados, utilizando-se os substratos palha de arroz, casca da semente da mamona e a casca de amendoim. No experimento um os isolados foram repicados para meio sólido, em placas de Petri, preparado à partir de extratos dos três substratos. A incubação ocorreu em estufa a 25°C. O crescimento miceliano foi medido diariamente com régua e ao final do experimento, recolheu-se e quantificou-se a biomassa miceliana. No experimento dois foi avaliada a capacidade de colonização in vitro das linhagens fúngicas, os isolados foram repicados para os substratos pasteurizados e acondicionados em tubos de ensaio de 2,5 x 20cm, incubados a 28°C em estufa. Foram medidos a cada 24h em cada tubo de ensaio a distância de alcance do micélio a partir da origem de colonização. No experimento três avaliou-se a produtividade, eficiência biológica, massa fresca e seca e a composição centesimal dos cogumelos produzidos além da relação carbono/nitrogênio inicial e final do substrato. Neste os substratos de cultivo foram pasteurizados, inoculados e incubados durante 66 dias. O meio de cultura formulado com extrato de casca de amendoim propiciou a maior velocidade de crescimento vegetativo de Lentinus sajor-caju (PSC01/06). A linhagem POR01/06 de Pleurotus ostreatoroseus apresentou maior velocidade de crescimento em meio contendo extrato da casca da semente de mamona e a linhagem nativa de Pleurotus pulmonarius cresceu indiferentemente nos meios testados. Os resultados do experimento dois demonstraram que o substrato de cultivo palha de arroz proporcionou a colonização de Lentinus sajor-caju, mais rapidamente que os demais substratos. Os resultados do experimento três permitem concluir que a espécie Lentinus sajor-caju mostrou-se a mais promissora, apresentando eficiência biológica de 81,13%. Independentemente da espécie, o substrato palha de arroz proporcionou maior produtividade e eficiência biológica. A qualidade nutricional dos cogumelos variou conforme o substrato utilizado. P. ostreatoroseus e P. pulmonarius apresentaram baixo teor de gordura e acumularam mais minerais em seus basidiomas quando cultivados em casca da semente de mamona. Por último, a maior produtividade foi obtida no primeiro fluxo de produção.

MSCAGR (Soil Science) / Department of Soil Science / Poultry manure (PM) is an inexpensive source of fertilizer but it decomposes quickly and releases carbon and greenhouse gases. Biochar (BC) could be an alternative source of carbon to improve soil quality and reduce greenhouse gas emission. This study investigated the effect of co-application of BC and PM on selected soil physical and chemical properties and performance of maize. A field experiment was conducted at the University of Venda experimental farm during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons. The experiment was a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement consisting of four rates of BC (0, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1) and three rates of PM (0, 2, and 4 t ha-1) in a RCBD arrangement replicated three times. Maize was planted in both seasons. After harvest, soil bulk density was determined at four soil depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, and 15-20 cm), while aggregate stability and selected soil chemical properties were determined at two soil depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm). Data were subjected to ANOVA using Genstat 17th edition. The least significant difference was used to compare the treatment means at P < 0.05. Soil aggregate stability, organic carbon, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, maize dry matter and maize grain yield increased with increasing rates of BC and PM application at 0 - 15 cm depth in both seasons. The combination of BC at 20 t ha-1 and PM at 4 t ha-1 significantly (P < 0.05) decreased soil bulk density at 5 - 10 cm depth but increased soil available P and total N at the two depths in both seasons. The results of this study suggested that BC and PM improved soil ability to retain and supply nutrients through improved soil aggregate stability and reduced bulk density thereby improving maize dry matter and grain yield. Combining BC with PM proved to enhance the ability of soil to function by improving selected soil physical and chemical properties thereby improving maize dry matter and grain yield. / NRF