Le récepteur aux hydrocarbures aromatiques (AhR) est un facteur de transcription activé par de nombreux xénobiotiques (molécules étrangères à l’organisme) qui régule l’expression d’enzymes et transporteurs permettant le métabolisme et l’élimination de ces ligands. Cette protéine exprimée dans toutes les cellules chez les vertébrés, joue un rôle majeur dans la détoxication et la protection des organismes vis à vis des molécules toxiques. Des orthologues de celle-ci ont été identifiés chez les invertébrés mais ne semblent pas jouer le même rôle; ils sont exprimés principalement dans des neurones et ne sont pas activés par des polluants. L’absence du AhR chez ces organismes entraîne au niveau cellulaire, des défauts de morphologie dendritique et sur le plan comportemental, des anomalies dans le comportement de nutrition. Malgré ces découvertes, peu de recherches ont été entreprises sur les conséquences d’une invalidation du AhR sur le fonctionnement du système nerveux central chez les vertébrés. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai étudié ces conséquences au niveau moléculaire, cellulaire et comportemental: les souris AhR KO développent un nystagmus pendulaire horizontal dont l’origine est en partie liée à des défauts structuraux de la gaine de myéline. Au niveau moléculaire, nous avons mis en évidence un changement de la composition lipidique, de l’expression des gènes de la myéline et de l’inflammation, défauts qui sont retrouvés en partie chez des souris dont le AhR a été invalidé spécifiquement dans l’oligodendrocyte, la cellule responsable de la formation de la gaine de myéline. J’ai donc réalisé des études en parallèle sur la lignée murine d’oligodendrocyte, 158N, et montré que l’invalidation du AhR dans cette lignée ainsi que in vivo, modifiait l’expression du gène MAG (Myelin Associated Glycoprotein). Compte tenu du rôle du AhR en tant que récepteur de polluants, nous avons également exposé ou traité nos modèles avec de la TCDD (dioxine de Seveso) et montré que celle-ci modifiait également l’expression du gène MAG. Mes travaux démontrent donc que le AhR joue un rôle au niveau oligodendrocytaire dans la formation de la gaine de myéline. Son rôle connu en tant que récepteur de polluants laisse supposer que certaines contaminations environnementales pourraient jouer un rôle dans l’incidence de pathologies au niveau du système nerveux central, ce qui soulève de nombreuses questions en terme de santé publique. / The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor activated by many xenobiotics (foreign molecules) that regulates the expression of enzymes and transporters which allow the metabolism and elimination of these ligands. This protein expressed in all cells in vertebrates, plays a major role in detoxication and protection of the organisms against toxic molecules. Some orthologs have been identified in invertebrates but do not seem to play the same role; they are expressed mainly in neurons and are not activated by pollutants. The absence of the AhR in these organisms causes at the cellular level, defects of the dendritic morphology and behaviourally, abnormalities in the feeding behavior. Despite these findings, little research has been conducted on the consequences of the AhR invalidation in the central nervous system of vertebrates. During my PhD, I studied these consequences at the molecular, cellular and behavioral : the AhR knockout mice develop a horizontal pendular nystagmus whose origin is partly related to structural defects in the myelin sheath. At the molecular level, we have shown modifications in the lipid composition, myelin and inflammation gene expression, defects that are found partly in mice whose AhR was invalidated specifically in the oligodendrocytes, the cells involved in myelin sheath formation. I therefore made parallel studies on the murine oligodendrocyte lineage, 158N, and showed that the invalidation of the AhR in this cell line and in vivo, altered MAG (Myelin Associated Glycoprotein) gene expression. Given the role of the AhR as a receptor of pollutants, we have also exposed or treated our models with TCDD (dioxin of Seveso) and showed that it also changed the expression of MAG gene. My works show that the AhR is involved in oligodendrocyte level in the formation of the myelin sheath. As the AhR is also a receptor of pollutants, some environmental contaminants may play a role in the incidence of diseases in the central nervous system, which raises many issues in terms of public health.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a sensor protein, activated by aromatic chemical species for transcriptionally regulating xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. AHR is also known to be involved in a variety of pathogenesis such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis, asthma, etc. The AHR signaling induced by xenobiotics has been intensively studied whereas its physiological role in the absence of xenobiotics is poorly understood. Despite a number of ligands of AHR have been reported thus far, further applications are still hampered by the lack of specificity and/or the partially agonistic activity. Thus, a pure AHR antagonist is needed for deciphering the AHR cryptic as well as potential therapeutic agent. The Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC) is a bi-functional small molecule containing a ligand and proteolysis inducer. PROTAC recruits the target protein to proteolysis machinery and elicits proteolysis. Thus far, a number of PROTAC have been prepared and demonstrated to effectively induce the degradation of targeted protein in cultured cells, validating PROTAC as a useful research tool. In the present study, PROTACs based on apigenin was prepared and demonstrated to induce the degradation of AHR, providing the proof of concept. To improve activity, a synthetic structure, CH-223191, was optimized for antagonistic activity by positional scanning identifying several AHR antagonists. PROTACs based on the optimal structure were prepared and assessed their biological activity. The products and synthetic scheme described hereby will be helpful for the further understanding on AHR biology as well as for developing therapeutic agents targeting AHR.

Le récepteur aux hydrocarbures aromatiques (AhR) est un facteur de transcription de la famille bHLH/PAS, activé par différents ligands exogènes dont les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques ou halogénés (dioxines). A ce titre, il est décrit historiquement comme un récepteur de xénobiotiques dont le principal rôle est l'élimination de ces composés via la régulation des enzymes du métabolisme des xénobiotiques. Toutefois, des études récentes menées à l'aide de modèles souris invalidées pour le AhR, suggèrent indirectement que cette protéine régule des fonctions endogènes, notamment dans le système nerveux de mammifères dans lequel aucun rôle du AhR n'a jusqu'à présent été démontré. Nous avons donc utilisé le modèle de souris C57BL/6J AhR-/- pour mener à la fois des études comportementales et mécanistiques afin de déterminer ce rôle. Tout d'abord, nous avons identifié un défaut oculomoteur chez les souris AhR-/-, caractérisé par des mouvements spontanés horizontaux. En étudiant l'ensemble des circuits neurosensoriels potentiellement impliqués dans ce nystagmus pendulaire, nous avons montré que son origine est liée à des déficits du système visuo-moteur. De plus, en caractérisant et comparant les profils d'expression génique des cervelets de souris AhR+/+ et AhR-/- traitées ou non par de la 2,3,7,8 TétraChloroDibenzo-p-Dioxine (TCDD), nous avons montré que ce polluant, ligand du AhR, perturbait les fonctions endogènes du récepteur. Cet effet de " perturbation endogène " a été retrouvé dans un autre organe et est associé à une toxicité (fibrose hépatique). Cette étude a permis d'identifier de nouvelles fonctions physiologiques du AhR dans le système nerveux des souris, de caractériser un nouveau modèle animal de nystagmus pendulaire et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives de travail en neurotoxicologie.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a transcription factor which heterodimerizes with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt) to regulate downstream gene transcription. For the purpose of studying the crystal structure of human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (hAHR), it is essential to obtain abundant amount of pure recombinant protein.Basing on the benefits of using P. pastoris system to produce recombinant protein, including appropriate folding, secretion of interest proteins to the external environment of the cell, and easier purification process of protein due to the its limited production of endogenous secretory proteins [1], our lab chose P. pastoris yeast as the host to overexpress human AHR. My lab has successfully used the protease-deficient P. pastoris (ySMD1163) strain to express AHR [2], but unfortunately the yield is modest, presumably due to low copy number. My work addressed whether increasing the copy number of hAHR in the yeast genome would increase the expression level of hAHR in Pichia pastoris. Results from my experiments showed that although the copy number correlated with the expression levels of hAHR, the increased expression of the hAHR largely in the pellet, suggesting that the soluble expression of hAHR can’t be enhanced merely by increasing its production.

In an effort to better understand the Ah receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt)-dependent signaling mechanisms, we employed a phage display system to identify Arnt-interacting peptides. Human liver cDNA library was utilized to screen for Arnt-interacting peptides using an Arnt construct fused to thioredoxin (TH-ArntCΔ418). Two clones, namely Ainp1 and Ainp2 (Arnt-interacting peptide), were identified and subsequently characterized. Ainp2 interacted with TH-ArntCΔ418 in the GST pull-down, TALON co-precipitation, and mammalian two-hybrid assays. Northern blot results revealed that Ainp2 is predominantly expressed in human liver. The putative full-length Ainp2 cDNA sequence was subsequently cloned using RACE PCR. Endogenous expression of Ainp2 was found in Jurkat cells and human fetal/adult liver medleys. Results from the transient transfection studies using a DRE- or ERE-driven reporter plasmid and the real-time QPCR experiments examining the endogenous CYP1A1 or GREB-1 expression demonstrated that Ainp2 enhances the 3MC-induced AhR signaling pathway in HepG2 cells, while suppresses the E2-induced ER signaling pathway in MCF-7 cells. These results suggested that Ainp2 plays a role in the Arnt-dependent signaling pathways. The suppressive effect of Ainp2 in the ER signaling pathway was not observed in Arnt-knockdown cells. Additionally, co-precipitation data showed that Ainp2 did not interact with ER α and ER β, suggesting that Ainp2 suppresses the ER signaling via an Arnt-mediated mechanism. The phage display technique also revealed another potential Arnt-interacting peptide Ainp1, which contains an open reading frame of 58 amino acids. The GST pull-down and mammalian two-hybrid assays showed that Ainp1 interacts with TH-ArntCΔ418. Northern blot results demonstrated that Ainp1 is ubiquitously present in all the tested tissues, including brain, placenta, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, pancreas, liver, lung, spleen, and colon.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a ligand-activated transcription factor that is involved in many important functions in the body. To study the role and function of AHR, an abundant amount of in vitro expressed and purified protein is needed. A baculovirus insect expression system is commonly employed to express AHR, however, there are several drawbacks with this method, such as mutation potential and high cost. A better in overexpression system is needed and we hypothesize that Pichia pastoris, a yeast expression system, could stably express AHR and ARNT (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator) in sufficient amount with reasonable cost. Codon optimized human AHR and ARNT genes were separately transformed into the Pichia pastoris genome and expressed. Co-immunoprecipitation, gel-shift assay and western analysis indicate Pichia pastoris was able to stably overexpress functional AHR and ARNT proteins in comparable yield and lower cost compared to baculovirus insect expression system and the expressed proteins were used to develop a new in vitro method to study AHR and ARNT binding. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed to investigate the role of AHR in rutacarpine-caffeine interactions. Oral RUT pretreatment was shown to reduce oral caffeine area under the curve (AUC) in rats, due to an increase in caffeine clearance (CL) and a decrease in oral bioavailability (F). RUT, an AHR ligand, increases caffeine CL by inducing Cyp1A2 enzyme, but the mechanism by which RUT reduces caffeine F is not understood. We hypothesize that it is also mediated via AHR pathway. To test the hypothesis, wild type (WT) and AHR knock out (KO) mice were administered caffeine IV and orally, with and without VEH or RUT pretreatment. As expected, PK data show higher caffeine CL and lower F values in WT, but similar CL and F values in AHR KO mice, upon RUT co-administration. Rats study, in which with pretreatment of vehicle, AHR ligands: RUT, beta-naphthoflavone or indole-3-carbinol before caffeine was dosed orally is consistent with mice study, that all three AHR agonists tested were able to reduce oral caffeine AUCs in rats. RUT reduces caffeine’s oral bioavailability is through AHR signaling pathway, however, However, the mechanism by which AHR mediates the reduced caffeine F is not known.

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