Zur Validierung des Verfahrens der akustischen Tomographie, das als Fernerkundungssverfahren trägheits- und berührungslos arbeitet, werden Vergleichsmessungen mit herkömmlichen Sensoren für die Lufttemperatur und Luftfeuchte durchgeführt. Dabei zeigen sich die Grenzen der Erfassung dieser Größen in Bezug auf Strahlungseinfluss und Trägheit der Messgeräte. Hier werden einige Probleme bei der Verwendung konventioneller Hütten und Lösungsvorschläge aufgezeigt. / In order to validate measurements with the acoustic tomography, which operates as an remote sensing system lagless and contactless, comparison measurements were performed with conventional sensors for the air temperature and humidity. The accuracy of these quantities is limited by the radiation influence and the lag of the instruments. Here some difficulties are pointed out by using conventional shelters and solutions are demonstrated.

Orientador: Vivaldo Silveira Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T01:57:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Queiroz_LorenaAiresLombardi_M.pdf: 3856550 bytes, checksum: 772ac0e513c805ef7e7a144496ffab9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O processo mais simples para que a água alcance pureza adequada é a destilação convencional, porém este método tem como inconvenientes seu alto gasto com energia elétrica e seu elevado consumo de água. Buscando alternativas para produzir água purificada com economia de energia elétrica e água de resfriamento, mas com produção quanto à pureza equivalente ao convencional, surge a possibilidade da elaboração de um sistema de purificação de água pela desumidificação do ar com o auxílio de uma bomba de calor. O equipamento projetado para a purificação de água opera segundo um ciclo termodinâmico de refrigeração e é composto por duas partes: uma bomba de calor por compressão de vapor, do tipo ar-ar acoplada em um duto de ar, e uma câmara, onde ocorre a umidificação do ar, com ar recirculado. Foram testados, ainda, dois tipos de umidificadores, com recheio de vidro e um nebulizador A água produzida pode ser considerada purificada já que apresentou valores de condutividade elétrica entre 4 e 5 µS/cm. A bomba de calor apresentou um melhor desempenho quando foi utilizado o nebulizador, já que os COP obtidos foram maiores do que os obtidos nos ensaios com recheio de vidro, referente à umidificação adiabática / Abstract: The simplest process for water to reach adequate purity is the conventional distillation, however this method has drawbacks such as their high expense with electric energy and their high water consumption. Searching alternatives to produce purified water with saving energy and water cooling, but with production as purity as conventional, there is the possibility of developing a system for purifying water by dehumidification the air with a heat pump. The equipment designed for water purification operates on a thermodynamic cycle of cooling and is composed of two parts: a heat pump vapor compression, the type air-air coupled into an air duct, and a chamber where it occurs humidifying the air, with recirculated air. Were tested also two types of humidifiers, with filling of glass and a sprayer. The water produced can be considered as purified, since it showed electrical conductivity values between 4 and 5 ms / cm. The heat pump showed a better performance when the spray was used, since the COP obtained were higher than those obtained in tests with a filling of glass on the adiabatic humidification / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

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Presented master’s thesis is focused on the experimental research of influence of climate conditions on wheel-rail adhesion, where climate conditions are meant two parameters: ambient air temperature and air humidity. These parameters always affect wheel-raid contact and their values change significantly during the year. For presented experimental research was used tribometer Mini Traction Machine (MTM) in configuration „ball on disc“. For determination of influence climate conditions was first found out the influence of air humidity on adhesion at certain temperatures, which varied between (1 to 50) °C. These experiments were performed for two types of discs, where one disc was exposed to leaf extract contamination. After that was assembled influence of both parameters (air humidity and ambient air temperature) on adhesion in the form of a 3D map, where were distinctioned states, when condensation has occured and when didn‘t. Obtained results in this thesis will be used for optimalization of rail vehicle control systems.

Zur Validierung des Verfahrens der akustischen Tomographie, das als Fernerkundungssverfahren trägheits- und berührungslos arbeitet, werden Vergleichsmessungen mit herkömmlichen Sensoren für die Lufttemperatur und Luftfeuchte durchgeführt. Dabei zeigen sich die Grenzen der Erfassung dieser Größen in Bezug auf Strahlungseinfluss und Trägheit der Messgeräte. Hier werden einige Probleme bei der Verwendung konventioneller Hütten und Lösungsvorschläge aufgezeigt. / In order to validate measurements with the acoustic tomography, which operates as an remote sensing system lagless and contactless, comparison measurements were performed with conventional sensors for the air temperature and humidity. The accuracy of these quantities is limited by the radiation influence and the lag of the instruments. Here some difficulties are pointed out by using conventional shelters and solutions are demonstrated.

Air ionization is a method used at air treatment of closed spaces. Properly applied air ionization improves health condition of bred animals, lowers the costs of pharmaceuticals and increases their efficiency. Negative ions attach themselves to particles of dust causing them to drop to the ground. The aim of the thesis was to analyse the influence of air ionization on air dustiness in a relation to temperature changes and relative air humidity in a farrowing house for sows. The farm used litter in the lairage pens. Sows were fed with dampened mixture. By the help of a data logger was measured the temperature [°C] and the relative air humidity [%]. The readings were recorded at hourly interval. Speed of the air circulation [m.s-1] in the stall and the cooling power [mcal.cm-2.s-1] were measured in the resting stage. The air dustiness in the stall was measured on the level of a lying sow in the state of resting, activity and after an activity. The data of the concentration of dust molecules in the air were recorded at interval of 10 seconds. The length of the measuring for each period was set for 8 minutes. The size adjustment of the dust molecules wasn?t specified. On selected days was applied the air ionization. At high temperature and relative humidity it came to binding of ions to the molecules of dust. At low temperature, high relative humidity and reduced intensity of air change in the stall the ionization didn?t have any influence on the dustiness because the dust settled as a result of the relative air humidity.

Människor spenderar idag över 90% av sin tid inomhus och inomhusklimatet spelar därför en viktig roll i personers hälsa och välbefinnande, större ju yngre personerna är. Syftet med den här rapporten har varit att undersöka och jämföra inomhusklimatet på två förskolor i Hallsbergs kommun, förskolan Äppellunden och Kompassen, med följande frågeställningar: - Hur upplevs förskolan Kompassens inomhusklimat i förhållande till mätningar av inomhusklimatet? - Hur upplevs förskolan Äppellundens inomhusklimat i förhållande till mätningar av inomhusklimatet? - Hur förhåller sig de två förskolornas upplevda inomhusklimat och mätningar av inomhusklimatet, vad gäller operativ temperatur, luftkvalitet, lufthastighet och fukt? Studien har pågått under en begränsad tid och har endast studerat rummen i förskolorna som barnen vistas i kontinuerligt. Studien tar inte i beaktning faktorer såsom ljud, ljus och lukt. Inomhusklimatet har studerats genom en enkät som skickats ut till alla pedagoger på de två förskolorna samt kompletterats med egna mätningar på luftkvalité och temperatur. De två förskolorna är i grunden väldigt olika. Äppellunden är en nybyggd förskola från 2019, medan Kompassen är en industrilokal från 1981 som år 2014 byggdes om till förskola. Inomhusklimatet påverkas av många olika faktorer som alla måste samverka. Här innefattas bland annat ventilationen, vars huvudsakliga funktion är att föra bort förorenad luft och tillföra ny luft. Inomhusklimatet ska även ha en behaglig temperatur, där kraven ställs utifrån den operativa temperaturen. Det ska heller inte vara varken för fuktig eller för torr luft inomhus och människan ska inte uppleva drag. För samtliga faktorer finns krav eller rekommendationer som bör följas för att upprätta ett bra inomhusklimat. Tidigare har bland annat projektet BETSI samt undersökningen ELIB utfört landsomfattande studier på inomhusklimatet. För att undersöka hur inomhusklimatet upplevs på förskolorna skickades en enkät om inomhusklimatet ut till pedagogerna. På samma förskolor mättes medelstrålningstemperaturen, lufttemperaturen, den relativa fuktigheten samt koldioxidhalten. Detta skedde i ett rum per avdelning och på fyra punkter i vardera rum. Även den operativa temperaturen beräknades. Över lag visade mätningarna att förskolorna har ett bra inomhusklimat, dock har de en torr inomhusluft. Tidigare undersökningar har visat att torr luft oftare blir ett större problem i stora hus. Detta gällde dock en studie om flerbostadshus, men vissa paralleller till förskolorna kan fortfarande dras. Från enkäten utlästes att pedagogerna främst hade problem med en varierande rumstemperatur på Äppellunden. Detta kan bero på att Äppellunden har ett ventilationssystem med ett varierande luftflöde. Kompassen besvärades främst av torr luft, en varierande rumstemperatur samt känslan av en instängd luft. Samtliga mätningar som utförts uppfyllde kraven och rekommendationerna som finns från myndigheter med undantag från en mätning på Kompassen. / People today spend more than 90% of their time indoors, making the indoor climate an important and significant part of their health and well-being, especially for younger people. The purpose of this report is to investigate and compare the indoor climate of two preschools in Hallsbergs Municipality, Äppellunden and Kompassen, with the following questions: - How is the indoor climate of Preschool Kompassen perceived in relation to measurements of the indoor climate? - How is the indoor climate of Preschool Äppellunden perceived in relation to measurements of the indoor climate? - How do the perceived indoor climate and measurements of indoor climate compare between the two preschools regarding operative temperature, air quality, air velocity and humidity? The study was conducted over a limited period and only examined the rooms in the preschool where the children are continuously present. The study does not consider factors such as noise, light, and smell. The indoor climate was studied through a survey sent to all educators at the two preschools and complemented by independent measurements of air quality and temperature. The two preschools are fundamentally very different Äppellunden is a newly built preschool from 2019, while Kompassen is an industrial building from 1981 that was converted to a preschool in 2014. Indoor climate is influenced by many different factors that all need to work together. This includes ventilation, whose main function is to remove polluted air and bring in fresh air. The indoor climate should also have a comfortable temperature, with requirements based on the operative temperature. The indoor air should not be too humid or too dry indoors, and people should not feel drafts. For all factors, there are requirements or guidelines that should be followed to establish a good indoor climate. Projects like BETSI and the ELIB survey have previously conducted nationwide studies on indoor climate. To investigate how the indoor climate is perceived at the preschools, a survey about the indoor climate was sent to the educators. In the same preschools, measurements of mean radiant temperature, air temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide levels were taken, and the operative temperature calculated. This was done in one room per department and at four points in each room. Overall, the measurements showed that the preschools have a good indoor climate; however, they both have dry indoor air. Previous studies have shown that dry air often becomes a larger problem in big buildings. This was a study on multi-family houses, but some parallels to the preschools can still be drawn. From the survey, it was found that the educators mainly had problems with a varying room temperature at Äppellunden. This may be due to Äppellunden having a ventilation system with varying air flow. Kompassen mainly suffered from dry air, varying room temperature, and a feeling of stale air. All measurements performed met the requirements and recommendations from authorities, except for one measurement at Kompassen.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema Raumklima und dem Lüften in den Kirchenbauwerken der Diözese Linz. Die Arbeit soll dabei die Entwicklungen der letzten 20 Jahre aufzeigen. Der momentane Wissens- und Datenstand, speziell auf das Diözesangebiet bezogen soll dargestellt werden. Dabei wurden Aufzeichnungen zu 60 Kirchen statistisch ausgewertet und hinsichtlich des Raumklimas untersucht. Die Auswertung soll den einschlägigen Fachkreis um ein hilfreiches Schriftstück ergänzen. Dabei ist der Blick auf eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung aus Ursache und Auswirkung wichtig für das Ergebnis.:Kurzfassung 2 Abstract 2 Vorwort 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis 4 1 Einleitung 7 2 Problemstellung, Methodik und Zielsetzung 8 3 Angaben und Überblick zu den untersuchten Kirchen 9 4 Bauphysikalische Grundlagen 16 5 Klimatische Grundlagen 50 6 Besonderheiten bei Kirchenfenster 66 7 Schäden, deren Ursachen und Behebung 76 8 Statistische Ergebnisse 96 9 Vereinfachter Berechnungsansatz der Fensterlüftung 106 10 Weiterführende Betrachtungen und Literatur 115 11 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 122 Anhang A: Deckblätter der Untersuchten Kirchen 123 Anhang B: Beispiel zu den Berechnungsblättern (Pfarrkirche Alkoven) 184 Anhang C: Datentabelle zu den Untersuchten Kirchen 191 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 192 Glossar 194 Literaturverzeichnis 197 Tabellenverzeichnis 198 Abbildungsverzeichnis 198 Erklärung 207 / This work deals with the topic of indoor climate and ventilation in the church buildings of the Diocese of Linz. The work is intended to show the developments of the last 20 years. The current state of knowledge and data, specifically related to the diocesan area, should be presented. Records from 60 churches were statistically evaluated and examined with regard to the indoor climate. The evaluation is intended to supplement the relevant expert group with a helpful document. The focus is on a holistic view of cause and effect, which is crucial for the result.:Kurzfassung 2 Abstract 2 Vorwort 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis 4 1 Einleitung 7 2 Problemstellung, Methodik und Zielsetzung 8 3 Angaben und Überblick zu den untersuchten Kirchen 9 4 Bauphysikalische Grundlagen 16 5 Klimatische Grundlagen 50 6 Besonderheiten bei Kirchenfenster 66 7 Schäden, deren Ursachen und Behebung 76 8 Statistische Ergebnisse 96 9 Vereinfachter Berechnungsansatz der Fensterlüftung 106 10 Weiterführende Betrachtungen und Literatur 115 11 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 122 Anhang A: Deckblätter der Untersuchten Kirchen 123 Anhang B: Beispiel zu den Berechnungsblättern (Pfarrkirche Alkoven) 184 Anhang C: Datentabelle zu den Untersuchten Kirchen 191 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 192 Glossar 194 Literaturverzeichnis 197 Tabellenverzeichnis 198 Abbildungsverzeichnis 198 Erklärung 207

<p>The objective of the dissertation was to study the cabin environment, and identify personal and environmental risk factors, associated with symptoms, and perception of cabin air quality. Another objective was to study if ban of smoking, and increased relative air humidity on intercontinental flights, could have a beneficial health effect. The studies were performed among Scandinavian cabin crew in one Airline Company. Office workers from the same company served as controls. Exposure differed between cruise and non-cruise conditions. Air humidity was very low during intercontinental flights (3-8%). Concentration of moulds, bacteria, formaldehyde, and ozone was low. Tobacco smoking increased respirable particles in the cabin air, from 3 to 49 mg/m3, and increased cotinine in urine. The ETS-exposure was highest in the aft part of the cabin. Symptoms and environmental complaints were more common among flight crew than office workers. We could identify personal factors of importance, and certain conditions that could be improved, to achieve a better cabin environment. There was an association between symptoms and environmental perceptions and work stress, lack of influence on working condition, and a history of atopy. After ban on smoking in aircraft, there was a decrease of ocular and general symptoms, and increased tear-film stability in aircrew. Air humidification reduced headache and ocular, nasal, and dermal dryness symptoms, increased tear-film stability, and increased nasal patency. Our result indicates that ETS and low air humidity are important environmental factors in aircraft, and that atopy, and work stress could be significant risk factors for symptoms and environmental perceptions.</p>

The objective of the dissertation was to study the cabin environment, and identify personal and environmental risk factors, associated with symptoms, and perception of cabin air quality. Another objective was to study if ban of smoking, and increased relative air humidity on intercontinental flights, could have a beneficial health effect. The studies were performed among Scandinavian cabin crew in one Airline Company. Office workers from the same company served as controls. Exposure differed between cruise and non-cruise conditions. Air humidity was very low during intercontinental flights (3-8%). Concentration of moulds, bacteria, formaldehyde, and ozone was low. Tobacco smoking increased respirable particles in the cabin air, from 3 to 49 mg/m3, and increased cotinine in urine. The ETS-exposure was highest in the aft part of the cabin. Symptoms and environmental complaints were more common among flight crew than office workers. We could identify personal factors of importance, and certain conditions that could be improved, to achieve a better cabin environment. There was an association between symptoms and environmental perceptions and work stress, lack of influence on working condition, and a history of atopy. After ban on smoking in aircraft, there was a decrease of ocular and general symptoms, and increased tear-film stability in aircrew. Air humidification reduced headache and ocular, nasal, and dermal dryness symptoms, increased tear-film stability, and increased nasal patency. Our result indicates that ETS and low air humidity are important environmental factors in aircraft, and that atopy, and work stress could be significant risk factors for symptoms and environmental perceptions.