Zur Validierung des Verfahrens der akustischen Tomographie, das als Fernerkundungssverfahren trägheits- und berührungslos arbeitet, werden Vergleichsmessungen mit herkömmlichen Sensoren für die Lufttemperatur und Luftfeuchte durchgeführt. Dabei zeigen sich die Grenzen der Erfassung dieser Größen in Bezug auf Strahlungseinfluss und Trägheit der Messgeräte. Hier werden einige Probleme bei der Verwendung konventioneller Hütten und Lösungsvorschläge aufgezeigt. / In order to validate measurements with the acoustic tomography, which operates as an remote sensing system lagless and contactless, comparison measurements were performed with conventional sensors for the air temperature and humidity. The accuracy of these quantities is limited by the radiation influence and the lag of the instruments. Here some difficulties are pointed out by using conventional shelters and solutions are demonstrated.

Orientador: Vivaldo Silveira Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T01:57:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Queiroz_LorenaAiresLombardi_M.pdf: 3856550 bytes, checksum: 772ac0e513c805ef7e7a144496ffab9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O processo mais simples para que a água alcance pureza adequada é a destilação convencional, porém este método tem como inconvenientes seu alto gasto com energia elétrica e seu elevado consumo de água. Buscando alternativas para produzir água purificada com economia de energia elétrica e água de resfriamento, mas com produção quanto à pureza equivalente ao convencional, surge a possibilidade da elaboração de um sistema de purificação de água pela desumidificação do ar com o auxílio de uma bomba de calor. O equipamento projetado para a purificação de água opera segundo um ciclo termodinâmico de refrigeração e é composto por duas partes: uma bomba de calor por compressão de vapor, do tipo ar-ar acoplada em um duto de ar, e uma câmara, onde ocorre a umidificação do ar, com ar recirculado. Foram testados, ainda, dois tipos de umidificadores, com recheio de vidro e um nebulizador A água produzida pode ser considerada purificada já que apresentou valores de condutividade elétrica entre 4 e 5 µS/cm. A bomba de calor apresentou um melhor desempenho quando foi utilizado o nebulizador, já que os COP obtidos foram maiores do que os obtidos nos ensaios com recheio de vidro, referente à umidificação adiabática / Abstract: The simplest process for water to reach adequate purity is the conventional distillation, however this method has drawbacks such as their high expense with electric energy and their high water consumption. Searching alternatives to produce purified water with saving energy and water cooling, but with production as purity as conventional, there is the possibility of developing a system for purifying water by dehumidification the air with a heat pump. The equipment designed for water purification operates on a thermodynamic cycle of cooling and is composed of two parts: a heat pump vapor compression, the type air-air coupled into an air duct, and a chamber where it occurs humidifying the air, with recirculated air. Were tested also two types of humidifiers, with filling of glass and a sprayer. The water produced can be considered as purified, since it showed electrical conductivity values between 4 and 5 ms / cm. The heat pump showed a better performance when the spray was used, since the COP obtained were higher than those obtained in tests with a filling of glass on the adiabatic humidification / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

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Presented master’s thesis is focused on the experimental research of influence of climate conditions on wheel-rail adhesion, where climate conditions are meant two parameters: ambient air temperature and air humidity. These parameters always affect wheel-raid contact and their values change significantly during the year. For presented experimental research was used tribometer Mini Traction Machine (MTM) in configuration „ball on disc“. For determination of influence climate conditions was first found out the influence of air humidity on adhesion at certain temperatures, which varied between (1 to 50) °C. These experiments were performed for two types of discs, where one disc was exposed to leaf extract contamination. After that was assembled influence of both parameters (air humidity and ambient air temperature) on adhesion in the form of a 3D map, where were distinctioned states, when condensation has occured and when didn‘t. Obtained results in this thesis will be used for optimalization of rail vehicle control systems.

Zur Validierung des Verfahrens der akustischen Tomographie, das als Fernerkundungssverfahren trägheits- und berührungslos arbeitet, werden Vergleichsmessungen mit herkömmlichen Sensoren für die Lufttemperatur und Luftfeuchte durchgeführt. Dabei zeigen sich die Grenzen der Erfassung dieser Größen in Bezug auf Strahlungseinfluss und Trägheit der Messgeräte. Hier werden einige Probleme bei der Verwendung konventioneller Hütten und Lösungsvorschläge aufgezeigt. / In order to validate measurements with the acoustic tomography, which operates as an remote sensing system lagless and contactless, comparison measurements were performed with conventional sensors for the air temperature and humidity. The accuracy of these quantities is limited by the radiation influence and the lag of the instruments. Here some difficulties are pointed out by using conventional shelters and solutions are demonstrated.

Air ionization is a method used at air treatment of closed spaces. Properly applied air ionization improves health condition of bred animals, lowers the costs of pharmaceuticals and increases their efficiency. Negative ions attach themselves to particles of dust causing them to drop to the ground. The aim of the thesis was to analyse the influence of air ionization on air dustiness in a relation to temperature changes and relative air humidity in a farrowing house for sows. The farm used litter in the lairage pens. Sows were fed with dampened mixture. By the help of a data logger was measured the temperature [°C] and the relative air humidity [%]. The readings were recorded at hourly interval. Speed of the air circulation [m.s-1] in the stall and the cooling power [mcal.cm-2.s-1] were measured in the resting stage. The air dustiness in the stall was measured on the level of a lying sow in the state of resting, activity and after an activity. The data of the concentration of dust molecules in the air were recorded at interval of 10 seconds. The length of the measuring for each period was set for 8 minutes. The size adjustment of the dust molecules wasn?t specified. On selected days was applied the air ionization. At high temperature and relative humidity it came to binding of ions to the molecules of dust. At low temperature, high relative humidity and reduced intensity of air change in the stall the ionization didn?t have any influence on the dustiness because the dust settled as a result of the relative air humidity.

Människor spenderar idag över 90% av sin tid inomhus och inomhusklimatet spelar därför en viktig roll i personers hälsa och välbefinnande, större ju yngre personerna är. Syftet med den här rapporten har varit att undersöka och jämföra inomhusklimatet på två förskolor i Hallsbergs kommun, förskolan Äppellunden och Kompassen, med följande frågeställningar: - Hur upplevs förskolan Kompassens inomhusklimat i förhållande till mätningar av inomhusklimatet? - Hur upplevs förskolan Äppellundens inomhusklimat i förhållande till mätningar av inomhusklimatet? - Hur förhåller sig de två förskolornas upplevda inomhusklimat och mätningar av inomhusklimatet, vad gäller operativ temperatur, luftkvalitet, lufthastighet och fukt? Studien har pågått under en begränsad tid och har endast studerat rummen i förskolorna som barnen vistas i kontinuerligt. Studien tar inte i beaktning faktorer såsom ljud, ljus och lukt. Inomhusklimatet har studerats genom en enkät som skickats ut till alla pedagoger på de två förskolorna samt kompletterats med egna mätningar på luftkvalité och temperatur. De två förskolorna är i grunden väldigt olika. Äppellunden är en nybyggd förskola från 2019, medan Kompassen är en industrilokal från 1981 som år 2014 byggdes om till förskola. Inomhusklimatet påverkas av många olika faktorer som alla måste samverka. Här innefattas bland annat ventilationen, vars huvudsakliga funktion är att föra bort förorenad luft och tillföra ny luft. Inomhusklimatet ska även ha en behaglig temperatur, där kraven ställs utifrån den operativa temperaturen. Det ska heller inte vara varken för fuktig eller för torr luft inomhus och människan ska inte uppleva drag. För samtliga faktorer finns krav eller rekommendationer som bör följas för att upprätta ett bra inomhusklimat. Tidigare har bland annat projektet BETSI samt undersökningen ELIB utfört landsomfattande studier på inomhusklimatet. För att undersöka hur inomhusklimatet upplevs på förskolorna skickades en enkät om inomhusklimatet ut till pedagogerna. På samma förskolor mättes medelstrålningstemperaturen, lufttemperaturen, den relativa fuktigheten samt koldioxidhalten. Detta skedde i ett rum per avdelning och på fyra punkter i vardera rum. Även den operativa temperaturen beräknades. Över lag visade mätningarna att förskolorna har ett bra inomhusklimat, dock har de en torr inomhusluft. Tidigare undersökningar har visat att torr luft oftare blir ett större problem i stora hus. Detta gällde dock en studie om flerbostadshus, men vissa paralleller till förskolorna kan fortfarande dras. Från enkäten utlästes att pedagogerna främst hade problem med en varierande rumstemperatur på Äppellunden. Detta kan bero på att Äppellunden har ett ventilationssystem med ett varierande luftflöde. Kompassen besvärades främst av torr luft, en varierande rumstemperatur samt känslan av en instängd luft. Samtliga mätningar som utförts uppfyllde kraven och rekommendationerna som finns från myndigheter med undantag från en mätning på Kompassen. / People today spend more than 90% of their time indoors, making the indoor climate an important and significant part of their health and well-being, especially for younger people. The purpose of this report is to investigate and compare the indoor climate of two preschools in Hallsbergs Municipality, Äppellunden and Kompassen, with the following questions: - How is the indoor climate of Preschool Kompassen perceived in relation to measurements of the indoor climate? - How is the indoor climate of Preschool Äppellunden perceived in relation to measurements of the indoor climate? - How do the perceived indoor climate and measurements of indoor climate compare between the two preschools regarding operative temperature, air quality, air velocity and humidity? The study was conducted over a limited period and only examined the rooms in the preschool where the children are continuously present. The study does not consider factors such as noise, light, and smell. The indoor climate was studied through a survey sent to all educators at the two preschools and complemented by independent measurements of air quality and temperature. The two preschools are fundamentally very different Äppellunden is a newly built preschool from 2019, while Kompassen is an industrial building from 1981 that was converted to a preschool in 2014. Indoor climate is influenced by many different factors that all need to work together. This includes ventilation, whose main function is to remove polluted air and bring in fresh air. The indoor climate should also have a comfortable temperature, with requirements based on the operative temperature. The indoor air should not be too humid or too dry indoors, and people should not feel drafts. For all factors, there are requirements or guidelines that should be followed to establish a good indoor climate. Projects like BETSI and the ELIB survey have previously conducted nationwide studies on indoor climate. To investigate how the indoor climate is perceived at the preschools, a survey about the indoor climate was sent to the educators. In the same preschools, measurements of mean radiant temperature, air temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide levels were taken, and the operative temperature calculated. This was done in one room per department and at four points in each room. Overall, the measurements showed that the preschools have a good indoor climate; however, they both have dry indoor air. Previous studies have shown that dry air often becomes a larger problem in big buildings. This was a study on multi-family houses, but some parallels to the preschools can still be drawn. From the survey, it was found that the educators mainly had problems with a varying room temperature at Äppellunden. This may be due to Äppellunden having a ventilation system with varying air flow. Kompassen mainly suffered from dry air, varying room temperature, and a feeling of stale air. All measurements performed met the requirements and recommendations from authorities, except for one measurement at Kompassen.

<p>The objective of the dissertation was to study the cabin environment, and identify personal and environmental risk factors, associated with symptoms, and perception of cabin air quality. Another objective was to study if ban of smoking, and increased relative air humidity on intercontinental flights, could have a beneficial health effect. The studies were performed among Scandinavian cabin crew in one Airline Company. Office workers from the same company served as controls. Exposure differed between cruise and non-cruise conditions. Air humidity was very low during intercontinental flights (3-8%). Concentration of moulds, bacteria, formaldehyde, and ozone was low. Tobacco smoking increased respirable particles in the cabin air, from 3 to 49 mg/m3, and increased cotinine in urine. The ETS-exposure was highest in the aft part of the cabin. Symptoms and environmental complaints were more common among flight crew than office workers. We could identify personal factors of importance, and certain conditions that could be improved, to achieve a better cabin environment. There was an association between symptoms and environmental perceptions and work stress, lack of influence on working condition, and a history of atopy. After ban on smoking in aircraft, there was a decrease of ocular and general symptoms, and increased tear-film stability in aircrew. Air humidification reduced headache and ocular, nasal, and dermal dryness symptoms, increased tear-film stability, and increased nasal patency. Our result indicates that ETS and low air humidity are important environmental factors in aircraft, and that atopy, and work stress could be significant risk factors for symptoms and environmental perceptions.</p>

The objective of the dissertation was to study the cabin environment, and identify personal and environmental risk factors, associated with symptoms, and perception of cabin air quality. Another objective was to study if ban of smoking, and increased relative air humidity on intercontinental flights, could have a beneficial health effect. The studies were performed among Scandinavian cabin crew in one Airline Company. Office workers from the same company served as controls. Exposure differed between cruise and non-cruise conditions. Air humidity was very low during intercontinental flights (3-8%). Concentration of moulds, bacteria, formaldehyde, and ozone was low. Tobacco smoking increased respirable particles in the cabin air, from 3 to 49 mg/m3, and increased cotinine in urine. The ETS-exposure was highest in the aft part of the cabin. Symptoms and environmental complaints were more common among flight crew than office workers. We could identify personal factors of importance, and certain conditions that could be improved, to achieve a better cabin environment. There was an association between symptoms and environmental perceptions and work stress, lack of influence on working condition, and a history of atopy. After ban on smoking in aircraft, there was a decrease of ocular and general symptoms, and increased tear-film stability in aircrew. Air humidification reduced headache and ocular, nasal, and dermal dryness symptoms, increased tear-film stability, and increased nasal patency. Our result indicates that ETS and low air humidity are important environmental factors in aircraft, and that atopy, and work stress could be significant risk factors for symptoms and environmental perceptions.

Submitted by JANAINA LOPES MOREIRA null (janainamoreira1991@hotmail.com) on 2016-12-22T03:37:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO-JANAÍNA_FINAL.pdf: 19293867 bytes, checksum: 4cf16c000fdc8b424a5b8638279a09e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-22T13:47:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 moreira_jl_me_prud.pdf: 19293867 bytes, checksum: 4cf16c000fdc8b424a5b8638279a09e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-22T13:47:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 moreira_jl_me_prud.pdf: 19293867 bytes, checksum: 4cf16c000fdc8b424a5b8638279a09e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-07 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A cidade se consolidou como local de morada de grande parte da população mundial no século XX. Segundo a ONU, desde 1990, o mundo tem visto um incremento na concentração da população nas áreas urbanas. Esse aumento pode ser associado aos processos de urbanização mais recentes ocorridos em alguns países, tais como os localizados na América Latina e Caribe, que entre 1950 e 1990 viram suas populações urbanas crescerem de 40% para 70%. No Brasil, esse fenômeno se manifestou principalmente através da apropriação do campo pela produção capitalista, que gerou grande êxodo rural e rápido crescimento populacional nos centros urbanos. Fato que foi determinante para o agravamento das mazelas urbanas, e consequentemente, para as condições de vida e a atual configuração das cidades brasileiras. Dentre os problemas ambientais urbanos provenientes desse processo, destacam-se os referentes à atmosfera urbana, tais como o acúmulo de calor, poluição e inundações, que têm causado desconfortos e prejuízos à qualidade de vida dos citadinos. Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo desse estudo foi detectar o fenômeno de ilha de calor em Penápolis/SP e suas magnitudes, considerando-se seus atributos geoambientais e geourbanos. A pesquisa teve como referência a teoria do Sistema Clima Urbano proposta por Monteiro (1976), com ênfase no que o autor denominou de subsistema termodinâmico. Os procedimentos metodológicos realizados se basearam na realização de transectos móveis, na instalação de dois pontos fixos e na utilização de imagens de satélite e técnicas de sensoriamento remoto. As imagens de satélite foram utilizadas para o mapeamento dos condicionantes geoambientais e geourbanos, tais como vegetação, relevo, temperatura de superfície e densidade de edificações. A escolha dos dois pontos fixos foi pautada em referencial bibliográfico, sendo que um desses pontos ficou localizado na área central da cidade, caracterizado por um elevado grau de edificações, e o outro na área rural do município, ambos com altitudes semelhantes. O monitoramento das variáveis climáticas (temperatura e umidade) também se realizou através de transectos móveis, o que implicou na realização de dois percursos (norte-sul/leste-oeste). As coletas foram efetuadas em dias com condições atmosféricas que se caracterizaram pela estabilidade, sem chuva e sem vento, às 21h e em meses representativos do verão e inverno. Sendo assim, os registros foram realizados em dezesseis episódios distribuídos em oito transectos nos meses de dezembro de 2014 e janeiro de 2015 e outros oito nos meses de junho e julho de 2015. Os resultados apontaram, que sob condições de estabilidade atmosférica, a ilha de calor urbana em Penápolis/SP alcançou intensidade máxima de 3,5ºC nas medidas fixas e 9,5ºC nas medidas móveis. Para as medidas fixas foi observada uma ilha de calor praticamente constante entre 23h e 24h de duração em dezembro, enquanto que janeiro já apresentou menor duração, entre 21h e 24h. Julho e junho apresentaram similaridades com duração entre 15h e 16h. No que se refere à variabilidade estacional, as ilhas de calor e seca apresentaram maior expressividade no verão, com máxima em dezembro para as medidas fixas e em janeiro para as medidas móveis. As medidas móveis demonstraram a formação de ilha de calor urbana caracterizada pelo padrão de aquecimento centro-periferia, com temperaturas mais elevadas no centro da cidade e em áreas densamente ocupadas, próximas ao centro e queda da temperatura afastando-se do centro em direção a periferia. As áreas de fundo de vale e densamente vegetadas foram favoráveis às temperaturas mais baixas e a umidade mais elevada. Portanto, a intensidade da ilha de calor e seca esteve condicionada às características geoambientais e geourbanas da cidade, principalmente a cobertura arbórea e a densidade de edificação. / The city has established itself as the main place where most of the world's population live in the twentieth century. According to ONU, since 1990, the world has seen an increasing concentration of population in urban areas. This increase can be associated with more recent urbanization processes that occurred in some countries, such as those located in Latin America and the Caribbean, which urban population grew from 40% to 70% between 1950 and 1990. In Brazil, this phenomenon manifests itself mainly through the appropriation of field sites by the capitalist production, which led to a large rural exodus and a rapid population growth in urban centers. That circumstance was crucial to worsen the urban issues, and consequently, the living conditions and the current configuration of Brazilian cities. Among the urban environmental problems arising from this process, we highlight those related to the urban atmosphere, such as heat storage, pollution and flooding, which have caused discomfort and damage to the quality of life of residents. Therefore, the objective of this study was to detect the generation of the heat island and its intensity in the city of Penápolis/SP, considering the land use, land cover and urban built form. The research was based on the Urban Climate System theory proposed by Monteiro (1976), focusing on what the author called “thermodynamic subsystem”. The methodologies included mobile traverses, installation of two fixed stations, satellite images and remote sensing techniques. Satellite images were used to map the environmental and urban characteristics, such as vegetation, relief, surface temperature and building density. The selection of the two fixed points was based on bibliographical references, one located in downtown, a high-density area, and other situated in the rural area, both with similar altitudes. The measurements of climatological variables (temperature and humidity) was performed using mobile surveys along two traverses (north-south / east-west). The traverses were carried out during eight summer evenings (December 2014-January 2015) and eight winter evenings (June-July 2015), under calm conditions, with light winds and no precipitation. The results showed that under atmospheric stability, the urban heat island in Penápolis/SP reached a maximum intensity of 3.5ºC at the fixed points and 9.5ºC along the mobile traverses. During the fixed measures in December, the urban areas experienced up to 23h or 24h of heat island, while in January the duration was shorter, between 21h and 24h. Urban heat islands in June and July showed similar duration, about 15h and 16h. Analyzing the seasonal variability, the heat and dry islands were greater in the summer, with maximum in December (fixed points) and January (mobile survey). The results indicated the formation of an urban heat island characterized by higher temperatures in downtown and in densely built-up areas near the city center, and lower temperatures towards the periphery. Moreover, valley bottom areas with vegetation cover presented lower temperatures and higher humidity. Therefore, the intensity of the dry and heat islands related to the environmental characteristics and urban features, especially the tree cover and the building density. / La ciudad se ha consolidado como local de la vivienda de gran parte de la población mundial en el siglo XX. Según la ONU desde 1990, el mundo ha visto un incremento en la concentración de la población en las zonas urbanas. Este aumento puede estar asociado con los procesos de urbanización más recientes ocurridos en algunos países, como los ubicados en América Latina y el Caribe, que entre 1950 y 1990 vieron sus poblaciones urbanas crecer del 40% para el 70%. En Brasil, este fenómeno se manifestó principalmente a través de la apropiación del campo por la producción capitalista, que generó gran éxodo rural y rápido crecimiento de la población en los centros urbanos. Este hecho fue crucial para el agravamiento de los males urbanos, y consecuentemente, para las condiciones de vida y la configuración actual de las ciudades brasileñas. Entre los problemas ambientales urbanos de este proceso, se destacan los relacionados con la atmosfera urbana como la acumulación de calor, la contaminación del aire y las inundaciones, que han causado incomodidad y daños a la calidad de vida de los habitantes de las ciudades. En esta perspectiva, el objetivo de este estudio fue detectar el fenómeno de isla de calor en Penápolis/SP y sus magnitudes, considerando sus atributos geo-ambientales y geo-urbanos. La investigación tuvo como referencia la teoría del Sistema Clima Urbano propuesto por Monteiro (1976), con énfasis en lo que el autor denominó de subsistema termodinámico. Los procedimientos metodológicos adoptados se basaron en la realización de transectos móviles, en la instalación de dos puntos fijos y el uso de imágenes de satélite y técnicas de teledetección. Las imágenes de satélite fueron utilizadas para el mapeo de las características geo-ambientales y geo-urbanas, tales como la vegetación, relieve, temperatura de la superficie y la densidad de las construcciones. La elección de los dos puntos fijos se basó en las referencias bibliográficas, siendo que uno de esos puntos se ha localizado en la zona central de la ciudad que se caracteriza por un elevado grado de construcciones y el otro en la zona rural del municipio, ambos con altitudes similares. El monitoreo de las variables climáticas (temperatura y humedad) también se ha realizado a través de transectos móviles, lo que resultó en la realización de dos recorridos (nortesur/este-oeste). Los registros se hicieron en días con condiciones climáticas que se caracterizaron por la estabilidad, sin lluvia y sin viento, a las 21h y en meses representativos de verano y de invierno. De esta manera, los registros fueron realizados en dieciséis episodios distribuidos en ocho transectos en los meses de Diciembre de 2014 y Enero de 2015 y otros ocho en los meses de Junio y Julio de 2015. Los resultados mostraron que en condiciones de estabilidad atmosférica, la isla de calor urbano en Penápolis/SP alcanzó intensidad máxima de 3,5ºC en medidas fijas y 9,5ºC en las medidas móviles. Para las mediciones fijas se ha observado una isla de calor casi constante entre 23h y 24h de duración en Diciembre, mientras que en Enero se ha presentado con menor duración, entre 21h y 24h. Los meses de Junio y Julio mostraron similitudes con duración entre las 15h y 16h. En lo que se refiere a la variación estacional, las islas de calor y sequedad mostraron una mayor expresión en el verano, con máxima en Diciembre para las medidas fijas y Enero para las medidas móviles. Las medidas móviles demostraron la formación de isla de calor urbano que se caracteriza por el patrón de calentamiento centro-periferia, con temperaturas más altas en el centro de la ciudad y en las zonas densamente ocupadas, cerca del centro y descenso de la temperatura alejándose desde el centro para la periferia. Las áreas de fondo del valle y con vegetación densa fueron favorables a las temperaturas más bajas y humedad más elevada. Por lo tanto, la intensidad de la isla de calor y sequedad estuvo condicionada a las características geo-ambientales y geo-urbanas de la ciudad, principalmente la cobertura arbórea y la densidad de edificación. / FAPESP: 2014/05824-4