No contexto atual de alimentos nutracêuticos, a romãzeira, frutífera exótica no Brasil, se destaca mundialmente pelo alto poder antioxidante e propriedades anti-inflamatórias, anticancerígenas e antidegenerativas, com pesquisas recentes e produtos disponibilizados no mercado farmacêutico e alimentício. Para aumentar a oferta do produto no mercado consumidor a implantação de cultivos comercias é a primeira etapa do processo. Porém, para o bom desenvolvimento da cultura o uso de mudas de qualidade e com características agronômicas adequadas são primordiais. Almejando essas propriedades, a propagação, é o caminho mais utilizado na fruticultura para a produção de mudas com alto vigor e produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os métodos de propagação por estaquia e alporquia para produção de mudas de romãzeira cv. Comum. Avaliou-se o uso de AIB (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 mg L-1) na formação de raízes adventícias em estacas herbáceas, semi-lenhosas e lenhosas de romãzeira, nos períodos de inverno e primavera em ambiente com nebulização. Avaliou-se também, o uso de AIB nas concentrações de (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 mg L-1), no enraizamento de alporques em ramos com 10 e 15 mm de diâmetros, nos períodos de inverno e primavera. Pode-se concluir que, em romãzeira cv. Comum, o método de estaquia é mais eficiente com a utilização de estacas caulinares semi-lenhosas e lenhosas no período de inverno, não necessitando nesta época da aplicação de AIB para estimular a formação de raízes. O método de alporquia proporciona elevadas porcentagens de enraizamento tanto na primavera quanto no inverno. Alporques em ramos com diâmetro de 15,0 mm apresentam maior matéria seca de raízes quando comparados aos ramos de 10,0 mm de diâmetro. O uso de AIB em alporques influencia no comprimento e no número de raízes formadas. Os alporques realizados no inverno apresentam maior matéria seca de raízes. Os materiais usados para a contenção do substrato nos alporques, polietileno e papel alumínio, não interferem no enraizamento da romãzeira. / In the current context of nutraceutical foods, the exotic, fruitful pomegranate in Brazil stands out worldwide for its high antioxidant power and anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antidegenerative properties, with recent research and products available in the pharmaceutical and food market. To increase the supply of the product in the consumer market the implantation of commercial crops is the first stage of the process. However, for the good development of the crop the use of quality seedlings and with suitable agronomic characteristics are primordial. Targeting these properties, propagation, is the most used path in fruit growing for the production of seedlings with high vigor and productivity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the methods of propagation by cuttings and air-layerings for the production of pomegranate seedlings cv. Common. It was evaluated the use of AIB (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 mg L-1) in the formation of adventitious roots in herbaceous, semi-woody and woody piles of pomegranate, during winter and spring periods in the nebulized environment. It was also evaluated the use of AIB in the concentrations of (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 mg L-1), in the rooting of air-layering in branches with 10 and 15 mm of diameter, in the winter and spring periods. It can be concluded that in pomegranate cv. Common, the cutting method is more efficient with the use of semi-woody and woody stem cuttings in the winter period and does not require the application of IBA to stimulate root formation at this time. The weeding method provides high rooting percentages in both spring and winter. Air-layerings in branches with a diameter of 15 mm show a higher dry matter of roots when compared to the branches of 10 mm in diameter. The use of AIB in air-layering influences the length and number of roots formed. The air-layering made in the winter present greater dry matter of roots. The materials used for the containment of the substrate in the air-layering, polyethylene and aluminum foil, do not interfere in the rooting of the pomegranate.

No contexto atual de alimentos nutracêuticos, a romãzeira, frutífera exótica no Brasil, se destaca mundialmente pelo alto poder antioxidante e propriedades anti-inflamatórias, anticancerígenas e antidegenerativas, com pesquisas recentes e produtos disponibilizados no mercado farmacêutico e alimentício. Para aumentar a oferta do produto no mercado consumidor a implantação de cultivos comercias é a primeira etapa do processo. Porém, para o bom desenvolvimento da cultura o uso de mudas de qualidade e com características agronômicas adequadas são primordiais. Almejando essas propriedades, a propagação, é o caminho mais utilizado na fruticultura para a produção de mudas com alto vigor e produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os métodos de propagação por estaquia e alporquia para produção de mudas de romãzeira cv. Comum. Avaliou-se o uso de AIB (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 mg L-1) na formação de raízes adventícias em estacas herbáceas, semi-lenhosas e lenhosas de romãzeira, nos períodos de inverno e primavera em ambiente com nebulização. Avaliou-se também, o uso de AIB nas concentrações de (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 mg L-1), no enraizamento de alporques em ramos com 10 e 15 mm de diâmetros, nos períodos de inverno e primavera. Pode-se concluir que, em romãzeira cv. Comum, o método de estaquia é mais eficiente com a utilização de estacas caulinares semi-lenhosas e lenhosas no período de inverno, não necessitando nesta época da aplicação de AIB para estimular a formação de raízes. O método de alporquia proporciona elevadas porcentagens de enraizamento tanto na primavera quanto no inverno. Alporques em ramos com diâmetro de 15,0 mm apresentam maior matéria seca de raízes quando comparados aos ramos de 10,0 mm de diâmetro. O uso de AIB em alporques influencia no comprimento e no número de raízes formadas. Os alporques realizados no inverno apresentam maior matéria seca de raízes. Os materiais usados para a contenção do substrato nos alporques, polietileno e papel alumínio, não interferem no enraizamento da romãzeira. / In the current context of nutraceutical foods, the exotic, fruitful pomegranate in Brazil stands out worldwide for its high antioxidant power and anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antidegenerative properties, with recent research and products available in the pharmaceutical and food market. To increase the supply of the product in the consumer market the implantation of commercial crops is the first stage of the process. However, for the good development of the crop the use of quality seedlings and with suitable agronomic characteristics are primordial. Targeting these properties, propagation, is the most used path in fruit growing for the production of seedlings with high vigor and productivity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the methods of propagation by cuttings and air-layerings for the production of pomegranate seedlings cv. Common. It was evaluated the use of AIB (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 mg L-1) in the formation of adventitious roots in herbaceous, semi-woody and woody piles of pomegranate, during winter and spring periods in the nebulized environment. It was also evaluated the use of AIB in the concentrations of (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 mg L-1), in the rooting of air-layering in branches with 10 and 15 mm of diameter, in the winter and spring periods. It can be concluded that in pomegranate cv. Common, the cutting method is more efficient with the use of semi-woody and woody stem cuttings in the winter period and does not require the application of IBA to stimulate root formation at this time. The weeding method provides high rooting percentages in both spring and winter. Air-layerings in branches with a diameter of 15 mm show a higher dry matter of roots when compared to the branches of 10 mm in diameter. The use of AIB in air-layering influences the length and number of roots formed. The air-layering made in the winter present greater dry matter of roots. The materials used for the containment of the substrate in the air-layering, polyethylene and aluminum foil, do not interfere in the rooting of the pomegranate.

Além de ser plantado comercialmente, o cambucizeiro pode ser utilizado na recuperação de áreas degradadas, apresentando frutos com potencial de exploração para consumo humano, in natura ou na forma processada. As mudas para a implantação dessa espécie geralmente são obtidas de sementes, o que resulta em grande variabilidade genética dentro das populações e desfavorece a fixação de genótipos superiores em relação a produção e qualidade de frutos. Por esses motivos, é importante conhecer a fisiologia das sementes, a emergência e o desenvolvimento das plântulas e avaliar quais técnicas de multiplicação vegetativa melhor se adaptariam a essa espécie. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a interferência da dessecação de sementes sobre a ocorrência de protrusão radicular e formação de plântulas normais de cambucizeiro, assim como a influência do uso de diferentes substratos na emergência e desenvolvimento inicial de suas plântulas e avaliar as técnicas de estaquia, alporquia e enxertia na produção de mudas dessa espécie. De forma geral, as sementes de cambucizeiro quando dessecadas até níveis de 15% de água não mostraram perda de viabilidade, o substrato vermiculita garantiu uma melhor emergência das plântulas, entretanto, foram os substratos Basaplant® e a mistura turfa + perlita que garantiram o melhor desenvolvimento inical das mesmas. Quanto as técnicas de multiplicação vegetativa, a estaquia e alporquia mostraram-se ineficientes para o cambucizeiro, não apresentando enraizamento, já a enxertia do tipo fenda lateral garantiu a fixação de 6% dos enxertos podendo ser usada na fixação de genótipos superiores. Após os resultados negativos das técnicas de enraizamento adventício, análises anatômicas foram realizadas e indicaram que a presença de compostos fenólicos pode estar influenciando mais no processo de formação de raízes adventícias do que o impedimento físico das faixas de esclerênquima. / Despite the potencial of being commercially cultivated, the cambuci tree can be used for recovering degraded areas; its fruits present potential to be exploited for human consumption, in natura or in the processed form. Cambuci tree seedlings are usually obtained from seeds, which results in genetic variability within the population, disfavouring the fixation of superior genotypes in relation to fruit production and quality. For this reason, it is important to know seed physiology, emergence and development of seedlings and to evaluate which vegetative propagation technique would best suit this species. Therefore, the aim of this work was to verify the interference of seed desiccation on the occurrence of root protrusion and the formation of normal cambuci tree seedlings, as well as the influence of the use of different substrates in the emergence and initial development of their seedlings and to evaluate the techniques of cutting, air layering and grafting in the production of seedlings of this species. In general, cambuci tree seeds when dessicated until levels of 15% of water content did not show loss of viability, the substrate vermiculite guaranteed a better emergence of the seedlings, however, it was the Basaplant® substrats and the peat and perlite mixture that guaranteed a better emergence of the seedlings. as for the vegetative propagation techniques, the use of cuttings and air layerings were inefficient for this species, showing no adventitious rooting, on the other hand, side-veener graft ensured 6% of scion fixation, which could be used to fix superior genotypes. After the negative results of the adventitious rooting techniques, anatomical analysis were performed and indicated that the presence of fenolic coumponds may be more influential in the adventitious root formation process than the physical barrier formed by layers of sclerenchyma tissue.

Jacket plum [ Pappea capensis ( Eckl.&Zeyh)] belongs to the Sapindaceae or Litchi family. It is well adapted to different climatic conditions. It has been used for medicinal purposes for both animals and human beings. Due to the richness of seeds in oil, it has great potential to be selected for production of biodiesel in South Africa. Suitable vegetative propagation methods for Pappea capensis trees have not yet been investigated and sexual propagation does not produce true-to-type plants, which take many years to bear fruits. Therefore, research was carried out to identify alternative methods for vegetative propagation of Pappea capensis which could be used for rapid multiplication. Several vegetative propagation experiments were carried out with stem cuttings and air layers. Stem cuttings were collected from two mature Pappea capensis trees grown at the Experimental Farm of the University of Pretoria in the spring and autumn seasons. The cuttings were placed for rooting on the mist bed for rooting with and without Seradix® No. 2 [active ingredient, indolebutyric acid (IBA)] treatment. Other experiments followed in which the branches were girdled before making stem cutting to improve the level of any carbohydrates or available carbohydrates. Trials to investigate the rooting potential of Pappea capensis coppices, using different stem lengths, were also conducted. Rooting of Pappea capensis stem cuttings was unsuccessful. Air layers were made on the same trees where cuttings were collected. The trials were conducted in the spring and autumn seasons from 2006, 2007 and 2008. Some air layers were treated with Seradix® No. 2 and others were not treated with the auxin. High rooting percentages (100% in spring, 60% in autumn) were achieved with untreated air layers of Tree No. 1 and Tree No. 2 (80% in spring, 40% in autumn). Regardless of season, IBA and tree treatments, rooting was successful when the air layering method was used. Due to inconsistency in rooting from both vegetative methods, total phenolic compounds were extracted. The Folin-Ciaocalteau reagents method was used to extract phenolic compounds and the results were detected with Elisa reader instrument. The stem cuttings and air layers were further analysed for carbohydrates (starch and soluble sugars) with ó-toluidine reagent and ethanol and read with Spectrophotometer and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Higher levels of total phenol compounds were observed from callused (27.13 mg/g) and non rooted untreated (26.41 mg/g) stem cuttings from Tree No. 2, compared to IBA treated stem cuttings (19.90 mg/g) of callused and non rooted IBA treated stem cuttings (20.25 mg/g) of Tree No. 2. High total phenols (34.55 mg/g) in untreated air layers were also found in callused air layers of Tree No. 2 and lower amounts (22.85 mg/g) in treated air layers of the same tree. No soluble sugars were detected in stem cuttings or air layers with HPLC. Regarding starch, higher amounts were observed in stem cuttings of Tree No. 1 (18.45 mg/g) of the control and Tree No. 2 (19.82 mg/g) of IBA treated cuttings. Most of the air layers made on Tree No. 1 had higher percentages of starch, with the exception of the callused (7.41 mg/g) air layers of the control. Tree No. 2 air layers had very low amounts of starch when compared with those of Tree No. 1. The variation in rooting potential of stem cuttings and air layers led to the consideration of tree gender as a factor influencing success rates, where inflorescences were collected from the two Pappea capensis trees for two years (2007 and 2008). The microscopic investigations showed that Pappea capensis trees (Tree No. 1 and Tree No. 2) were monoecious, however, Tree No. 2 switched from monoecious to male by producing only male flowers. Based on the results of the above investigations, air layering in the spring season can be used as a (alternative) vegetative propagation method for Pappea capensis tree, but on specifically monoecious tree to obtain higher rooting percentage. However, these are preliminary trials which require further investigation. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

Mémoire (M.Ress.Renouv.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1991. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU