Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, June, 2001. / Title from PDF t.p.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Engineering-Civil and Environmental)--University of California, Berkeley, 2004. / "Fall 2004." Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-147). Also available online via the ITS Berkeley web site (www.its.berkeley.edu).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-147). Also available online via the Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Berkeley web site (www.its.berkeley.edu).

Prepared for NASA-Ames Research Center. Grant NSG-2180. / Description based on: Sept. 1978/Mar. 1979. Subtitle varies slightly: Semi-annual status report. Principal investigators: 1978/79- Michael Athans, Mark E. Connelly.

Esta pesquisa analisou o trabalho dos controladores de tráfego aéreo em diferentes cenários reais, no controle de Aproximação (APP) de tráfego aéreo de Porto Alegre (APP PA). Com base em entrevistas, questionário e filmagens de cenas reais, foram analisadas as percepções de 14 controladores quanto às demandas da profissão; quanto aos fatores cognitivos (conhecimento, estratégia, dinâmica atencional) utilizados para o desempenho da atividade; e quanto à carga de trabalho com base no questionário adaptado do NASA TLX. Os resultados mostram que, entre outras variáveis, a complexidade da tarefa depende das condições meteorológicas, do número e tipo de aeronovaves em observação, sendo que os controladores percebem as cenas de forma semelhante, independente do tempo de profissão e de controle no APP PA. Os controladores tomam as decisões de forma coordenada, sendo que a condução de um tráfego aéreo seguro depende da coordenação bem executada. / This research analyzed the job of the air traffic controllers in different real scenes, at the Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) of the air traffic in Porto Alegre (TRACON PA). Based on interviews, a questionnaire and shootings of real scenes, the perception of 14 controllers were analysed in relation to the demands of their job, in relation to the cognitive factors (knowledge, strategy, attencional dynamic) used for the performance of the activity; and related to the workload based on the adapted questionnaire of NASA TLX. The results show that, among other varieties, the complexity of the task depends on the meteorological conditions and on the number and type of aircrafts observed. The controllers understand the scenes in a similar way, not related on how much time they have working on the job nor working controlling time at TRACON PA. The controllers take the decisions in a coordinated way, because the conduction of the safe air traffic depends on a well done coordination.

Esta pesquisa analisou o trabalho dos controladores de tráfego aéreo em diferentes cenários reais, no controle de Aproximação (APP) de tráfego aéreo de Porto Alegre (APP PA). Com base em entrevistas, questionário e filmagens de cenas reais, foram analisadas as percepções de 14 controladores quanto às demandas da profissão; quanto aos fatores cognitivos (conhecimento, estratégia, dinâmica atencional) utilizados para o desempenho da atividade; e quanto à carga de trabalho com base no questionário adaptado do NASA TLX. Os resultados mostram que, entre outras variáveis, a complexidade da tarefa depende das condições meteorológicas, do número e tipo de aeronovaves em observação, sendo que os controladores percebem as cenas de forma semelhante, independente do tempo de profissão e de controle no APP PA. Os controladores tomam as decisões de forma coordenada, sendo que a condução de um tráfego aéreo seguro depende da coordenação bem executada. / This research analyzed the job of the air traffic controllers in different real scenes, at the Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) of the air traffic in Porto Alegre (TRACON PA). Based on interviews, a questionnaire and shootings of real scenes, the perception of 14 controllers were analysed in relation to the demands of their job, in relation to the cognitive factors (knowledge, strategy, attencional dynamic) used for the performance of the activity; and related to the workload based on the adapted questionnaire of NASA TLX. The results show that, among other varieties, the complexity of the task depends on the meteorological conditions and on the number and type of aircrafts observed. The controllers understand the scenes in a similar way, not related on how much time they have working on the job nor working controlling time at TRACON PA. The controllers take the decisions in a coordinated way, because the conduction of the safe air traffic depends on a well done coordination.

Este trabalho propõe um modelo de análise quantitativa baseado em simulação de eventos discretos para a determinação do nível de resiliência em sistemas de transporte. O nível de resiliência é avaliado considerando as funções de desempenho relacionadas a capacidade, ao nível de serviço e ao tempo de recuperação do sistema de transporte frente a um evento de ruptura. O modelo é validado através de estudo de caso aplicado ao sistema de tráfego aéreo brasileiro, considerando um espaço aéreo composto por 12 setores de uma região de informação de voo (FIR), suas demandas diárias de aeronaves, sua malha de rotas aéreas e sua rede de aeródromos instalada. O evento de ruptura é oriundo de condições meteorológicas adversas que afetam simultaneamente as operações de pouso e decolagem no aeroporto do Rio de Janeiro - Santos Dumont (SBRJ) e no aeroporto de São Paulo - Congonhas (SBSP). Conclui-se que o modelo de análise permite a plena determinação do nível de resiliência em sistemas de transportes, mesmo em situações de rupturas operacionais simultâneas. / This work proposes a quantitative analysis model based on discrete event simulation (DES) to determine the resilience level of transport systems. The resilience level is evaluated considering the performance functions related to capacity, service level and recovery time of the transport system in a presence of disruptive events. The model is validated through a case study applied to the Brazilian air traffic system, considering an airspace with 12 sectors of a flight information region (FIR), its daily aircraft demands, its air route network and its aerodromes network installed. The disruptive event comes from adverse weather conditions that simultaneously affect the landing and takeoff operations at Rio de Janeiro - Santos Dumont (SBRJ) and São Paulo - Congonhas (SBSP) airports. It is concluded that the analysis model allows the full determination of the resilience level in transport systems, even in situations of simultaneous operational disruptions.

Esta pesquisa analisou o trabalho dos controladores de tráfego aéreo em diferentes cenários reais, no controle de Aproximação (APP) de tráfego aéreo de Porto Alegre (APP PA). Com base em entrevistas, questionário e filmagens de cenas reais, foram analisadas as percepções de 14 controladores quanto às demandas da profissão; quanto aos fatores cognitivos (conhecimento, estratégia, dinâmica atencional) utilizados para o desempenho da atividade; e quanto à carga de trabalho com base no questionário adaptado do NASA TLX. Os resultados mostram que, entre outras variáveis, a complexidade da tarefa depende das condições meteorológicas, do número e tipo de aeronovaves em observação, sendo que os controladores percebem as cenas de forma semelhante, independente do tempo de profissão e de controle no APP PA. Os controladores tomam as decisões de forma coordenada, sendo que a condução de um tráfego aéreo seguro depende da coordenação bem executada. / This research analyzed the job of the air traffic controllers in different real scenes, at the Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) of the air traffic in Porto Alegre (TRACON PA). Based on interviews, a questionnaire and shootings of real scenes, the perception of 14 controllers were analysed in relation to the demands of their job, in relation to the cognitive factors (knowledge, strategy, attencional dynamic) used for the performance of the activity; and related to the workload based on the adapted questionnaire of NASA TLX. The results show that, among other varieties, the complexity of the task depends on the meteorological conditions and on the number and type of aircrafts observed. The controllers understand the scenes in a similar way, not related on how much time they have working on the job nor working controlling time at TRACON PA. The controllers take the decisions in a coordinated way, because the conduction of the safe air traffic depends on a well done coordination.

Colours play an important role in our everyday life. Yet, it is something that we might not pay too much attention to, it is just there, even if we may have our favourite colours and likewise. However, sometimes the colours have a very specific meaning and is a medium of communication. One example of this is air traffic control systems as the one used in Sweden, Denmark, Austria, Ireland, and Croatia. However, despite using the same system, all but Denmark and Sweden use different colour schemes in the human computer interface of the radar screens. A decision was taken within the common organisation, COOPANS, to change this and harmonize the colour scheme, but how will that be received by the users, the air traffic controllers? This thesis aimed at investigating how usable the controllers in the different countries, except Croatia, found the new colour scheme and how easy they thought it would be to adapt to. The question was how this was affected by the fact they are using different colour schemes today? Data was collected with questionnaires during simulations in high fidelity simulator platforms at the air traffic control centres in Malmö, Copenhagen, Vienna, and Shannon. It was found that there were some differences between the sites which could not be explained by the controlled for factors, age, gender, and experience. Among the differences found, one was that the perceived usability differed between controllers in Malmö and Copenhagen respectively. Hence, since they are using the same colours today, the differences seem to be a result of expectations and opinions about the current colour schemes rather than exactly which colour scheme that are currently used. There was also a trend that the opinions from the first impression seemed to be reinforced within the group during the simulation. The major differences however were found to be on individual level.

Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a safety-critical system which places high demands on air traffic controllers’ (ATCO) multitasking abilities. Having the requisite information for well-informed decision making is central, and as new technologies such as remote towers demand an increase in capacity, efficiency, and safety there is a need for research that informs system development. Adopting a systems perspective, Distributed Cognition is an approach for investigating system functioning, and Resilience Engineering is a way of observing safety factors in everyday work. The purpose of this study is to understand how air traffic controllers work from a distributed cognition perspective, and manage safety in everyday tasks from a resilience perspective. Six observations and six interviews were conducted in a Swedish control tower. The data was analyzed using Distributed Cognition for Teamwork (DiCoT) and Resilience markers (REM), which both focus on the transformation and propagation of information. The results of DiCoT show how cognitive processes in ATCO work are supported in models of physical layout, artefacts, information flow, social organization, and evolutionary design. The results of REM show potential for resilience enhancing behavior in several episodes of ATCO work. Moreover, the results suggest that methods such as DiCoT and REM may work well in the ATC domain, as well as complementary to each other. The results may be used for informing system development, and enable a before-and-after study as the control tower of study will be transformed into a remote tower.