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This thesis set out to analyse early baptistic peace-activities in Sweden in the 1900s, through a micro-historical analysis of Albert Wickman (1884-1942) who was a Swedish Baptist pastor and peace-agitator. In nonconformist-churches we find the earliest pacifists and Wickman started out as a theological trained Baptist, but he founded an independent organisation with ideas based on teachings by Leo Tolstoy. His Anti-war organisation was organised much like the Salvation Army and had as key-concept to gather members who claimed they would not kill another human being. Another idea was to create an army of volunteers who would be willing to put themselves between fighting nations. The organisation had many thousands member but existed only between 1912-1918 and it never practiced it go-in-between ideas. In the 1920s Wickman was involved with the oldest Swedish peace-society, “Svenska Freds och Skiljedomsföreningen”, and raised their membership from 4 000 in 1922 to 49 000 in 1930, but he also led this organisation to almost bankruptcy. This thesis gives an account of who Albert Wickman was and through him offers contexts and world-views on his pacifistic thinking in the first decades of the 1900s and how peace was promoted at the time in Sweden.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This thesis focusses on the hydrocarbon potential of the Prince Albert Formation in terms of its shale gas potential. Unconventional gas production from hydrocarbon-rich shale formations, known as “shale gas”, is one of the most rapidly expanding trends in onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation today. In South Africa, the southern portion of the main Karoo Basin is potentially favourable for shale gas accumulation and may become a game changer in the energy production regime of the country. The Prince Albert Formation was selected for research, since previous studies in South Africa have focused on shale from the Whitehill Formation, which together with the underlying Prince Albert Formation, occur within the lower Ecca Group in the main Karoo Basin. The petrophysical properties and shale gas potential of the Prince Albert Formation was determined using the parameters of mercury porosimetry, total organic carbon (TOC), vitrinite reflectance, Rock-Eval and residual gas measurements. The lithostratigraphy, rock classification, and depositional environment of the Prince Albert Formation, together with the adjacent parts of the overlying Whitehill Formation and underlying Dwyka Group within the southern part of the main Karoo Basin were addressed. Rock types were characterised using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and statistical analysis. Geochemical proxies and stable isotopes (δ18O, δ13C and δ15N) were used to identify the depositional environment. Additionally, the Dwyka Group, Prince Albert and Whitehill formations were correlated with equivalent Southern Gondwanaland units to understand basin development. The results of the shale gas study of the Prince Albert Formation showed porosities ranging between 0.08 and 5.6%, permeabilities between 0 and 2.79 micro-Darcy, TOC between 0.2 and 4.9 weight % and vitrinite reflectance values between 3.8 to 4.9%. Rock-Eval analysis indicated that the kerogen in the shale was Type III and IV and hydrogen indices were less than 65 mg/g. Free or absorbed gas was not detected in the recently drilled boreholes KZF-01 and KWV-01 used in this study. It is probable that the absence of gas is a result of overmaturity due to tectonic duplication in KZF-01 and thermal degassing associated with dolerite intrusions in KWV-01. Although the porosity and TOC values of the Prince Albert Formation shales across the southern part of the main Karoo Basin are comparable with, but at the lower limits of, those of the gas-producing Marcellus shale in the United States (porosities between 1 and 6% and TOC between 1 and 10 weight %), the high vitrinite reflectance values indicate that the shales are overmature with questionable potential for generating dry gas. A comprehensive rock classification were compiled for the Prince Albert Formation, which consists of shale and minor ferruginous shale ranging between thicknesses of 30 and 168 m based on field work and core descriptions. Mineralogical, geochemical and statistical data, classified collected samples as Fe-shale, phosphatic shale, manganiferous shales, shale, wacke, Fe-sand and litharenite. In unconventional resources, understanding the depositional environment is important in delineating the depositional process and bottom water conditions. The Prince Albert Formation was interpreted as marine forming under dysoxic to euxinic conditions. δ 13C values range between -17.5 and -23.1 ‰ and δ 15N between 8.5 and 11.1 ‰ reflecting marine conditions. Sediments of the Prince Albert Formation were interpreted as middle to outer continental shelf deposits based on various lithologies identified and XRF data (geochemical proxies). Compiled literature of the karoo- type basins in Southern Gondwanaland provides a correlation of the Dwyka Group, Prince Albert and Whitehill formations in South Africa. Based on stratigraphy and radiometric dating, the Dwyka Group, Prince Albert and Whitehill formations have been correlated with lithostratigraphic units in the Falkland Islands, Namibia (Huab, Karasburg and Aranos basins), the Ellsworth Basin of Antarctica and the Sauce Grande and Parana basins of South America. This correlation suggest that the main Karoo foreland system was subjected to very similar tectonic influences present in the other karoo-type basins of Southern Gondwanaland. In conclusion, results from this research indicate that viable conditions for shale gas might exist within the “sweet spot” areas constrained by formation thickness being > 30 m, relative dolerite intrusion of < 20%, relative total organic carbon content > 4 weight %, and maturity of < 3.5%. It is essential that new exploration boreholes be drilled within the “sweet spot” areas to test whether the lower Ecca Group (Prince Albert and Whitehill formations) has the potential to generate viable shale gas.

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Text in French with an abstract in English / The loss of a life for natural causes has always been, always is and always will be something tragic for human beings, even if it was foreseen. It is all the more tragic when the loss of human life is caused by violent circumstances such as murder or an accident, as in the case of the untimely death of Albert Camus in a car accident. The worst, however, is when a miscarriage of justice in court, due to an error on the part of the judge, results in the loss of a valuable life by the death penalty. This value must be assessed in existential terms, in terms of the human being contextualized in a life worth living despite its absurdity, as described by Camus. It must be realized that this brutal death is imposed by a few words pronounced by a fallible judge, imposing the death penalty on another fallible human being, and that the sentence is then carried out by another fallible human being – all of whom are fundamentally subject to human imperfection and who regularly make mistakes in life. By emphasizing the fallibility of the human being in various ways in his literary works, Camus convincingly demonstrated that, in our already absurd existence, the death penalty is the ultimate scandal, making this punishment truly exponentially absurd – the absurdity of absurdity. How the author demonstrated that fallibility, the eternal imperfection of human beings, is the main reason why the death penalty exceeds absurdity. Using L'Étranger as a starting point, a novel in which the death penalty is mentioned only at trial, on death row, and in the very last part of the novel, and which is strategically supported by other works by Camus, this essay explores how Camus may have used his characters to subtly illustrate the relationship between the everyday imperfections of human beings and the possible death penalty. The essential principle is that there is a precise operational link between the essence and structure of everyday conflicts and the structure of a trial. Parallels are drawn between conflict and trial, particularly with regard to the fallible human beings participating in both, in various judicial capacities, confirming Camus' conviction that the death penalty is the absurdity of absurdity. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (French)

Please note: Editorial Studies works are permanently embargoed in OpenBU. No public access is forecasted for this item. To request private access, please click on the locked Download file link, and fill out the appropriate web form. / This edition is an annotated selection of the correspondences of two screenwriters, Michael Blankfort and Albert Maltz, who were affected by institutional anti-communism. Both were subpoenaed to appear before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC): Maltz refused to answer questions, went to prison for contempt of Congress as a member of the Hollywood Ten, and was blacklisted from the film industry for nearly two decades; Blankfort cooperated with the committee and continued to work in Hollywood. They had been close friends for quite some time, but never spoke again following Blankfort’s HUAC appearance, despite a few attempts by Blankfort at renewing the friendship. The letters span five decades, beginning with the period of radicalization in the 1930s, through the era of blacklisting and all that followed in its wake, and ending with their deaths in the 1980s. Blankfort and Maltz’s encounters with HUAC affected them their entire lives after: Blankfort in his need to defend his actions even decades later, and Maltz in his need to denounce any person who cooperated with the committee. The letters demonstrate humanity through the difficulty of the situation, the struggle of navigating the politics of the times, and are the writers’ attempts to explain and justify their actions. / 2031-01-01