A thesis submitted to the faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Film and Television studies / The aim of my research paper is to investigate the portrayal of albinos and albinism through visual culture in the South African context. The research examines the different forms of representation associated with this frequently marginalised group of people. It will also explore the relationship between these representations and real-lived concerns regarding albinism, conveyed through visual mediums of photography and film. 'Difference and otherness', 'stereotyping' 'abject', 'freakery' and 'fetishism' are the specific theories of representation that contribute centrally to the theorizing of this research. They are concepts that are frequently used to define and describe people living with albinism. In the pursuit to further understand albinism, a creative short film titled Beyond Our Complexion is a part of the complementary research component. (Abbreviation abstract) / Andrew Chakane 2021

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2004. / Includes bibliography.

Submitted by Pedro Barros (pedro.silvabarros@ufpe.br) on 2018-09-04T19:40:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Aluizio Roberto da Silva.pdf: 1529841 bytes, checksum: 850093df49c009ce1a937e7f5f27be14 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-09-17T22:56:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Aluizio Roberto da Silva.pdf: 1529841 bytes, checksum: 850093df49c009ce1a937e7f5f27be14 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-17T22:56:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Aluizio Roberto da Silva.pdf: 1529841 bytes, checksum: 850093df49c009ce1a937e7f5f27be14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14 / O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a ação anticonvulsivante do extrato aquoso das folhas de I. suffruticosa e iíndigo. Tal avaliação ocorrerá por parâmetros comportamentais e análise eletrográfica, de acordo com o modelo experimental de crises convulsivas induzidas por microinjeção intra-hipocampal de pilocarpina em ratos. A Indigofera suffruticosa Mill, conhecida popularmente por anil do campo, é utilizada na medicina tradicional como agente antiespasmódico, sedativo, diurético e anti-inflamatório. Há relatos científicos sobre o efeito anticonvulsivante desta planta sobre animais de crises convulsivas, mas sem confirmação do efeito anticonvulsivante deste extrato sobre registros da atividade elétrica cerebral (potencial de campo local, “local field potential” LFP). Isso porque um roedor sob efeito de droga convulsivante pode estar com intensa atividade paroxística no LFP sem nenhum correspondente motor. A hipótese é a de que o extrato aquoso das folhas de I. suffruticosa e o sulfato de índigo, alcaloide bis-indólico possuem efeitos anticonvulsivantes comportamentais e eletrográficos. Utilizou-se ratos wistar albinos (n=25) que receberam implante cirúrgico para posicionamento de quimetrodo no hipocampo, possibilitando a administração intra-hipocampal de drogas e o registro simultâneo do LFP hipocampal. Após período de recuperação, os ratos do grupo controle (GC, n=9) receberam microinjeção de 1,5 μL de veículo (solução salina 0,9%, velocidade de injeção 0,5 μL/min) e, 30 minutos depois, uma microinjeção do convulsivante pilocarpina (PILO, 24 mg /10 μL de veículo, mesma velocidade). O grupo experimental (extrato, n=9) recebeu também duas microinjeções, a primeira com extrato aquoso e a segunda, 60 minutos depois, com PILO. O grupo experimental com sulfato de índigo (n=3) recebeu solução 55,5 mg/500 μL (300 mOsmol/L, isosmótica) deste composto em veículo seguido, 60 minutos depois, por PILO e foi comparado com um grupo controle (n=3) oriundos do grupo controle já constituído. A avaliação comportamental das crises foi realizada segundo Escala de reatividade convulsiva de Racine (1972), modificada por Pinel e Rovner (1978), assumindo que um rato havia entrado em status epilepticus (SE) caso este apresentasse crises convulsivas contínuas sem intervalo entre elas ou uma apenas, por mais de 30 minutos. Quantificou-se também o número de sacudidelas de corpo (WDS), comportamento que surge associado às crises convulsivas e demonstra acometimento do sistema nervoso. Na avaliação da crise eletrográfica, quantificou-se as espículas nos registros de LFP utilizando o programa MatLab e algoritmos confeccionados no laboratório, que diferenciam espículas de baixa (<40μV), média (entre 40μV e 60μV) e grande amplitude (>60μV). Para análise estatística, onde não houver outra indicação, utilizou-se teste T de Student bicaudal, e foram consideradas como significantes as diferenças com probabilidade p<0,05. Verifcou-se que o extrato aquoso da planta Indigofera suffruticosa possui efeito anticonvulsivante quanto aos parâmetros comportamental e eletrográfico; Os efeitos provavelmente não são secundários à uma grande concentração de compostos, ou a hiperosmolaridade. Uma possível molécula candidata a este efeito é o sulfato de índigo em concentração isotônica (300 mOsmol/L), já que apresentou também efeito semelhante. Novos experimentos são necessários para se conhecer o mecanismo de ação do sulfato de índigo e se não há outros componentes no extrato que possuam também efeito anticonvulsivante. / The objective of this work is to evaluate the anticonvulsive action of the aqueous extract of the leaves of I. suffruticosa and indigo. Such evaluation will be by behavioral parameters and electrographic analysis, according to the experimental model of convulsive crises induced by intra-hippocampal microinjection of pilocarpine in rats. Indigofera suffruticosa Mill, popularly known as “anil de campo”, is used in traditional medicine as an antispasmodic, sedative, diuretic and anti-inflammatory agent. There are researches about anticonvulsive effect of this plant on animals of seizures, but without confirmation of the anticonvulsant effect of this extract on records of local field potential (LFP). This is because a rodent under a convulsive drug effect may have intense paroxysmal activity in the LFP without any corresponding motor. The hypothesis is that aqueous extract of the leaves of I. suffruticosa and the indigo, bis-indol alkaloid sulfate have anticonvulsive behavioral and electrographic effects.Albino wistar rats (n = 25) were given surgical implantation for positioning of quimetrodo in the hippocampus, allowing intra-hippocampal administration of drugs and simultaneous recording of hippocampal LFP. After the recovery period, the rats in the control group (GC, n = 9) received microinjection of 1.5 μL vehicle (0.9% saline solution, 0.5 μL / min injection rate) and, 30 minutes later, A microinjection of the convulsive pilocarpine (PILO, 24 mg / 10 μL vehicle, same speed). The experimental group (extract, n = 9) also received two microinjections, the first with aqueous extract and the second, 60 minutes later, with PILO. The experimental group with indigo sulfate (n = 3) received 55.5 mg / 500 μL (300 mOsmol / L, isosmotic) solution of this compound in vehicle followed 60 minutes later by PILO and was compared with a control group (n = 3) from the control group already constituted. The behavioral evaluation of seizures was performed according to Racine's (1972) Scale of Convulsive Reactivity, modified by Pinel and Rovner (1978), assuming that a rat had entered status epilepticus (SE) if it had continuous seizures with no interval between them or just one, for more than 30 minutes. The number of body flutters (WDS) was also quantified a behavior that is associated with convulsive seizures and shows involvement of the nervous system. In the evaluation of the electrographic crisis, the spicules were quantified in the LFP records using the MatLab program and algorithms made in the laboratory, which differentiate spicules of low (<40μV), medium (between 40μV and 60μV) and large amplitude (> 60μV). For statistical analysis, where no other indication was used, two-tailed Student's t-test was used, and the differences with probability p <0.05 were considered as significant. It was verified that the aqueous extract of the plant Indigofera suffruticosa has anticonvulsive effect on the behavioral and electrographic parameters; the effects are probably not secondary to a high concentration of compounds, or hyperosmolarity. A possible candidate molecule for this effect is the indigo sulfate in isotonic concentration (300 mOsmol / L), since it also showed a similar effect. New experiments are needed to know the mechanism of action of the indigo sulfate and if there are no other components in the extract that also have anticonvulsive effect.

Thesis (M. A. (Clinical Psychology)) --University of Limpopo, 2019 / Students with albinism experience social and academic challenges in society. These challenges are mainly influenced by their disability. Studies indicate that because they look different from most people they are treated differently and socially excluded and marginalised. Albino individual’ are also murdered in South Africa which is motivated by myths, beliefs and misconceptions in traditional African societies. The Social Model of Disability (SMD) underpinned the study as it is used to explore social experiences in different life contexts. The study used a qualitative approach with an exploratory research design. Purposive sampling was used to select the 18 participants. Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) was used to analyse data collected from the three focus groups. The findings of the study revealed that the social experiences of students with albinism are be difficult. They experience discrimination and stigmatisation from their peers and are often called derogatory names. It was also found that students with albinism have academic challenges because of their impaired vision, lecturers’ negative attitudes and insensitivity towards them. It was also found that the lack adequate assistive devices. Social experiences and academic challenges lead to a self-reported negative impact for instance, depression for these students. Ultimately, more awareness initiatives about the condition are required at the institution in order to improve the experiences of students with albinism.

Albinism is an inherited condition affecting at least 1 in 4000 people in Africa. It is thought to be more common among black Africans although it affects the entire human populations. In most African societies, albinism is regarded to be a disability and the social attitudes against albinos are characterised by lack of understanding, fear, and also of prejudice based on the appearance of albinism. There are various myths surrounding albinos such as that they are born as a punishment, that it is a curse to give birth to albinos and that albinos are immortal and that they are in fact spirits. This causes them to be seen as outcasts in society. Albinism is an inherited, congenital condition resulting in reduced synthesis of melanin pigment in the hair, skin and eyes. It leads to a host of lifelong physical health problems, in particular visual impairment and ultraviolet induced skin damage. In Africa such problems are exacerbated by exposure to harsh sunlight and reduced access to adequate health care, especially in rural areas. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / nf2012 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The purpose of this study was to develop and describe a model for the enhancement of self-concept of people with oculocutaneous albinism based on the experience of the participants. The need to conduct the study was triggered by the researcher’s long-term interaction with people with oculocutaneous albinism, and observation that they are still stigmatised and marginalised by the community. A purposive sample of fifteen participants, consisting of twelve females and three males with oculocutaneous albinism, aged between 18 and 48, participated in the study. The study was conducted in urban and semi-urban areas around the Gauteng Province in South Africa. The study had two theory generative objectives, namely to identify the main concepts of the model from the findings, and to describe the model structure and process. A theory generative, qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual research design was used to achieve these objectives. Chinn and Kramer’s (1995:92) four steps of theory-generation were used, namely concept analysis, construction of theoretical relationships, description of the model, and development of guidelines to operationalise the model.Concept analysis involved identification, definition and classification of the concepts to develop the model. In-depth, phenomenological interviews were conducted to explore the participants’ experience. Data analysis and interpretation revealed three main themes from the findings: the participants’ perception of the self; experience with the external environment, and expression of need for development and growth. The main concepts deducted from the findings were “self-concept” and “enhancement” hence “A model for enhancement of self-concept of people with albinism”. Construction of theoretical relationships entailed using deductive reasoning to describe the interaction between the concepts of the model. Description of the model entailed visually portraying and describing the structure and process of the model, as well as evaluating it. Developing guidelines to operationalise the model entailed describing practical strategies to assist health professionals to enhance the self-concept of people with oculocutaneous albinism. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The purpose of this study was to develop and describe a model for the enhancement of self-concept of people with oculocutaneous albinism based on the experience of the participants. The need to conduct the study was triggered by the researcher’s long-term interaction with people with oculocutaneous albinism, and observation that they are still stigmatised and marginalised by the community. A purposive sample of fifteen participants, consisting of twelve females and three males with oculocutaneous albinism, aged between 18 and 48, participated in the study. The study was conducted in urban and semi-urban areas around the Gauteng Province in South Africa. The study had two theory generative objectives, namely to identify the main concepts of the model from the findings, and to describe the model structure and process. A theory generative, qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual research design was used to achieve these objectives. Chinn and Kramer’s (1995:92) four steps of theory-generation were used, namely concept analysis, construction of theoretical relationships, description of the model, and development of guidelines to operationalise the model.Concept analysis involved identification, definition and classification of the concepts to develop the model. In-depth, phenomenological interviews were conducted to explore the participants’ experience. Data analysis and interpretation revealed three main themes from the findings: the participants’ perception of the self; experience with the external environment, and expression of need for development and growth. The main concepts deducted from the findings were “self-concept” and “enhancement” hence “A model for enhancement of self-concept of people with albinism”. Construction of theoretical relationships entailed using deductive reasoning to describe the interaction between the concepts of the model. Description of the model entailed visually portraying and describing the structure and process of the model, as well as evaluating it. Developing guidelines to operationalise the model entailed describing practical strategies to assist health professionals to enhance the self-concept of people with oculocutaneous albinism. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Clinical Psychology), 2018 / The current research arose from a particular interest in the ways in which different subgroups of men form and navigate their male identities and their masculinities. The decision to focus on the experiences of men living with oculocutaneous albinism stemmed from two inter-related premises: firstly, there is a dearth of research around this particular minority group; and secondly, there has been a call for the life experiences of this particular population to receive greater attention and understanding. Four participants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview schedule. The transcribed data gathered from these interviews was subject to a computer-aided thematic analysis. The findings of the current research suggest that the experiences of being stigmatized due to oculocutaneous albinism were highly injurious to the participants and lead them to internalize a strong sense of shame. This in turn affected the ways in which the participants experienced themselves in the world and interacted with others relationally, including in relation to friendships and more intimate partnerships. All of the participants feared that their albinism would make them less desirable to prospective life partners and were concerned that close others might be stigmatized by association with them. Their experiences appeared to influence the participants’ positioning of themselves in relation to other men and were also implicated in the complex nature of their racial identity. Participants demonstrated a capacity to be reflective about their life experiences and about the responses of others towards them in respect of their condition. / XL2018

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-03-25T20:56:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Raul Viana Novasco.pdf: 18363214 bytes, checksum: 5cf2f12d606843ff20b83267eef25761 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-25T20:56:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raul Viana Novasco.pdf: 18363214 bytes, checksum: 5cf2f12d606843ff20b83267eef25761 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-31 / Nenhuma / Estudos linguísticos e etnográficos informam que os grupos Jê Meridionais, cuja origem remonta ao planalto central brasileiro, teriam iniciado sua migração em direção ao planalto sul do Brasil há, aproximadamente, 3.000 anos atrás. O momento de sua chegada às terras altas de Santa Catarina ainda é desconhecido, contudo, é indiscutível que durante todo o seu processo de ocupação empreendido sobre o planalto sul brasileiro, os Jê Meridionais mantiveram uma relação muito estreita com o ambiente, percebendo as mudanças climáticas e alterações ocorridas principalmente na composição biótica da região (fauna e flora), elaborando respostas adaptativas às transformações naturais, e transformando a sua organização social. Partindo desses pressupostos, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de captar elementos que nos permitam identificar estratégias de adaptação e assentamento desenvolvidas por esses grupos na área do sítio Rincão dos Albinos. O sítio arqueológico Rincão dos Albinos está situado no município de São José do Cerrito, planalto dissecado do Estado de Santa Catarina, em área de drenagem da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Canoas. O sítio é composto por 107 casas subterrâneas, dispostas em uma área de 200 metros de raio e as datas obtidas dentro e fora de estruturas habitacionais sugerem que a ocupação teve seu início há 1.400 A.P., período em que a região do planalto catarinense é, majoritariamente, coberta por campos recortados por rios e córregos acompanhados de pequenas matas com araucária. Foram elaborados produtos cartográficos temáticos em escalas variadas que apresentam dados específicos do sítio, tais como a distribuição das estruturas e suas relações com o espaço onde estão inseridas; e características físicas regionais, abrangendo o médio curso do Rio Canoas. Tais materiais nos possibilitaram fazer uma leitura mais ampla do espaço onde o sítio está inserido, que, juntamente com a análise de dados paleoambientais, geográficos, ecológicos e culturais, nos fizeram perceber que o sítio Rincão dos Albinos registra - tanto nas camadas de ocupação das casas subterrâneas, quanto na paisagem - ao menos, dois períodos de transição cultural e ambiental. / Linguistic and ethnographic studies report that Southern Jê, whose origin dates back to the central Brazilian plateau, have started their migration towards the southern highlands of Brazil by approximately 3.000 years ago. The moment they arrive to the highlands of Santa Catarina is still unknown, however, it is clear that throughout the process of occupation undertaken of the southern Brazilian plateau, the Southern Jê maintained a very close relationship with the environment, perceiving climate change and especially changes in the composition of biotic region (fauna and flora), developing adaptive responses to natural transformations, and transforming their social organization. Based on these assumptions, the present work was developed with the aim of capturing elements that allow us to identify adaptation and settlement strategies developed by these groups in the area of the site Rincão dos Albinos. The archaeological site Rincão dos Albinos is situated in the municipality of São José do Cerrito, dissected plateau in the State of Santa Catarina, in the drainage area of the watershed of the Canoas River. The site consists of 107 pit houses, arranged in an area of 200 meters radius and dates obtained inside and outside of residential structures suggest that the occupation had its beginnings at 1400 B.P., a period that the plateau of Santa Catarina is mostly covered by campos intersected by rivers and streams accompanied by small araucaria forests. Thematic maps were produced in various scales and present specific data from the site, such as the distribution of structures and their relations with the space where they are inserted, and regional geographical features, including the middle course of the Canoas River. The maps allowed us to make a wider reading of the space where the site is located, and associated with the analysis of paleoenvironmental, geographic, ecological and cultural dates, made us realize that the archaeological site Rincão dos Albinos - in its layers of occupation and landscape - records at least two periods of cultural and environmental transition.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5255.pdf: 814726 bytes, checksum: 0e3f245d1d018cf30cdf30bf84e42fed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-13 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced endogenously in central areas may act by modulating autonomic and behavioral responses. Recent studies have shown that a reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), injected into the lateral ventricle (LV) reduces pressor response induced by central injection of angiotensin II. In the present study we investigated the effects of H2O2 on the dipsogeni and pressor responses and on the changes in renal excretion induced by the increases in plasma osmolality by intragastric administration (ig) of 2 M NaCl (2 ml). Holtzman rats (280 - 320 g) with stainless steel cannula implanted in the LV were used. H2O2 or PBS injections were made in the LV. Injections of H2O2 (2.5 or 5 &#956;mol/1 &#956;l) in the LV reduced water intake induced by ig 2 M NaCl (3.1 ± 0.7 and 3.5 ± 1.1 ml, vs. PBS: 8.6 ± 1.0 and 7.6 ± 0.5 ml/2h, P <0.05, respectively) and natriuresis (609.2 ± 82.9 and 1290.7 ± 80.5, vs. PBS: 876.4 ± 129.5 and 1443.6 ± 67.5 &#956;Eq/2 h, p < 0.05, respectively). However, diuresis and pressor response after ig 2 M NaCl were not altered by the pre-treatment with H2O2. The present data suggest a inhibitory role of central H2O2 in water intake and natriuresis without changing the pressor response induced by plasma hyperosmolarity. / As espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs), produzidas endogenamente podem atuar em áreas centrais modulando respostas autonômicas e comportamentais. Estudos recentes demonstraram que uma espécie reativa de oxigênio, o peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), injetado no ventrículo lateral (VL) reduz resposta pressora induzida pela injeção central de angiotensina II. No presente estudo investigamos os efeitos do H2O2 sobre a resposta dipsogênica, pressora e sobre as alterações na excreção renal induzidas por aumento da osmolaridade plasmática pela administração intragástrica (ig) de NaCl 2 M (2 ml) . Ratos Holtzman (280 320 g) com cânulas de aço inoxidável implantadas no VL foram utilizados. Injeções de H2O2 ou PBS foram realizadas no VL. As injeções de H2O2 (2,5 ou 5 &#956;mol/1 &#956;l) no VL reduziu a ingestão de água induzida por NaCl 2 M ig (3,1 ± 0,7 e 3,5 ± 1,1 ml, vs. PBS: 8,6 ± 1,0 e 7,6 ± 0,5 ml/2 h, p < 0,05, respectivamente) e a natriurese (609,2 ± 82,9 e 1290,7 ± 80,5, vs. PBS: 876,4 ± 129,5 e 1443,6 ± 67,5 &#956;Eq/2 h, p < 0,05, respectivamente). Por outro lado a diurese e a resposta pressora após gavagem de NaCl 2 M não foram alteradas pelo tratamento prévio com H2O2. Nossos dados sugerem um papel inibitório para o H2O2 agindo centralmente na ingestão de água e na natriurese, sem alterar a resposta pressora induzida por hiperosmolaridade plasmática.