Dado um sistema diferencial no plano, muito se questiona sobre o comportamento de suas soluções. Nas vizinhanças dos pontos singulares existem ferramentas que nos indicam o tipo e a estabilidade estrutural de cada um deles; são as chamadas formas normais. No entanto, o interesse vai mais além do conhecimento local das soluções em cada singularidade. Nesse trabalho apresentamos algumas ferramentas clássicas da teoria qualitativa das equações diferenciais ordinárias empregadas na investigação global dos campos de vetores polinomiais planares e as empregamos na investigação de duas famílias paramétricas de campos quadráticos encontradas no estudo dos campos com hipérboles invariantes. Dentre as ferramentas estudadas destacamos a classificação local das soluções em pontos singulares elementares e semi-elementares e a técnica de compactificação de Poincaré. / Given a planar differential system, many questions are raised about the behavior of their solutions. In the neighborhood of singular points there exist many tools which indicate their type and their structural stability; they are known as normal forms. However, the interest goes beyond the local behavior in the neighborhood of each singularity. In this dissertation we present some classical tools from the qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations which are usually applied to the global investigation of planar polinomial vector fields and we apply them to the investigation of two parametric families of quadratic fields from the study of the vector fields with invariant hyperbolas. Among the studied tools we highlight the local classification of the solutions around elementary and semi-elementary singular points and the technique known as Poincarés compactification.

L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude de diverses primitives cryptographiques utiles dans des protocoles Diffie-Hellman. Nous étudions tout d'abord les protocoles Diffie-Helmman sur des structures commutatives ou non. Nous en proposons une formulation unifiée et mettons en évidence les différents problèmes difficiles associés dans les deux contextes. La première partie est consacrée à l'étude de pseudo-paramétrisations de courbes algébriques en temps constant déterministe, avec application aux fonctions de hachage vers les courbes. Les propriétés des courbes algébriques en font une structure de choix pour l'instanciation de protocoles reposant sur le problème Diffie-Hellman. En particulier, ces protocoles utilisent des fonctions qui hachent directement un message vers la courbe. Nous proposons de nouvelles fonctions d'encodage vers les courbes elliptiques et pour de larges classes de fonctions hyperelliptiques. Nous montrons ensuite comment l'étude de la géométrie des tangentes aux points d'inflexion des courbes elliptiques permet d'unifier les fonctions proposées tant dans la littérature que dans cette thèse. Dans la troisième partie, nous nous intéressons à une nouvelle instanciation de l'échange Diffie-Hellman. Elle repose sur la difficulté de résoudre un problème de factorisation dans un anneau de polynômes non-commutatifs. Nous montrons comment un problème de décomposition Diffie-Hellman sur un groupe non-commutatif peut se ramener à un simple problème d'algèbre linéaire pourvu que les éléments du groupe admettent une représentation par des matrices. Bien qu'elle ne soit pas applicable directement au cas des polynômes tordus puisqu'ils n'ont pas d'inverse, nous profitons de l'existence d'une notion de divisibilité pour contourner cette difficulté. Finalement, nous montrons qu'il est possible de résoudre le problème Diffie-Hellman sur les polynômes tordus avec complexité polynomiale. / In this thesis, we study several cryptographic primitives of use in Diffie-Hellman like protocols. We first study Diffie-Hellman protocols on commutative or noncommutative structures. We propose an unified wording of such protocols and bring out on which supposedly hard problem both constructions rely on. The first part is devoted to the study of pseudo-parameterization of algebraic curves in deterministic constant time, with application to hash function into curves. Algebraic curves are indeed particularly interesting for Diffie-Hellman like protocols. These protocols often use hash functions which directly hash into the curve. We propose new encoding functions toward elliptic curves and toward large classes of hyperelliptic curves. We then show how the study of the geometry of flex tangent of elliptic curves unifies the encoding functions as proposed in the litterature and in this thesis. In the third part, we are interested in a new instantiation of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange. It relies on the difficulty of factoring in a non-commutative polynomial ring. We show how to reduce a Diffie-Hellman decomposition problem over a noncommutative group to a simple linear algebra problem, provided that group elements can be represented by matrices. Although this is not directly relevant to the skew polynomial ring because they have no inverse, we use the divisibility to circumvent this difficulty. Finally, we show it's possible to solve the Diffie-Hellman problem on skew polynomials with polynomial complexity.

Dado um sistema diferencial no plano, muito se questiona sobre o comportamento de suas soluções. Nas vizinhanças dos pontos singulares existem ferramentas que nos indicam o tipo e a estabilidade estrutural de cada um deles; são as chamadas formas normais. No entanto, o interesse vai mais além do conhecimento local das soluções em cada singularidade. Nesse trabalho apresentamos algumas ferramentas clássicas da teoria qualitativa das equações diferenciais ordinárias empregadas na investigação global dos campos de vetores polinomiais planares e as empregamos na investigação de duas famílias paramétricas de campos quadráticos encontradas no estudo dos campos com hipérboles invariantes. Dentre as ferramentas estudadas destacamos a classificação local das soluções em pontos singulares elementares e semi-elementares e a técnica de compactificação de Poincaré. / Given a planar differential system, many questions are raised about the behavior of their solutions. In the neighborhood of singular points there exist many tools which indicate their type and their structural stability; they are known as normal forms. However, the interest goes beyond the local behavior in the neighborhood of each singularity. In this dissertation we present some classical tools from the qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations which are usually applied to the global investigation of planar polinomial vector fields and we apply them to the investigation of two parametric families of quadratic fields from the study of the vector fields with invariant hyperbolas. Among the studied tools we highlight the local classification of the solutions around elementary and semi-elementary singular points and the technique known as Poincarés compactification.

L’étude topologique des variétés algébriques réelles remonte au moins aux travaux de Harnack, Klein, et Hilbert au 19éme siecle; en particulier, la classification des types d’isotopie réalisés par les courbes algébriques réelles d’un degré fixé dans RP2 est un sujet qui a connu un essor considérable jusqu'à aujourd'hui. En revanche, en dehors des études concernants les surfaces de Hirzebruch et les surfaces de degré au plus 3 dans RP3, à peu près rien n’est connu dans le cas de surfaces ambiantes plus générales. Cela est du en particulier au fait que les variétés construites en utilisant le "patchwork" sont des hypersurfaces de variétés toriques. Or, il existe de nombreuses autre surfaces algébriques réelles. Parmi celles-ci se trouvent les surfaces rationnelles réelles, et plus particulièrement les surfaces rèelles minimales. Dans cette thèse, on élargit l’étude des types d’isotopie réalisés par les courbes algébriques réelles aux surfaces réelles minimales de del Pezzo de degré 1 et 2. En outre, on termine la classification des types topologiques réalisés par les courbes algébriques réelles séparantes et non-séparantes de bidegré (5,5) sur la quadrique ellipsoide. / The study of the topology of real algebraic varieties dates back to the work of Harnack, Klein and Hilbert in the 19th century; in particular, the isotopy type classification of real algebraic curves with a fixed degree in RP2 is a classical subject that has undergone considerable evolution. On the other hand, apart from studies concerning Hirzebruch surfaces and at most degree 3 surfaces in RP3, not much is known for more general ambient surfaces. In particular, this is because varieties constructed using the patchworking method are hypersurfaces of toric varieties. However, there are many other real algebraic surfaces. Among these are the real rational surfaces, and more particularly the $mathbb{R}$-minimal surfaces. In this thesis, we extend the study of the topological types realized by real algebraic curves to the real minimal del Pezzo surfaces of degree 1 and 2. Furthermore, we end the classification of separating and non-separating real algebraic curves of bidegree $(5,5)$ in the quadric ellipsoid.