Henry Clay once called John Janney the "first man of Virginia." Janney sat as the President of the Virginia Secession Convention, a meeting that would help decide the fate of the United States. The story of Janney is crucial to American history because the entire nation watched the convention to see which way Virginia would side. Janney's story can also help answer two questions that have long plagued civil war historians: why the South or Virginia seceded, and why southerners fought in the war. Janney was a stanch Unionist, and fought to stay in the Union until the end. Both times the Convention voted on the question of secession, he voted against it. However, in the end, when Virginia seceded Janney stayed loyal to his state. His insights give a rare look into the Convention proceedings, and human reaction to the outcomes. / Master of Arts

La théorie de la QCD (Quantum ChromoDynamics) prédit l’existence d’une nouvelle phase de la matière nucléaire à très haute température. Cette phase, caractérisée par un déconfinement des quarks au sein des hadrons, est appelée QGP (Quark Gluon Plasma). Le spectromètre à muons de l’expérience ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) a pour but d’étudier les propriétés du QGP aux densités d’énergie extrêmes atteintes dans les collisions d’ions lourds au LHC (Large Hadron Collider). Le système de déclenchement du spectromètre à muons, appelé MUON TRG est, pour une large part, sous la responsabilité du groupe ALICE de Clermont-Ferrand. Il se compose de quatre plans de détecteurs RPC (Resistive Plate Chamber) d’une superficie totale de 140 m2, de 21k voies de lecture et d’une électronique de décision rapide. Il a été conçu afin de reconstruire ”en ligne” des traces (muons), dans un environnement présentant un important bruit de fond. Une décision de trigger, pour les ”single muons” et les ”dimuons”, est délivrée toutes les 25 ns (40 MHz) avec un temps de latence relatif à l’interaction proche de 800 ns. Les performances, en particulier celles liées à la décision de trigger, obtenues avec des outils de test dédiés, les évènements cosmiques, les premiers faisceaux d’injection dans le LHC ainsi que les premières collisions proton-proton à √s = 900 GeV seront présentés. / The QCD theory (Quantum ChromoDynamics) predicts the presence of a new phase of the nuclear matter at very high temperature. This phase, characterized by a deconfinement of quarks within hadrons, is called QGP (Quark Gluon Plasma). The muon spectrometer of the ALICE experiment (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) aims at investigating the propertiesof the QGP at the extreme energy density reached in heavy ion collisions at LHC (Large Hadron Collider). The trigger system of the Muon Spectrometer, called MUON TRG mainly come under the responsability of the Clermont-Ferrand ALICE team. It consists of four planes of RPC (Resistive Plate Chamber) detectors with a total area of 140 m2 , 21k front-end channels and fast-decision electronics. It is designed to reconstruct (muon) tracks online, in a large background environment. A fast trigger decision, for both single-muons and dimuons, is delivered each 25 ns (40 MHz) with a latency with respect to the interaction of about 800 ns. The performances, especially the ones related to trigger decision, obtained with dedicated test tools, cosmic rays, first LHC injection beams and first proton-proton collisions at √s = 900 GeV will be presented.

ALICE est dédié à l'étude d'un état de la matière nucléaire dans lequel les quarks et les gluons ne sont plus confinés dans les hadrons, qui est appelé Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP). La production de bottomonia (états liés beauté antibeauté) est sensible au QGP parce-que les états du bottomonium sont formés avant la formation du QGP et traversent le plasma pendant son évolution. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est la mesure des modification des mésons Upsilon dans le canal de désintégration en deux muons en collisions Pb-Pb à √SNN = 5.02 TeV. En outre, un nouveau framework pour l'analyse des performances des détecteurs utilisés pour l'identification des muons a été réalisé et utilisé pour l'analyse des données du RUN1 et RUN2 du LHC. Enfin, et avec l’objectif d’optimiser des résultats de l’analyse, un nouvel algorithme d’identification de muons a été développé. Cet algorithme deviendra nécessaire pour faire face aux nouvelles conditions de prise de données du RUN3, pendant lequel une reconstitution quasi-en ligne du détecteur est prévue. / ALICE is devoted to the study of a deconfined state of nuclear matter called Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), in which quarks and gluons behave as free particles. The bottomonium (bound states of beauty-anti beauty quark) production is affected by the presence of the QGP, since bottomonium states are produced sooner than the QGP and witness the whole evolution of the plasma. In this analysis the data coming from Pb-Pb collisions have been analysed in order to detect possible modifications of the production rates in the dimuon decay channel, with respect to the rates observed in proton-proton collisions. Furthermore, the performances of the detectors involved in the muon identification during the LHC RUN1 and RUN2 has been tested using a new analysis framework implemented as part of this thesis. Finally, in order to optimize the results of future analyses, a new muon identification algorithm has been developed and tested. This algorithm will become necessary in the LHC RUN3 running conditions, when the much higher luminosity will require a quasi online reconstruction of data.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:15:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elisa de Freitas Weimann Gergull.pdf: 23284441 bytes, checksum: e7e3d90f068cc641e7668b7f15ccabf9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research has as objective the multiple and varied ensemble constituted by the illustrations of Lewis Carroll s Alice in Wonderland and has as main objective the analysis of the relationship between verbal text and visual text that are established in them, trying to define what is illustration, which elements the illustrator uses in his works and what meaning effects it causes. We work with the hypothesis that the illustrator is a translator that operates in hisher own language. The research corpus consists of an ensemble of 10 editions of Alice in Wonderland, including the illustrations made by Lewis Carroll himself and by John Tenniel, who was the first and the most famous Alice illustrator after the author. The selection criterion privileges the classic English editions and the best translations to Portuguese of the integral text of Alice. The illustrations of the corpus have different styles and are a sample of different executions of the story and its characters. The methodology consists in bibliographical and documental research, the last one being the search of the referred Alice editions. The theoretical referential use the main authors to deal with intersemioticity, noticeably Roman Jakobson, Julio Plaza, Octavio Paz and Haroldo de Campos; specialists in English literature and Lewis Carroll, like Martin Gardner, Donald Rackin, Jenny Woolf and Morton N. Cohen, specialists in illustrations like Sophie Van der Linden, Martin Salisbury, Morag Styles, Maria Nikolajeva, Carole Scott e Ana Margarida Ramos. The relevance of this research to the area of Communication and Semiotics is in the study of the syncretism between verbal and visual texts, that here is being used to analyze a fundamental work / Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo o conjunto múltiplo e variado constituído pelas ilustrações de Alice no país das maravilhas de Lewis Carroll e como objetivo principal a análise das relações entre o texto verbal e o texto imagético que aí se estabelecem. Busca-se responder o que é a ilustração, que elementos o ilustrador utiliza em seu trabalho e que efeitos de sentido ela desempenha. Trabalhamos com a hipótese de que o ilustrador é um tradutor que opera em língua própria. O corpus de pesquisa consiste em um conjunto selecionado de 10 edições de Alice no País das Maravilhas, incluindo as ilustrações do próprio Lewis Carroll e as de John Tenniel, que, após o autor, foi o primeiro e o mais famoso ilustrador da obra. O critério de seleção privilegia as edições inglesas clássicas e as melhores traduções do texto integral de Alice. Integram o corpus ilustrações com estilos diferentes entre si, suscetíveis de oferecer uma amostra de diferentes execuções da história e de suas personagens. A metodologia consiste em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, esta segunda consistindo na procura das referidas edições de Alice. Os referenciais teóricos convocam os principais autores a tratar do conceito de intersemioticidade, notadamente Roman Jakobson, Julio Plaza, Octavio Paz e Haroldo de Campos; especialistas em literatura inglesa e na obra de Lewis Carroll, aí incluídos Martin Gardner, Donald Rackin Jenny Woolf e Morton N. Cohen; e especialistas em ilustração como Sophie Van der Linden, Martin Salysbury, Morag Styles, Maria Nikolajeva, Carole Scott e Ana Margarida Ramos. A relevância da pesquisa para a área da Comunicação e Semiótica está no estudo do sincretismo entre o texto verbal e o imagético, que aqui se volta para uma obra máxima

La matière qui nous entoure est formé de hadrons, eux-même constitués de quarks et de gluons. Ces derniers sont des composants élémentaires qui n'existent pas sous forme libre. Cependant nous savons à l'heure actuelle que la matière confinée dans des hadrons peut, dans des conditions de haute température et/ou de haute densité baryonique, se retrouver sous une forme déconfinée de plasma de quarks et de gluons. Pour réaliser expérimentalement les conditions permettant de former ce plasma de quarks et de gluons, nous avons besoin d'une machine capable de faire entrer en collision des noyaux à des énergies très élevées: cela est notamment possible au CERN, où se situe le plus grand accélérateur de particules du monde, le Large Hadron Collider, qui a permis de faire entrer en collisions des noyaux de plomb à une énergie par paire de nucléons de 2.76 et 5.02TeV, et des protons à des énergies allant de 0.9 à 13TeV. Les collisions entre noyaux de plomb permettent, en particulier, d'atteindre les conditions de densité d'énergie nécessaires à la formation de la phase de plasma de quarks et de gluons. Ce travail de thèse contribue à ce programme de physique par l'étude de la production de mésons neutres légers en collisions proton-proton à 13TeV, référence nécessaire pour comprendre les observations en collisions plomb-plomb. L'étude des mésons neutres légers a été menée dans le canal dimuonique par l'analyse du spectre de masse invariante des dimuons de masse inférieure à 1.5 GeV/c², permettant notamment de mesurer les sections efficaces des mésons eta, rho/omega et phi / The ordinary matter surrounding us is made of hadrons which in turn are composed of quarks and gluons. These latter are elementary constituents which cannot be observed in a free state. However it is at present recognized that this matter confined within hadrons can undergo, under extreme conditions of high temperature and/or highnet baryonic density, a transition to a state of deconfined quarks and gluons whichcalled quark gluon plasma. The conditions required to form this quark gluon plasma can be experimentallyachieved using a machine capable of colliding nuclei at very high energies: this is particularly the case at CERN where is located the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider, which collided Pb ions at a center-of-mass energy of 2.76 to 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair and protons of 0.9 to 13 TeV. Pb-Pb collisionssuch relativistic energies definitely allow for the suitable density conditions to form the quark gluon plasma phase. This thesis work contributes to this physics program by studying the production of neutral light mesons in collisions of proton-proton at 13 TeV, which provides the necessary reference to understand further observations done in Pb-Pb collisions. This study has been performed in the dimuon decay channel by analyzing the dimuon invariant mass spectrum in the region of masses lower than 1.5 GeV/c2 , giving accessthe measurement of the cross sections of eta, rho/omega and phi mesons

Bibliography: leaf 628-669.

The purpose of this study has been to determine what extraliterary forces--cultural, historical, political, social--shaped the critical reception of Alice Walker's first novel, The Third Life of Grange Copeland (1970). The philosophies of Hans Robert Jauss, as espoused in Toward an Aesthetic of Reception (1971), guided this study. Particular interest was placed on Jauss's claim that every work has its own specific, historically, and sociological determinable audience, that every writer is dependent on the milieu, view, and ideology of that audience and that literary success presupposes a book which presents what the audience expects, a book which presents the audience with its own image. (26)The Third Life of Grange Copeland appeared at the end of the Civil Rights Movement, in the midst of a Black Arts Movement (a movement that presented black artist with a criteria for representing their people), and on the cusp of a black feminist movement which moved black women from the object to the subject position in black literary discourse.The politically charged context in which Walker's first novel appeared determined her first audience's reception to her work. The reception from black civic leaders, literary critics, scholars and the black community was largely negative. This initial negative response has followed Walker throughout her literary career despite the fact that she has won both the American Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. / Department of English

La matière nucléaire, constituant le noyau des atomes, est formée de quarks et de gluons, dont l’interaction est décrite par la théorie de la chromodynamique quantique (QCD). Dans des conditions normales, quarks et gluons ne peuvent être observés de façon isolée et sont confinés dans des hadrons tels que les protons et les neutrons. Le Plasma de Quarks et de Gluons (PQG) est un état de la matière nucléaire prédit par la QCD pour lequel ces quarks et gluons sont déconfinés. Expérimentalement, le PQG peut être créé dans des collisions d’ions lourds ultra-relativistes, telles que les collisions d’ions lourds effectuées au LHC, correspondant à des vitesses proche de celle de la lumière. Il est possible d’obtenir des informations sur le PQG en mesurant un large nombre d’observables. En particulier, la production de charmonium tels que le J/ψ et le ψ(2S), particules lourdes constituées d’une paire de quarks charme et anti-charme () est mesurée pour étudier le plasma. En effet, la présence d’un PQG est censée modifier les taux de production des charmonia, à cause d’un équilibre entre un mécanisme d’écrantage de couleur du potentiel des quarks charme et un mécanisme dit de recombinaison. La position de cet équilibre dépend de l’énergie de collision, la température du plasma, et la nature de la particule considérée, et plus spécifiquement, il est attendu que le ψ(2S) soit plus supprimé que le J/ψ. Dans cette thèse, la production inclusive de ψ(2S) en collisions Pb − Pb à une énergie par collision nucléon-nucléon dans le référentiel du centre de masse de TeV est mesurée dans le canal de décroissance de dimuon avec le Spectromètre à Muons d’ALICE. L’analyse est basée sur les données collectées dans ALICE (A Large Ion Coliider Experiment) au LHC en 2015 correspondant à une luminosité intégrée de 225 μb−1. Le facteur de modification nucléaire RAA est étudié en fonction de la centralité des collisions, correspondant à la distance transverse entre les centre des noyaux de plomb. Le rapport des RAA du ψ(2S) et du J/ψ est également mesuré et montre que le ψ(2S) est plus supprimé que le J/ψ pour des collisions mi-centrales et centrales. Comparées aux prédictions théoriques, les mesures sont compatibles avec les modèles dans la limite des incertitudes. L’amélioration du Muon Trigger, le MID, est également étudié, en particulier le débit de données attendu pour des fréquences de collision de 100 kHz. Basée sur les données en collisions Pb − Pb à une énergie de TeV, les estimations prédisent que la technologie qui sera implémentée sur le MID possède une bande passante suffisante. / The nuclear matter, which constitues the atomic nuclei, is composed of quarks and gluons and interactions between them are described by quantum chromo-dynamics (QCD). Under ordinary conditions, quarks and gluons cannot be observed isolated and are confined inside hadrons such as protons and neutrons. The Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) is a state of nuclear matter predicted by QCD where quarks and gluons are deconfined. Experimentally, a QGP can be created in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions such as the lead-lead collisions delivered at the LHC, corresponding to speeds close to the speed of light. It is possible to obtain information on the characteris- tics of the QGP by measuring a large number of observables. In particular, the production of charmonium states such as the J/ψ and the ψ(2S), heavy particles composed of a charm and anti-charm pair (), is studied to investigate the plasma. Indeed, the presence of QGP is expected to modify the charmonium production yields, due to a balance between the mechanism of color screening of the charm quark potential and a mechanism called recombination. This balance depends on the collision energy, the temperature of the plasma and nature on the considered particle, in particular one expects the ψ(2S) to be more suppressed than the J/ψ. In this thesis the inclusive production of ψ(2S) in Pb − Pb collisions at an energy per nucleon-nucleon collision in the center of mass frame of TeV is measured in the dimuon-decay channel, using the ALICE Muon Spectrometer. The analysis is based on the data collected in ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) at the LHC in 2015 with an integrated luminosity of 225 μb−1. The nuclear modification factor RAA is studied as a function of centrality. The ratio of the ψ(2S) and J/ψ RAA is also evaluated and shows that the ψ(2S) is more suppressed than the J/ψ for mid-central and central events. Compared with theoretical predictions, the measurements are, within uncertainty, in agreement with theoretical model. The upgrade of the Muon Trigger, the MID (Muon Identifier), is also studied, in particular the expected data flow at a collisions rate of 100 kHz. Based on the Pb − Pb data at a collision energy of TeV, the estimations predict that the technology that will be implemented in the MID provides a sufficient bandwidth to sustain the data flow.

Le jet est l'une des sondes permettant de tester les prédictions de la théorie de l'interaction forte, la QCD, et d'extraire les propriétés physiques d'un état particulier de la matière nucléaire : le Plasma de Quarks et de Gluons (PQG). Ce travail de thèse a pour but de montrer les capacités d'ALICE à mesurer les jets issus des collisions produites au Large Hadron Collider (LHC).La détection des particules constituant les jets, leur association à l'aide d'algorithmes de reconstruction ainsi que la construction d'observables telles que le spectre en pT des jets ou le Plateau Bossu est un travail complexe. Nous détaillons ces différentes étapes à partir de simulations permettant d'appréhender le taux de jets réels à attendre pour notre analyse etd'évaluer l'impact de la mesure expérimentale sur les observables finales. Nous présentons finalement les spectres en pT et Plateaux Bossus issus des premières collisions p+p du LHC auxquels ont été appliquées des corrections moyennes. / The jet is one of the probes allowing testing strong interaction theory predictions, QCD, and to extract physical properties from a particular state of nuclear matter : Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP). This PhD work is aimed to show ALICE capacities to measure jets coming from collisions produced at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The detection of particles constituting jets, their association with reconstruction algorithms and the construction of observables such as jet pT spectrum of Hump-Backed Plateau is a hard work. We detail these different steps from simulation allowing to estimate jet rates we could expect for ouranalysis and to evaluate the impact of experimental measure on final observables. We finally present pT spectrum and Hump-Backed Plateau from first p+p collisions at LHC to whom mean corrections have been applied.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:44:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1866007 bytes, checksum: 27c8a4b2ed255141f451727982e3690b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-22 / This study aims to reflect upon the constitution the formation of the woman subject through the fictional language of two contemporary Canadian novels, Lives of Girls and Women (1971) and The diviners (1973) by Alice Munro and Margaret Laurence, respectively. Having been published in the early seventies, both novels include a series of questions about the search for an identity of its own, according to a new demand which is allied to critical gender studies. Therefore, it constitutes a major factor to this research, the manner in which the narrative protagonists, Del Jordan of Lives of Girls and Women (2001) and Morag Gunn of The Diviners (1993) perform this process. As a strategy, both appropriate the Bildungsroman genre questioning the discourses with which it dialogues. Starting from childhood, when there is both the immersion of Del Jordan, as of Morag Gunn in environments that favor the activity of reading, one realizes that, not coincidentally, both will take the profession of writers in the age coming. From that perspective, discussions about language studies, gender, and female development novels are established to which the approaches of Chris Weedon (1989), Teresa de Lauretis (1994), Cristina Ferreira Pinto (1990), Sylvia Molloy (2004), Coral Ann Howells (1998), among others will prove as essential ones to rethink the process by which the protagonists go through until the discovery of their subjectivities. / O presente estudo se dispõe a realizar uma reflexão acerca da formação do sujeito mulher por meio da linguagem em um recorte da ficção de duas autoras canadenses contemporâneas, a saber, Lives of Girls and Women (1971) e The Diviners (1973) de Alice Munro e Margaret Laurence, respectivamente. Tendo sido publicados no início da década de setenta, ambos os romances compreendem uma série de questionamentos em torno da busca pela construção de uma identidade própria, atendendo a uma nova demanda crítica que se alia aos estudos de gênero. Portanto, constitui-se como fator preponderante à pesquisa a maneira pela qual as protagonistas das obras, Del Jordan, de Lives of Girls and Women (2001) e Morag Gunn de The Diviners (1993) realizam esse processo. Como estratégia, ambas se apropriam do gênero Bildungsroman visando o questionamento dos discursos com os quais dialogam. Partindo da infância, quando se dá a imersão tanto de Del Jordan, quanto de Morag Gunn em ambientes que privilegiam a atividade da leitura, percebese que, não coincidentemente, ambas assumirão a profissão de escritoras na chegada da maturidade. Inserem, portanto, nessa perspectiva, discussões estabelecidas em torno dos estudos da linguagem, do gênero, dos romances de formação femininos aos quais as abordagens de Chris Weedon (1989), Teresa de Lauretis (1994), Cristina Ferreira Pinto (1990), Sylvia Molloy (2004), Coral Ann Howells (1998), entre outros, se mostrarão preponderantes a fim de se repensar o processo pelo qual as protagonistas atravessam até a descoberta de suas subjetividades.