Esta tese se propõe discutir a questão da alegoria histórica em romances do naturalismo brasileiro (Adolfo Caminha e Aluisio Azevedo) e em três romances (Caetés, Angústia, Vidas secas) de Graciliano Ramos. Partindo do princípio de que a alegoria histórica só pode ser efetuada a partir de um narrador interessado, ou seja, de um narrador que, através de sua narrativa, construa sua história para defender suas posições políticas, tentei comprovar que, na tensão entre o que é dito pelo narrador e as contradições deste discurso interessado postas no romance pelo autor do romance, é possível vislumbrar uma posição autoral, dando ao relato, por esse hibridismo, a função de discussão e tomada de posição dos fatos políticos e processo sócio-histórico. A obra literária aqui teria a função de discutir, no momento exato dos fatos, a situação política, mesmo que outros fatores literários devam ser levados em conta em sua leitura. / This work aims to discuss the issue of historical allegory in the novel of Brazilian naturalism (Adolfo Caminha and Aluisio Azevedo) and in three novels (Caetés, Angústia, Vidas secas) of Graciliano Ramos. Assuming that the historical allegory can only be performed from a person narrator, or of a narrator who, through his narrative, build its history to defend their political views, I tried to prove that in the tension between what is said by the narrator and the contradictions of this discourse interested in the novel made by the author of the novel, it is possible to discern an authorial position, giving the report for that hibridismo, the role of discussion and adoption of a position of political events and socio-historical process. The literary work here would have the task of discussing the exact timing of events, the political situation, even if other factors literary should be taken into account in their reading.

Nas poesias do francês Charles Baudelaire a imagem marinha é recorrente, seja como duplo que reflete a subjetividade humana, espaço de fuga do árido cotidiano urbano, paralelo da amada ou ainda um espaço de incomparável beleza. Em um de seus manuscritos, o poeta afirma que o espetáculo do mar oferece uma ideia de infinito diminutivo, pois uma porção do líquido em movimento é suficiente para dar a mais elevada ideia de beleza que pode ser oferecida ao homem em sua habitação transitória. Assim, este trabalho pretende fazer uma análise crítica do pequeno poema em prosa O Porto, integrante do volume póstumo O Spleen de Paris, para examinar de que maneira o motivo marinho transfigura-se em um infinito diminutivo e, assim, promove sentimentos do belo e do sublime questões fundamentais para a estética do autor em uma poesia autônoma, que encerra sob sua harmonia e homogeneidade fraturas específicas do sujeito moderno. Por meio da comparação com outros pequenos poemas em prosa e em verso que abordam o elemento marítimo, manuscritos e textos estéticos do poeta, bem como a fortuna crítica acerca da obra baudelaireana e estudos filosóficos que conceituam o belo e o sublime no âmbito da estética, a presente análise procura verificar como este curto O Porto se vale do tópico marítimo e, sob o traje do pequeno poema em prosa e da composição de um sofisticado engenho alegórico, oferece ao leitor vislumbres intensamente líricos da beleza moderna criada por Baudelaire. / In Charles Baudelaires poems, the maritime images are recurrent, either as a double that reflects the human subjectivity, as an escape from the arid urban space, as the beloved portrait, or as a space of incomparable beauty. In one of Baudelaires manuscripts, he affirms that the spectacle of the sea offers the idea of the infinite diminutive: twelve or fourteen leagues of liquid in movement are enough to convey the highest ideal of beauty which is offered to man in his transitory habitation. Therefore, this work aims to critically analyze the prose poem The Port, part of the posthumous edition Paris Spleen, to verify how the maritime motive becomes the infinite diminutive and, thus, promotes the feeling of the beautiful and sublime fundamental questions to the authors aesthetic in an autonomous poetry, that under its harmony shows specific fractures of the modern individual. Comparing The Port with other prose poems and also with some Les Fleurs du Mal poems that mentions the maritime element, manuscripts and aesthetic texts written by the poet as well as Baudelaires critical fortune and philosophical studies that define the beautiful and the sublime, this analyses aims to verify how this short The Port addresses the maritime topic and, under the garment of the prose poem and the sophisticated allegorical procedure, offers to the reader deep lyrical glimpses of the modern beauty created by Charles Baudelaire.

Uma particularidade notável da narrativa arguediana consiste no fato de seu trabalho literário destacar o embate existente entre a realidade e a língua de forma muito própria. Isto se fez presente, sobretudo, na necessidade de verter para a linguagem literária conteúdos das sociedades e culturas andinas de expressão quéchua. No que diz respeito a isto, o ajuizamento crítico sobre o penúltimo romance de Arguedas, Todas las Sangres (1964), acabou por conduzir a um falso dilema entre representação e fracasso. Arguedas não permaneceu insensível a este debate, ao mesmo tempo era obrigado a aprimorar seus recursos narrativos diante da realidade nova e desconcertante que se propunha a retratar em seu último romance, El Zorro de Arriba y el Zorro de Abajo (1971). Nele, como é sabido, foram levados ao paroxismo os recursos expressivos com os quais o autor estava habituado a lidar. Um desdobramento deste embate surge com o enfrentamento do caráter inconciliável do incondicionado, capaz de furtar-se aos intentos de descrevê-lo, e da linguagem que vem a torcer-se, a refundar-se com o propósito de permanecer fiel ao cenário metamórfico que imita. Buscamos analisar disto que resiste à expressão aproximando-nos de uma forma autônoma e que não é alheia ao romance, o mito. Desde uma concepção determinada do mito, capaz de ser pensada em paralelo à de ideologia, quando o aspecto poiético de ambas é posto em relevo, derivamos para a consideração da mimesis. A abertura da poiesis mimética busca ser preservada nestas passagens. A permeabilidade e a plasticidade criativa que se reserva à noção de mimesis posta em funcionamento deve incidir sobre a realidade do texto. Veremos como a incidência mimética manifesta-se, na textualidade do romance, por intermédio de oscilações de sentido, cuja análise se realiza segundo a perspectiva não retórica da metáfora, para o que recorremos a Paul Ricoeur. Acompanha-se, além disso, o debate em torno da noção de figura, desenvolvido por Erich Auerbach, com o propósito de estabelecer um vínculo entre mediação e invenção. / One remarkable specificity of Arguedian narrative lies in the fact that his literary work highlights the struggle between reality and language in a very particular way. Such tension is present, above all, in the need to translate into literary language the contents of culture and society of the Quechuan-speaking people in the Andes. In this respect, the critical reception of Arguedass previous novel before his last, Todas las Sangres (1964), led to a false dilemma between representation and failure. Arguedas did not remain insensitive to this debate, to the point he felt urged to enhance his narrative resources facing a new and baffling reality he was about to portray in his last novel, El Zorro de Arriba y el Zorro de Abajo (1971). As it is known, in this novel the expressive resources the author was accustomed to cope with were almost taken to a paroxysm. One of the outcomes of this tension springs from the irreconcilable character of the unconditioned, which is able to elude the intentions to describe it, and the language, which comes to twisting itself, to refounding itself so as to remaining faithful to the metamorphic scenario that it imitates. We aim at analyzing what resists expression, which comes close to an autonomous form and is not estranged from the novel, the myth. Starting from a specific conception of the myth, able to be considered in parallel to ideology, as the poietic aspect of both can be highlighted, we approach a discussion about mimesis. The openness of mimetic poiesis tries to be preserved in such passages. The creative permeability and plasticity that are linked to the notion of mimesis must focus on the reality of the text. We will analyze how the mimetic incidence is manifest in the novels textuality through the oscillation of meanings, whose study follows the non-rhetorical perspective of the metaphor, according to the theories of Paul Ricoeur. There is also the discussion on the notion of figure¸ in the terms of Erich Auerbach, in order to establish the link between mediation and invention.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Debora Ruiz Omaki.pdf: 579875 bytes, checksum: 7390c8eb383a09cc2b765e2aedf52359 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-11 / The aim of this research is to critically evaluate Gianfrancesco Guarnieri's play A Scream Holding in Mid-air ( Um grito parado no ar , 1973) in the light of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). The play centers in the efforts of a theater group of accomplishing its goal, and offering - as many critics point out - a portrayal of the isolation to which Brazilian society was confined to the sixties. In this research I tried to understand how the author could sketch this portrait, and relay a message that was against the ruling order. It should be noted that the text of A Scream Holding in Mid-air , does not contain, in the surface, a trope of figurative language, defined as a word or sentence to cause semantic tension; and there are no metaphors as understood in 'Metaphors We Live By'. In this context, I decided to go another way, the way of the allegory, of an "extended metaphor . An allegory is a rhetorical figure of speech that produces meaning by virtually conveying one or more meanings beyond the mere literal comprehension. This process has been called cryptoargumentation or secret argumentation, established through rhetorical devices that are employed at the interpersonal level as unobtrusive vehicles for conveying an argument at the level of 'the unsaid', the level of the underlying coherence of the text. It is in this level that the goal of Guarnieri's text lies. The research answers the following questions: (a) How are the allegories constructed in A Scream Holding in Mid-air ? (b) What are the lexico-grammatical choices made by the author in said constructions? The research is based on Critical Linguistics, interested in questioning the relationship between sign, meaning and the social-historical context, which govern the semiotic structure of discourse and attempts to relate the macro notion of ideology to the micro notions of discourses and social practices of members of a group, establishing links between the social and the individual, the macro and the micro, the social and the cognitive, thanks to the resources provided by the SFG. This theory, through the contributions it has received, allows dealing with implicit evaluations through tokens of attitude that include subjects as 'dog whistle' or the 'smuggling of information' / O objetivo desta pesquisa, de cunho crítico, é examinar, sob o enfoque da Gramática Sistêmico-Funcional (GSF), a peça teatral Um grito parado no ar, de Gianfrancesco Guarnieri (1973). A peça está centrada nas tentativas de um grupo teatral de levar a termo sua realização, oferecendo por meio de metáforas - como afirmam vários autores - um retrato da situação de isolamento a que foi confinada a sociedade brasileira nos anos sessenta. Nesta pesquisa, tento entender o modo como o autor pôde traçar esse retrato, para transmitir uma mensagem que contrariava a ordem vigente. Notemos que o texto de Um grito parado no ar, não traz, na sua superfície, esse tropo da linguagem figurativa, definido como uma palavra ou frase que causa tensão semântica; e não há a ocorrência de metáforas como as tratadas em Metaphors We Live By. Diante desse contexto, decidi-me a seguir outro caminho, o da alegoria, uma "metáfora continuada". Uma alegoria é uma figura de linguagem de uso retórico, que produz a virtualização do significado, que consiste em transmitir um ou mais sentidos além da simples compreensão literal. Esse processo tem sido chamado de "crypto-argumentação", a argumentação secreta, construída por meio de instrumentos retóricos empregados no nível interpessoal como veículos discretos para expressar um argumento do nível do "não dito", o nível da coerência subjacente do texto. É nesse nível que estaria a meta do texto de Guarnieri. A pesquisa deverá responder às seguintes perguntas: (a) Como é construída essa alegoria em Um grito parado no ar? (b) Quais são as escolhas léxico-gramaticais feitas pelo autor para essa construção? A pesquisa, apoia-se na Linguística Crítica, interessada no questionamento das relações entre signo, significado e o contexto sócio-histórico, que governam a estrutura semiótica do discurso, e tenta relacionar a noção macro da ideologia às noções micro dos discursos e das práticas sociais de membros de grupo, estabelecendo um elo entre o social e o individual, o macro e o micro, o social ao cognitivo, graças aos recursos oferecidos pela GSF. Essa teoria, através das contribuições que tem recebido, permite tratar das avaliações implícitas, por meio dos tokens de Atitude, que envolvem assuntos como 'o apito do cão' ou o 'contrabando de informação'

Les nouvelles de Fitz-James O’Brien ont été réévaluées dès les années 1970 et jusqu’au début du XXIe siècle à la lumière de son origine irlandaise. L’enjeu de cette thèse est d’analyser les processus de re-nationalisation à l’œuvre dans l’interprétation de ses nouvelles : de déplacements sémantiques en projections langagières, le critique risque d’être hanté par l’histoire de l’Irlande. Il est nécessaire pour ce faire de retracer le parcours littéraire et journalistique de O’Brien, depuis ses débuts en tant que contributeur anonyme du courrier des lecteurs du journal nationaliste irlandais The Nation, jusqu’à la fondation du journal satirique américain Vanity Fair et sa mort d’une blessure qu’il a reçue au cours d’un combat de la guerre de Sécession. Il conviendra notamment d’analyser, tout le long de son parcours, le rôle de la bohème littéraire dans la construction d’un idéal artistique sans frontières et le rôle de la presse comme outil de diffusion de cet idéal et, paradoxalement, de construction d’un champ littéraire spécifiquement américain. Nous examinerons ensuite la réception de ses nouvelles et leurs adaptations. Enfin, il s’agira d’étudier les mécanismes interprétatifs qui mettent spécifiquement l’Irlande et l’« irlandicité » au cœur de la lecture des textes, ainsi que de mettre en lumière les effets rhétoriques qui permettent une telle lecture, tant dans les textes critiques que dans les nouvelles elles-mêmes. A cause de la nature éminemment référentielle de l’écriture d’O’Brien, le sens symbolique, parfois satirique, voire allégorique de ses nouvelles se dérobe au lecteur d’aujourd’hui qui se trouve contraint d’effectuer une laborieuse quête herméneutique. / Between the 1970’s and the early years of the 21st century, Fitz-James O’Brien’s short stories have been analysed with reference to his Irish birth. This dissertation aims to examine the mechanisms of re-nationalisation at work in the interpretation of his stories: by means of semantic displacements and linguistic projections, the critic runs the risk of being haunted by Irish history. It is thus necessary to reconstruct O’Brien’s literary and journalistic career, from his early anonymous contributions to the “correspondence” column of the Irish nationalist newspaper The Nation, to the creation of the American satirical magazine Vanity Fair, and his death from a wound he recieved in a skirmish during the American Civil War. This dissertation will analyse particularly the part that literary Bohemia played in creating an artistic ideal of “borderlessness,” and the part that the press played in circulating this idea, all the while partaking in the construction of a specifically American literary field. I will then examine the reception of O’Brien’s stories and how they were adapted throughout decades in various media. Finally, I will study interpretative mechanisms which place Ireland and Irishness at the centre of text-reading and I will highlight the rhetorical effects allowing such a reading, both in the critical texts and in O’Brien’s stories themselves. Because of the highly referential nature of his magazine writing, the symbolical, sometimes satirical or even allegorical meaning of his stories eludes today’s reader, who has no choice but to embark on a laborious hermeneutic quest.

La Bouquechardière est une histoire universelle moralisée écrite à partir de 1416 par Jeande Courcy, un chevalier normand. En dépit de cette appropriation plutôt inhabituelle d’un genrehistorique particulièrement ancré dans la théologie, le texte de Jean de Courcy a peu suscitél’intérêt de la critique. Notre présent travail vient combler cette lacune en questionnant lamanière dont l’auteur laïque revisite les codes historiques et homilétiques qui constituaientjusque-là l’apanage des clercs. À un niveau plus large, notre étude permet aussi de cernerdavantage la variabilité d’un panorama auctorial et d’une communication littéraire en pleineévolution à la fin du Moyen Âge. Issu d’une culture laïque, Jean de Courcy doit imposer sacrédibilité à la fois intellectuelle et morale dans le champ des écritures. Sans usurper les rôlesdu clerc ou de l’intellectuel, il crée sa propre fonction auteur : celle de l’écrivain amateur quifonde sa légitimité sur une expérience acquise dans le monde, une accumulation du savoir parla lecture et une attitude dévotionnelle. Son approche chrétienne et édifiante de la lecturedétermine le choix d’écrire une histoire antique à une époque où les écrivains ont plutôttendance à réagir à l’actualité. En effet, la manière dont il ordonne, compile, sélectionne etrecompose la matière trahit une forte soumission de l’histoire à la perspective eschatologique.Traçant un continuum historique des acteurs de l’Antiquité jusqu’au lecteur contemporain, lecompilateur crée les conditions nécessaires à son actualisation. La finalité spirituelle de lalecture autorise alors l’insertion surprenante des fables ovidiennes dans la trame historique. Lafiction mythologique historicisée contient un potentiel herméneutique : elle s’offre comme unsigne de Dieu à déchiffrer au moyen d’une méthode analogique et allégorique. C’est donc enlecteur modèle que Jean de Courcy apprend à son lecteur à fixer le sens des mots et des chosespour qu’au moment de refermer le livre, le processus de refiguration de l’histoire voit le jour.En d’autres termes, la lecture mène à la conversion spirituelle. / The Bouquechardière is a moralized universal history written from 1416 by Jean deCourcy, a Norman knight. Despite this rather unusual appropriation of a historical genreparticularly rooted in theology, Jean de Courcy's text has not aroused much critical interest. Ourpresent work fills this gap by questioning the way in which the lay author revisits the historicaland homiletic codes that were until then the prerogative of clerics. On a broader level, our studyalso makes it possible to better identify the variability of an auctorial panorama and a literarycommunication in full evolution at the end of the Middle Ages. Coming from a secular culture,Jean de Courcy must impose his intellectual and moral credibility in the field of writing.Without usurping the roles of the cleric or the intellectual, he creates his own « fonctionauteur »: an amateur writer who bases his legitimacy on an experience acquired in the world,an accumulation of knowledge through reading and a devotional attitude. His Christian andedifying approach to reading determines the choice to write an Ancient History at a time whenwriters tend to react to current events. Indeed, the way in which he ordered, compiled, selectedand recomposed the material reveals a strong submission of history to the eschatologicalperspective. Tracing a historical continuum from the actors of Antiquity to the contemporaryreader, the compiler creates the necessary conditions for its actualisation. The spiritual purposeof the reading then allows the surprising insertion of Ovidian fables into the historicalframework. Historicalized mythological fiction contains a hermeneutical potential : it is offeredas a sign of God to be deciphered by using an analogical and allegorical method. It. As a modelreader, Jean de Courcy teaches his own reader to fix the meaning of words and things, so thatwhen the book is closed, the process of « refiguration » of history is born. In other words, thereading leads to spiritual conversion.

Univ., Diss.--Trondheim, 2006.

This thesis firstly aims at discussing the early works of American poet Marianne Moore (1887-1972) through the bio-philosophical perspectives developed since the investigations of Estonian Jacob von Uexküll (1864-1944). The study elucidates Uexküll’s research on the web-like forms of life that is the Umwelt of animals and Moore’s creation of poetic environments. Such investigations provide a basis for the analysis of Moore’s animals and environments in dialogue with Martin Heidegger’s (1889-1976) concepts of “poverty in world”, and “animal captivation”. Uexküll’s and Heidegger’s concepts are revised by Italian Giorgio Agamben (1942- ), who proposes that there is an openness in the state of being ontologically captivated, caused by interactional processes occurring within the environment. Subsequently, taking into account these same perspectives, this thesis offers a comparative study of Marianne Moore and Brazilian poet João Cabral de Melo Neto (1920-1999), engaging, respectively, her early poems with his book O Cão Sem Plumas [The Dog without Feathers], written in 1950. From the bio-philosophical perspectives previously discussed, this study focuses on moral and ethical stances addressed towards interpretations of the onto-ethological (Buchanan, 2008) nature of animals. The study analyses how both Moore and Melo Neto convey their ethical reflections and specific moral issues through expressions of nature and animal life, especially when they emphasise contexts of violence, misery and deprivation, either in material or conceptual respects, involved with the ontological and world-forming conditions of both animals and human beings. Therefore, the research will focus on their use of literary devices, such as allegories, and literary genres, such as fables, in order to develop both explicit and implicit dimensions of their poetry, thus providing a deeper understanding of the ontological status of animals and human beings.

Notre recherche se compose de trois parties essentielles. La première présente une définition de l’allégorie en général, puis dans les arts visuels et pour finir au Cinéma. La deuxième partie consiste à analyser l’allégorie dans Underground de Kusturica. Dans cette deuxième partie, nous commencerons par exposer les caractéristiques générales du cinéma d’Emir Kusturica avant d’analyser la manière dont le réalisateur utilise l’allégorie dans Underground pour dénoncer une guerre. Enfin, dans la troisième partie, nous évoquerons les risques qu’un traitement allégorique peut comporter en parlant de la polémique qu’Underground provoqua lors de l’attribution de la Palme d’or au festival de Cannes en 1995. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que Kusturica a eu recours à l’allégorie, non pas pour contourner la censure, mais pour contourner les éventuelles critiques. / Our research is in three parts. The first is a definition of the allegory in general, in the visual arts and in film. The second part analyzes the allegorical dimension of Kusturica film Underground. After having mentioned the main characteristics of Kusturica’s cinema, I will examine the ways in which the director has used the allegory in his film : officially, the allegory was presented as a means to denounce the war in the the Balkans, but we will try to see if there weren’t another reason of the director’s choice of this figure. In the third part, we will discuss the debate that the film started and the political views of the director. / Memoire creation

Magistro darbe analizuojamas motinos įvaizdis XIX a. lietuvių poezijoje. Tiriamieji šaltiniai yra XIX a. lietuvių poezijos tekstai. Iš didelio šaltinių kiekio, daugiau nei 500 tekstų, buvo išrinkti tie kūriniai, kuriuose poetai mini motiną. Teorinėje darbo dalyje pateiktos teorinės prielaidos, kurios padėjo apibrėžti pagrindinę šiame darbe vartojamą sąvoką – įvaizdis. Viena jų yra mito kritika, kuri suteikė platesnį kontekstą, padėjo apibrėžti darbe vartojamas sąvokas, tokias kaip archetipas, simbolis, jas sieti su aptiktu motinos įvaizdžiu. Kitas svarbus teorinės darbo dalies poskyris – kultūrologinė apžvalga, paremta V. Kavolio įžvalgomis apie motiną, jos reikšmę lietuvių kultūroje ir santykį su kitais šeimos nariais. Pagrindinė tyrimo dalis paremta trimis motinos įvaizdžio modeliais: daukantiškuoju, valančiškuoju ir maironiškuoju. Visi šie modeliai atspindi pagrindines vertybines poezijos dominantes: tradiciškumą, religines ir moralines vertybes, modernios tautos formavimąsi. Pastebėta, kad motinos įvaizdžio griežtai suskirstyti pagal amžiaus ribas negalima. XIX a. poezijoje išskirti motinos modeliai vienas su kitu persipina ir yra glaudžiai susiję. Galima teigti, kad amžiaus pradžioje dominuoja tiesioginės motinos įvaizdžio prasmės, kai ji susijusi su šeimos gyvenimu, yra vaizduojama namų aplinkoje, šalia vaiko, daugiau siejama su folkloro tradicija. Tačiau ima ryškėti ir kiek kitoks motinos įvaizdžio matmuo, kai jis atsiduria krikščioniškajame kontekste, yra siejamas su... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The image of mother in the Lithuanian poetry of the 19th century was analyzed in Master’s thesis. Sources for the research were texts of Lithuanian poetry of the 19th century. From the large amount of the sources (more than 500 texts) the writings, in which poets mention mother, were selected. The theoretical assumptions, which helped to define the basic notion of this work - the image, were presented in the theoretical part. One of them was the criticism of myth, which gave a broader context, helped to define terms used in the work, such as an archetype, a symbol, also to associate them with the detected image of mother. Another important section of the theoretical part of the work was a culturological review, based on the insights of V. Kavolis about mother, her meaning in Lithuanian culture, and her relationship with other members of a family. The main part of the study was based on three models of the image of mother: daukantastic, valanciustic, and maironistic. All of these models reflected the basic valuable dominants of poetry: traditionality, religious and moral values, the formation of a modern nation. It was noted, that according to the age limits it was impossible to divide the image of mother strictly. The distinguished models of mother in poetry of the 19th century interlaced with each other and were closely linked. It can be proposed, that at the beginning of the age the direct meanings of mother’s image dominate when she is related to a family life, is... [to full text]