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Hunting for causal variants in microbial genomesChen, Peter 11 1900 (has links)
L'un des objectifs centraux de la biologie est de comprendre comment l'ADN, la séquence primaire, donne lieu à des traits observables. À cette fin, nous examinons ici des méthodes pour identifier les composants génétiques qui influencent les traits microbiens. Par « identifier », nous entendons l'élucidation à la fois l'état allélique et de la position physique de chaque variante causale d'un phénotype d'intérêt à la résolution des nucléotides de paires de bases. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur les études d'association génomique (genome-wide association studies; GWAS) en tant qu'approche générale d’étudier l'architecture génétique des traits. L'objectif global de cette thèse était d'examiner de manière critique les méthodologies GWAS et de les considérer en pratique dans des populations microbiennes fortement clonales et non- clonales (i.e. avec recombinaison fréquent). Le domaine de la GWAS microbienne est relativement nouveau par rapport aux quinze dernières années de la GWAS humaine, et en tant que tel, nous avons commencé par un examen de l'état de la GWAS microbienne. Nous avons posé deux questions principales : 1) Les méthodes GWAS humaines fonctionnent-elles facilement et sans modification pour les populations microbiennes ? 2) Et sinon, quels sont les problèmes méthodologiques centraux et les modifications nécessaires pour la GWAS microbienne? À partir de ces résultats, nous avons ensuite détaillé le déséquilibre de liaison (linkage disequilibrium; LD) comme principal obstacle dans la GWAS microbien, et nous avons présenté une nouvelle méthode, POUTINE, pour relever ce défi en exploitant les mutations homoplasiques pour briser implicitement la structure LD. Le reste de la thèse présente à la fois les méthodes traditionnelles GWAS (comptage des allèles) et POUTINE (comptage d’homoplasies) appliquées à une population hautement recombinogène de génomes de vibrions marins. Malgré une taille d'échantillon modeste, nous donnons un premier aperçu de l'architecture génétique de la résistance aux bactériophages dans une population naturelle, tout en montrant que les récepteurs des bactériophages jouent un rôle primordial. Ce résultat est en pleine cohérence avec des expériences en laboratoire de coévolution phage-bactérie. Il est important de noter que cette architecture met en évidence à quel point la sélection positive peut sculpter certains traits microbiens différemment de nombreux traits complexes humains, qui sont généralement soumis à une faible sélection purificatrice. Plus précisément, nous avons identifié des mutations à effet important à haute fréquence qui sont rarement observées dans les phénotypes complexes humains où de nombreuses mutations à faible effet contribuent à l'héritabilité. La thèse se termine par des perspectives sur les voies à suivre pour la GWAS microbienne. / One of the central goals of biology is to understand how DNA, the primary sequence, gives rise to observable traits. To this aim, we herein examine methods to identify the genetic components that influence microbial traits. By "identify" we mean the elucidation of both the allelic state and physical position of each causal variant of a phenotype of interest down to the base-pair nucleotide resolution. Our focus has been on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as a general approach to dissecting the genetic architecture of traits. The overarching aim of this thesis was to critically examine GWAS methodologies and to consider them in practice in both strongly clonal and highly recombining microbial populations. The field of microbial GWAS is relatively new compared to the over fifteen years of human GWAS, and as such, we began this work with an examination of the state of microbial GWAS. We asked and attempted to answer two main questions: 1) Do human GWAS methods readily work without modification for microbial populations? 2) And if not, what are the central methodological problems and changes that are required for a successful microbial GWAS? Building from these findings, we then detailed linkage disequilibrium (LD) as the primary obstacle in microbial GWAS, and we presented a new method, POUTINE, to address this challenge by harnessing homoplasic mutations to implicitly break LD structure. The remainder of the thesis showcases both traditional GWAS methods (allele counting) and POUTINE applied to a highly recombining population of marine vibrio genomes. Despite a small sample size, we provide a first glimpse into the genetic architecture of bacteriophage resistance in a natural population and show that bacteriophage receptors play a primary role consistent with experimental populations of phage-bacteria coevolution. Importantly, this architecture highlights how strong positive selection can sculpt some microbial traits differently than many human complex traits, which are generally under weak purifying selection. Specifically, we identified common frequency, large-effect mutations that are rarely observed in human complex phenotypes where many low-effect mutations are thought to contribute to the bulk of heritability. The thesis concludes with perspectives on ways forward for microbial GWAS.
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Huntingtin gene profiling, towards allele-specific treatmentHåkansson, Mimmi January 2020 (has links)
Huntington diseases(HD) is a fatal autosomal neurodegenerative genetic disorder, caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) gene, resulting in a toxic gain-of-function in the mutant huntingtin protein(mHTT). To date, there is no approved treatment to either cure or halt the course of HD. It has been established that wild-type(wt) HTT protein is essential for development and has a critical role for maintaining neuronal health, thus, a preferable approach for treatment is an mHTT specific lowering maintaining the wild type HTT expression. The achievement of an allele specific therapies depends on targetable allele variation, hence in this project, was the allele frequency in the Swedish population investigated and compared with both the total population and the European population selective. The data demonstrated that there is significant differences between populations. Additionally, the gene expression in five human fibroblast from HD patients with CAG repeats varying from 40 up to180, was analyzed as well as the gene variation across tissue , where the human HD brain and two animal brains; a nonhuman primate and a transgenic minipig, was compared. The result demonstrated that there is similarity in the gene expression between the two models and the human brain, where the highest expression was seen in the prefrontal cortex. The results from the gene expression analyze in the cell lines of fibroblast demonstrated that there is difference in expression between CAG repeats. Furthermore could it be seen that there were only two cell lines, HD180 and HD70, that was heterozygous for dACTT, rs362307, and for the SNP, rs7223906, in exon 67. There are various therapeutic approaches in the pipeline for HD as shown in this thesis, and hopefully a treatment for the disease in the not too distant future. / Huntingtons sjukdom är en dödlig autosomal neurodegenerativ genetisk avvikelse, orsakad av en specifik DNA-sekvens, CAG, upprepning i arvsanlaget som kodar för proteinet huntingtin (HTT). Det muterade HTT skadar nervcellerna i hjärnan och leder till att cellerna bryts ner. Idag finns ännu inga godkända terapier för att bota eller stoppa förloppet av Huntingtons sjukdom. Det har konstaterats att det friska HTT protein är betydelsefullt för utvecklingen och att den har en kritisk roll för att upprätthålla hjärnans nervceller. Därför skulle det vara fördelaktigt att som behandling sänka nivåerna av det muterade HTT och samtidigt behålla nivåerna av det friska HTT i en så kallad allel-specifik strategi. Utförandet av en allel-specifik behandling är beroende allel variationen mellan den friska genen och den muterade. Därför undersöktes allel-frekvensen i den svenska populationen och jämfördes mellan den europiska populationens frekvens. Resultatet från denna undersökning påvisade att det finns tydliga skillnader mellan förekomst av allel-variationer mellan olika populationer. Utöver detta undersöktes även genuttrycket i fem mänskliga friboblaster från patienter med Huntingtons med varierande CAG längd, från 40 repetitioner upp till 180 repetitioner, samt genvariationen mellan vävnader i hjärnan. För den sistnämnda användes data från en mänsklig hjärnan med Huntingtons sjukdom och två djurhjärnor; en ifrån en icke-mänsklig primat och ifrån en transgen minigris. Resultatet påvisade likheter mellan genuttrycket mellan den mänskliga hjärnan och djurhjärnorna, och det högsta uttrycket återfanns i prefrontala cortex. Resultat från fibroblastproverna visade att det finns skillnader i genuttryck mellan patienter som innehar olika längd på CAG-sekvensen. D, dessutom var det endast två cellinjerna, HD180 och HD70, som var heterozygoter för dACTT, rs 362307, var det enda somoch variationen i exon 67, rs7223906. Det finns varierande en multitud av tillvägagångssätt som anges i denna uppsats för att behandla utvecklandet av Huntingtons sjukdom i utveckling, , som anges i denna uppsats, och förhoppningsvis är finns ett botemedel inte i en inte alltför avlägsen framtid.
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Association of Three Biomarkers of Nicotine as Pharmacogenomic Indices of Cigarette Consumption in Military PopulationsMatcham, William Arthur 14 November 2014 (has links)
No description available.
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Naturally occurring variation in the promoter of the chromoplast-specific Cyc-B gene in tomato can be used to modulate levels of ß-carotene in ripe tomato fruitOrchard, Caleb January 2014 (has links)
No description available.
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The Identification of Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility Genes Using a Cross-Species, Systems Genetics ApproachGerber, Madelyn Margaret 19 May 2015 (has links)
No description available.
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Host recognition strategies and evolution in phages infecting the marine bacterium Alteromonas sp.Gonzalez-Serrano, Rafael 22 March 2021 (has links)
Viruses constitute the vast majority of all biological entities in the biosphere and represent one of the biggest reservoirs of undetected genetic diversity on Earth. Of all the viral particles inhabiting the ocean, phages are the most abundant and can affect the overall microbial composition of marine ecosystems and the dynamics of global biogeochemical cycles. The interaction between prokaryotic cells and their phages is among the oldest and most intertwined host-parasite relationships on the planet. It has been extensively studied by culture, molecular biology, and experimental evolution. However, due to the difficulties of culture with environmental samples, only a few studies have analyzed the mechanisms of phage-host interaction in the marine environment. Here, we have studied the genes involved in viral host recognition and their evolutionary dynamics by focusing on two species of the marine copiotrophic bacterium Alteromonas and several phages infecting them. We described the genomic and morphological characterization of the first Alteromonas phage belonging to the Myoviridae family (Alteromonas myovirus V22) that was isolated in coastal waters of the Mediterranean Sea, and we identified its receptor-binding protein (RBP) used for host recognition by combining fluorescence microscopy and spectrometry. In addition, using size-exclusion chromatography, we showed how this protein required co-expression with a downstream protein to be functional, which later was identified as a new type of intermolecular chaperone crucial for RBP maturation. We also identified a conserved host recognition module in V22 and other unrelated alterophages belonging to different viral families and with completely different morphologies, suggesting horizontal gene transfer between the ancestors of these phages. Furthermore, we described the first coevolution study of a host-parasite system performed with Alteromonas using a metagenomics-like approach. Finally, we analyzed the micro- and macrodiversity of an alterophage population that was able to survive over a long period of time and showed remarkable genomic stability, indicating stable interactions over time between phage-host recognition structures. Overall, this study has contributed to extend the knowledge of known phage-host recognition mechanisms present in the marine ecosystem and has provided a first glimpse of the evolutionary dynamics in phages infecting Alteromonas.
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Evaluation of immune responses to the pulmonary pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2Rosas Mejia, Oscar 12 September 2022 (has links)
No description available.
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Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricosGarcía Lor, Andrés 29 July 2013 (has links)
Citrus es el género de la subfamilia Aurantioideae de mayor importancia económica. Su
origen es la región sureste de Asia, en un área que incluye China, India y la península de
Indochina y los archipiélagos de los alrededores. Aunque se han realizado múltiples estudios,
la taxonomía del género Citrus aun no está bien definida, debido al alto nivel de diversidad
morfológica encontrado en este grupo, la compatibilidad sexual entre sus especies y la
apomixis de muchos genotipos. En la presente tesis doctoral se ha estudiado una amplia
diversidad del género Citrus, especies relacionadas y otros taxones de la subfamilia
Aurantioideae, para poder aclarar su organización y filogenia mediante el empleo de diferentes
tipos de marcadores moleculares y métodos de genotipado. Más concretamente, el
germoplasma de mandarino juega un papel muy importante en la mejora de variedades y
patrones, pero su organización genética no está bien definida. Por lo tanto, se ha realizado un
análisis en profundidad de su diversidad y organización genética.
El desarrollo de marcadores moleculares de Inserción-Deleción (indel), por primera vez
en cítricos, ha permitido demostrar su utilidad para estudios de diversidad y filogenia en el
género Citrus. En combinación con los marcadores de tipo microsatélite (SSR), se ha
cuantificado la contribución de los tres principales taxones de cítricos (C. reticulata, C. maxima
and C. medica) a los genomas de las especies secundarias y cultivares modernos. También se
ha definido su estructura genética a partir de los datos obtenidos en la secuenciación de 27
fragmentos de genes nucleares relacionados con la biosíntesis de compuestos que determinan
la calidad de los cítricos y genes relacionados con la respuesta de la planta a estreses
abióticos. El análisis de la filogenia nuclear ha permitido determinar la relación existente entre
la especie C. reticulata y Fortunella, que se diferencian claramente del grupo formado por las
otras dos principales especies de cítricos (C. maxima y C. medica). Este resultado está en
concordancia con el origen geográfico de las especies estudiadas. A partir de este estudio, se
han desarrollado marcadores moleculares de tipo SNP con un alto valor filogenético, que han
sido transferidos a géneros relacionados de los cítricos. Estos marcadores han dado un
resultado muy positivo en el género Citrus y serán de gran utilidad para el establecimiento de la
huella genética del germoplasma en un nivel de diversidad más amplio.
Se ha estudiado la organización genética dentro del germoplasma mandarino (198
genotipos de tipo mandarino pertenecientes a dos colecciones, INRA-CIRAD e IVIA), así como
la introgresión de otros genomas mediante el uso de 50 y 24 marcadores de tipo SSR y indel,
respectivamente, además de cuatro marcadores InDel mitocondrial (ADNmt). Se ha observado
que muchos genotipos, que se creía que eran mandarinos puros, presentan introgresión de
otros genomas ancestrales. Dentro del germoplasma de mandarino, se han identificado a nivel
nuclear cinco grupos parentales, a partir de los cuales se originaron muchos genotipos, dando
lugar a estructuras hibridas complejas. Se ha observado incluso, genotipos con un origen
maternal no mandarino, determinado por los marcadores de ADNmt.
La presente tesis doctoral ha aportado nueva información sobre las relaciones
filogenéticas entre las especies del género Citrus, géneros cercanos, así como de las especies
secundarias. Además, se han desarrollado nuevos marcadores moleculares que se
complementan entre sí. Se ha establecido una nueva organización genética del germoplasma
mandarino y se han caracterizado adecuadamente las dos colecciones de cítricos en estudio.
Por lo tanto, todas estas contribuciones, ayudarán a los programas de mejora para la obtención
de nuevas variedades de cítricos de alta calidad y permitirán optimizar la conservación y uso de
los recursos genéticos existentes, así como su caracterización genética y fenotípica. / García Lor, A. (2013). Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/31518
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Inferring haplotype-specific chromatin conformation using Genome Architecture MappingMarkowski, Julia 23 February 2023 (has links)
Die räumliche Organisation des Chromatins im Zellkern ist für die Regulierung der Genexpression von großer Bedeutung. Genomische Varianten können die räumliche Organisation jedoch stören und Fehlbildungen und Krankheiten verursachen. In diploiden Genomen sind die meisten genomischen Varianten heterozygot und beeinflussen hauptsächlich das homologe Chromosom, auf dem sie sich befinden. Daher ist eine allelspezifische Analyse wichtig, erweist sich aber mit aktuellen Methoden zur Erfassung der Chromatinkonformation als äußerst schwierig. Erstens ist der Haplotyp, der die Verteilung unterschiedlicher Allele über die homologen Chromosomen beschreibt, oft unbekannt. Zweitens ist, insbesondere in Genomen mit geringer Variantendichte, wie dem menschlichen Genom, eine eindeutige Zuordnung der sequenzierten Genomabschnitte (Reads) zu ihrem Ursprungschromosom häufig nicht möglich, was die Erstellung haplotypspezifischer Chromatinkontaktmatrizen von guter Qualität verhindert.
Genome Architecture Mapping (GAM) ist eine vielversprechende neue Methode mit dem Potential zur haplotypspezifischen Analyse der Chromatinkonformation. In dieser Dissertation zeige ich zunächst, dass GAM-Daten wertvolle Haplotypinformationen enthalten. Dann stelle ich GAMIBHEAR vor, einen graphenbasierten Ansatz, der die von GAM-Daten abgeleiteten Phaseninformationen nutzt, um genaue und vollständige Haplotypen zu rekonstruieren. Schließlich stelle ich Co-Phasing vor, eine neue Read-Phasing-Strategie, die erstmalig die eindeutige Zuordnung von variantenfreien Reads zu ihrem homologen Ursprungschromosom ermöglicht und somit auch die Erstellung detaillierter haplotypspezifischer Chromatinkontaktmatrizen in Maus und Mensch.
Im Gegensatz zu früheren Erkenntnissen belegen meine Ergebnisse große Unterschiede in der räumlichen Organisation homologer Chromosomenkopien und ermöglichen erstmals einen sehr detaillierten Einblick in die haplotypspezifische Chromatinkonformation des menschlichen Genoms. / The spatial organization of chromatin in the nucleus plays an essential role in precise gene expression. Genomic variants can disrupt this spatial organization, potentially causing malformations and diseases. In diploid genomes, most genomic variants are heterozygous and mainly influence the homologous chromosome they reside on. Studying the effects of these variants in an allele-specific manner is crucial but has proven challenging using current state-of-the-art techniques. First, the haplotype describing the distribution of variant alleles over the homologous chromosomes is often unknown. Second, especially in genomes with a low variant density, such as the human genome, most sequencing reads map to genomic regions that are identical between homologous chromosomes, making it difficult to determine their origin. Thus, the read-phasing efficiency is insufficient to generate haplotype-specific chromatin contact matrices of good quality.
Genome Architecture Mapping (GAM) is a promising new method for haplotype-specific analysis of chromatin conformation. In this thesis, I first demonstrate the ability of GAM data to provide valuable haplotype information. Then, I introduce GAMIBHEAR, a graph-based approach that leverages the GAM-derived phase information to infer accurate and complete haplotypes. Finally, building on GAMIBHEAR, I present Co-Phasing, a novel read-phasing strategy that allows for the unique assignment of variant-free reads to their homologous chromosome of origin and thus enables the creation of detailed haplotype-specific chromatin contact matrices in mouse and human.
In contrast to previous findings, my results show significant differences in the spatial organization of homologous chromosomes and provide the first detailed view of haplotype-specific chromatin conformation in the human genome.
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Analyse der Surfaktantprotein A-Gene bei Patienten mit Verdacht auf einen SurfaktantproteindefektScholz, Dietmar 18 June 2001 (has links)
Zusammenfassung Viele Untersuchungen deuten darauf hin, dass das Surfaktantprotein A (SP-A) sowohl an der Regulation des Surfaktanthaushalts als auch als unspezifisches Opsonin an der Abwehr von Pathogenen in der Lunge beteiligt ist. Zahlreiche Polymorphismen kennzeichnen die Gene der Proteinuntereinheiten SP-A1 und 2. Die häufigste Aminosäuresubstitution Val50Leu befindet sich in der kollagenartigen Domäne, die an den Kollektinrezeptor der Phagozyten bindet. Weitere existieren in der an der Bindung an Lipopolysaccharide, Surfaktantbestandteile und Rezeptoren auf Pneumozyten beteiligten Kohlehydraterkennungsregion (CRD) der globulären Domäne. Träger des schwach exprimierten Wildtypallels 1a0 des SP-A2-Gens haben ein erhöhtes Risiko, am Atemnotsyndrom des Neugeborenen (RDS) zu erkranken. Bei der Alveolarproteinose akkumulieren die hydrophilen Surfaktantproteine A und D in den Alveolen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine nested PCR zur isolierten Amplifikation beider SP-A-Gene etabliert. 31 Patienten mit Verdacht auf einen Surfaktantproteindefekt wurden auf neue Restriktionsfragmentlängenpolymorphismen (RFLP) im SP-A1-Gen untersucht. Der in einer Familie konstante NcoI-Polymorphismus 1162C>T in Codon 39 und der NdeI-Polymorphismus 3138T>C in Codon 184 wurden mit einer Allelfrequenz von etwa 11 % detektiert. Die Sequenzen der entsprechenden Allele wurden kloniert. Bei 14 Patienten mit idiopathischer Alveolarproteinose, therapierefraktärem Surfaktantmangel oder rezidivierender Pneumonie wurden die SP-A-Gene sequenziert. Der bisher nur SP-A1 zugeschriebene Aminosäureaustausch Val50Leu wurde als Substitution 1220G>C bei zwei Patienten im SP-A2-Gen nachgewiesen. Drei Patienten mit Alveolarproteinose waren homozygot für die Substitution Gln223Lys in der CRD des SP-A2. Bei einem Patienten handelte es sich möglicherweise um eine somatische Mutation der Leukozyten-DNA im Rahmen einer Leukämie mit sekundärer Alveolarproteinose. Ein anderer war heterozygoter Träger des seltenen Allels 6a4 mit der Aminosäuresubstitution Arg219Trp in der CRD des SP-A1 und hatte die Alveolarproteinose erst im Erwachsenenalter entwickelt. Der dritte war homozygoter Träger des sehr seltenen Allels 1a3 des SP-A2 und verstarb im Alter von 6 Wochen an konnataler Alveolarproteinose (CAP), ohne dass ein bekannter Defekt des SP-B- oder des GM-CSF-Rezeptorgens vorlag. Die SSCP-Analyse konnte allelische Varianten als Einzelstrangkonformationspolymorphismen unterscheiden, war jedoch als Suchtest in heterozygoten Proben zu unspezifisch. Der hohe Gehalt an Polymorphismusinformation (PIC) macht den SP-A-Genort sftp1 zu einem nützlichen Marker bei der Untersuchung der Surfaktantproteine und anderer auf Chromosom 10 lokalisierter Gene. / Abstract Many studies give evidence of the role of surfactant protein A (SP-A) in the regulation of surfactant homeostasis and the defence from pathogens in the lung by opsonisation. The genes for the two protein subunits SP-A1 and SP-A2 are characterised by numerous polymorphisms. The most frequently substituted amino acid Val50Leu is located within the collagen-like region, which is recognised by the collectin-receptor on phagocytes. Further amino acids are substituted in the globular region, which is involved into the binding to lipopolysaccharides, surfactant particles, and receptors on pneumocytes by its carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Individuals carrying the weakly expressed wild-type allele 1a0 of SP-A2 have an increased risk of developing the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the new-born. Alveolar proteinosis is a disease with accumulation of the hydrophilic surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D in the alveoli. In this study a nested PCR for separate amplification of the two SP-A genes has been established. 31 patients with suspected deficiency of a surfactant protein has been investigated for new restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) in the SP-A1 gene. The NcoI-polymorphism 1162C>T in codon 39, which was constantly inherited in one family, and the NdeI-polymorphism 3138T>C in codon 184 have been detected with an allele frequency of around 11 %. The DNA sequences of these alleles have been cloned. In 14 patients suffering from idiopathic alveolar proteinosis, therapy-refractory surfactant deficiency, or recurrent pneumonia the SP-A genes have been sequenced. The substituted amino acid Val50Leu, which was previously considered exclusively in SP-A1, has been detected in SP-A2 in two patients. Three patients with alveolar proteinosis proved to be homozygous for the substitution Gln223Lys within the CRD of SP-A2. One of these patients might have a somatic mutation in the DNA of his leucocytes, with alveolar proteinosis developing secondary to his leukaemia. Another one developed alveolar proteinosis as an adult and was heterozygous for the rare allele 6a4 which includes the substituted amino acid Arg219Trp in the CRD of SP-A1. The third one proved to be homozygous for the very rare allele 1a3 of SP-A2 and died at 6 weeks of age from congenital alveolar proteinosis (CAP) without having one of the known mutations responsible for this condition within the genes for surfactant protein B (SP-B) or the GM-CSF receptor protein. The allelic variants could be differentiated by single strand conformation polymorphism but the SSCP-analysis was not enough specific for the screening of heterozygous DNA. Due to its high polymorphism information content (PIC), the SP-A gene locus sftp1 is a useful genetic marker for the analysis of the surfactant proteins and other genes located on chromosome 10.
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