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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Analysis of Immune Pathways Which Jeopardize Long-Term Pancreatic Islet Allograft Survival in the Liver

Lunsford, Keri Elizabeth 14 July 2005 (has links)
No description available.
62

Uso de osso alógeno córtico-medular fresco congelado em bloco para aumento posterior de mandíbula atrófica: estudo clínico, histológico e histomorfométrico em humanos / Cortico-cancellous fresh frozen allografts bone blocks for augmentation of atrophic posterior mandible: clinical, histological and histomorfometric study in humans

Dias, Rafael Rodrigues 30 May 2014 (has links)
Rebordos residuais atróficos em região posterior da mandíbula são um desafio clínico para a instalação de implantes. Dentre as várias técnicas utilizadas para resolver este desafio, o enxerto onlay de osso autógeno - geralmente coletado da crista ilíaca -, enxertos interposicionais, distração óssea e lateralização do nervo alveolar inferior são os mais executados. Entretanto, referidas técnicas expuseram desvantagens, tais como a morbidade, aumento do tempo de cirurgia e custos. Como alternativa, o uso de enxerto alógeno pode ser considerado, uma vez que existem inúmeras vantagens, como na redução do tempo cirúrgico, grande disponibilidade óssea e diminuição significativa da morbidade. O presente estudo trata da avaliação de forma clínica, histológica e histomorfométrica de enxerto de osso alógeno fresco congelado no aumento ósseo da região posterior mandibular, permitindo, dessa forma, a instalação de implantes dentários. Dezesseis hemi-mandíbulas de 12 pacientes (4 pacientes tratados bilateralmente) demonstrando atrofia alveolar crítica eram tridimensionalmente reconstruídas por meio de enxertos alógenos de blocos ósseos frescos congelados córtico-medulares provenientes da epífise distal do fêmur. Um total de 30 blocos foram fixados com parafusos de titânio de 1,5mm, cobertos com osso bovino mineral e membrana de colágeno. Após seis meses, procedeu-se a instalação dos implantes e biópsias ósseas, colhidas através de trefinas e enviadas para análise histológica e histomorfométrica . Na sequência incluíram-se amostras de osso em parafina, preparadas com hematoxilina e eosina ou, em resina para usar uma técnica de corte de trefinas, com vermelho de alizarina e coloração com azul de Stevenel. Realizaram-se tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico logo após o procedimento de enxerto ósseo e no pós-operatório de 6 meses, anteriormente à colocação do implante (6 meses após a enxertia). Os implantes dentários foram observados até a reabilitação protética. Foram utilizados os testes estatísticos de Kruskal-Wallis e pós-teste Tukey. Distribuiram-se os blocos entre 9 pacientes do sexo feminino e três do sexo masculino, com idade entre 37 e 64 anos (média de 50,9 ± 8,3 anos). Cada hemi-mandíbula recebeu de 1 a 3 blocos (1,9 ± 0,7 blocos), sob anestesia local. O ganho ósseo em espessura pós operatória imediata foi de 6,3 ±1,4 mm e tardia de 4,5 ± 1,3mm, em altura o ganho pós operatório imediato foi de 4,8 ± 1.6mm e tardio de 2,6mm ± 2mm. Quatro blocos demonstraram pequena deiscência da ferida 15-21 dias após a cirurgia, tratados com a remoção de necrose dos tecidos moles seguido de terapia tópica com bochecho de clorexidina 0,12% e clorexidina gel 2% duas vezes ao dia, até o fechamento total. Um total de 30 implantes foi instalado com acompanhamento de 15 à 28 meses (19,8 ± 4 meses). No decorrer do primeiro ano perdeu-se apenas um implante. A taxa de sobrevivência dos implantes foi de 96,66%. Por sua vez, exames de histologia exibiram osso neoformado em contato com o osso residual do enxerto alógeno, e tecido conjuntivo. Não houveram evidências de infiltrado inflamatório. A análise histomorfométrica mostrou 18,9 ± 8,1 % de osso neoformado, 32,5 ± 14,8% de enxerto ósseo alógeno residual e 48,6 ± 14,9% de tecido conjuntivo. Os enxertos alógenos frescos congelados em blocos se comportaram como um arcabouço para osteocondução e permitiram neoformação óssea adequada. Ele pode ser considerado uma alternativa viável para a reconstrução de rebordos residuais mandíbulares atróficos na região posterior, permitindo a instalação de implantes e reabilitação protética funcional. / Residual bone ridge atrophy in the posterior mandible is a clinical challenge for dental implants placement. Among several techniques used to solve this situation, onlay autogenous bone graft usually harvested from the iliac crest, interposicional grafts, bone distraction and nerve lateralization are the most performed. However these techniques present some disadvantages such as morbidity, increased surgical time and costs. As an alternative, the use of allograft can be considered. There are advantages such as reduction of surgical time, lots quantity of bone and decreased morbidity. The aim of present the study was to evaluate clinical, histological an histomorphometrical aspects of fresh frozen bone allograft used to augment atrophic posterior mandible bone ridges to allow placement of dental implants. Sixteen hemi-mandibles of 12 patients (4 patients treated bilaterally) presenting critical alveolar atrophy were three-dimensionally reconstructed using cortico-cancellous fresh frozen allograft bone blocks deriving from distal femoral head. A total of 30 blocks were fixed with titanium 1.5mm screws and covered with particulate bovine bone mineral and collagen membrane. After six months, implants were inserted and bone biopsies were harvested and sent for histological and histomorphometric analysis. Bone samples were either embedded in paraffin, prepared for hematoxylin and eosin staining procedure or in resin to use a sawing and grinding technique, prepared for alizarin red and Stevenel\'s blue staining. Computed cone beam tomography scans were taken both at immediate postoperative bone grafting and previously to implant placement (6 months after grafting). Dental implants were observed after prosthetic rehabilitation. Kruskal-Wallis and post test Tukey statistical tests were used. Thirty blocks were distributed between 9 female and 3 male patients, aged between 37 and 64 years (mean 50.9 ± 8.3 years). Each hemi-mandibles received 1 to 3 blocks (1,9 ± 0,7 blocks) under local anesthesia. The immediate postoperative thickness bone gain s was 6.3 ± 1.4 mm and of 4.5 ± 1.3 mm 6 months after grafting. Post-operative bone height gain was 4.8 ± 1.6 mm and 2.6 ± 2 mm at 6 months. Four blocks presented small wound dehiscence 15 to 21 days after surgery, treated with necrotic soft tissue removal followed by chlorhexidine 0.12% irrigation, and local gel 2% twice a until total closure. A total of 30 implants were installed with follow-up from 15 to 28 months (mean 19,8 ± 4 months) . One implant was lost within the first year. Implant survival rate was 96.66%. Histology demonstrates newly formed vital bone in contact to residual acellular allograft bone, and connective tissue. There was no evidence of inflammatory infiltrate. The histomorphometric analysis showed 18,9 ± 8,1 % of newly formed bone, 32,5 ± 14,8 % allograft residual bone and 48,6 ± 14,9 % of connective tissue. The fresh frozen allografts behaved as a scaffold for osseoconductivity and allowed proper bone formation. It can be considered a viable alternative for reconstruction of atrophied mandible in the posterior region, allowing the installation of implants and functional loading
63

Avaliação do osso alógeno fresco congelado para aumento de rebordo mandibular posterior atrófico. Estudo tomográfico em humanos / Evaluation of fresh frozen bone allograft for atrophic posterior mandible augmentation. Tomographic study in humans

Silva, Erick Ricardo 19 January 2016 (has links)
O aumento ósseo de rebordos mandibulares posteriores atróficos continua sendo um grande desafio para os cirurgiões orais. Sabe-se que o osso alógeno pode ser utilizado para realização de enxertos aposicionais nessa região, com bons resultados clínicos e histomorfométricos, porém não há estudos sobre a manutenção óssea volumétrica desses enxertos em longo prazo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar tomograficamente, por meio de medidas lineares e volumétricas, a dinâmica de manutenção do osso alógeno córtico-medular fresco congelado em bloco na cirurgia de aumento ósseo de rebordos mandibulares posteriores atróficos em humanos. Os pacientes do estudo foram submetidos à realização de enxertos aposicionais de osso alógeno fresco congelado em bloco na região posterior mandíbula. Os blocos foram modelados manualmente, fixados aos leitos receptores com parafusos de titânio de 1,5 x 10,0 mm e recobertos com osso mineral bovino e membrana absorvível de colágeno suíno. Para avaliação do ganho ósseo em altura, espessura e volume, cada paciente foi submetido a exames de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) em 03 períodos experimentais: imediatamente após a cirurgia de enxerto (T1); 06 meses após a enxertia, no momento de instalação dos implantes (T2) e 01 ano após a carga funcional protética (T3). Os dados obtidos foram tabulados e submetidos à análise estatística por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido do post test de Tukey. Para comparação entre dois grupos, foram empregados os testes t de Student e Mann-Whitney. Foram operados 20 pacientes, 15 mulheres e 05 homens, com idade entre 37 e 64 anos (51,8 ± 7,5 anos), para os quais um total de 50 blocos ósseos foi utilizado. Dos 50 blocos, 8% foram utilizados para aumento ósseo em altura, 50% para espessura e 42% para altura e espessura. O ganho ósseo em altura foi de T1 = 5,15 ± 1,04 mm, T2 = 3,91± 0,94 mm e T3 = 2,92 ± 0,71 mm; em espessura, foi de T1 = 6,42 ± 1,20 mm, T2 = 4,64 ± 1,32 mm e T3 = 4,02 ± 0,71 mm. O ganho ósseo em volume foi de T1 = 1176,62 ± 358,08 mm³, T2 = 785,78 ± 201,16 mm³ e T3 = 689,72 ± 187,45 mm³. Foi observada diferença estátistica entre os três tempos experimentais tanto para altura quanto para espessura. Porém, volumetricamente, não foi possível observar diferença entre T2 e T3. No total, foram instalados 50 implantes (01 implante/bloco), para os quais foi obtida uma taxa de sobrevivência de 96% após 31,75 ± 6,99 meses de acompanhamento pós-operatório. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o osso alógeno fresco congelado em bloco constitui uma alternativa viável para cirurgia de aumento de rebordo mandibulares posteriores atróficos, apresentando uma manutenção volumétrica aceitável em longo prazo e permitindo a instalação de implantes com alta taxa de sucesso. / Atrophic posterior mandible bone augmentation remains a major challenge for oral surgeons. It is known that allogenic bone can be used for appositional grafts in this region, with good clinical and histomorphometric results, howerer there are no long term studies on the volumetric bone maintenance of these grafts. The objective of this study was to evaluate tomographically, through linear and volumetric measurements, the dynamic maintenance of corticocancellous fresh frozen allograft bone blocks for atrophic posterior mandible augmentation in humans. The patients of the study were submitted to fresh frozen allograft bone block appositional grafting surgery in the posterior mandible. The blocks were manually shaped, fixed to the recipient bed with 1.5 x 10.0 mm titanium screws and covered with bovine bone mineral and porcine collagen absorbable membrane. For assessment of bone gain in height, thickness and volume, each patient underwent cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) at 03 experimental periods: immediately after grafting surgery (T1); 06 months after grafting, at the implant placement (T2) and 01 year after prosthetic functional loading (T3). Data were tabulated and submitted to statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Tukey post test. For comparison between two groups, Student t test and Mann-Whitney were employed. Twenty patients were operated, 15 women and 05 men, aged between 37 and 64 years (5.8 ± 7.5 years), for which a total of 50 bone blocks was used. Of the 50 blocks, 8% were used for bone augmentation in height, 50% in thickness and 42% for both height and thickness. The bone gain in height was 5.15 ± 1.04 T1 = mm, T2 = 3.91 ± 0.94 mm and T3 = 2.92 ± 0.71 mm; while in thickness was T1 = 6.42 mm ± 1.20, 4.64 ± T2 = T3 = 1.32 mm and 4.02 ± 0.71 mm. The bone gain in volume was T1 = 1176.62 ± 358.08 mm³, T2 = 785.78 ± 201.16 mm³ and T3 = 689.72 ± 187.45 mm³. Statistical difference was observed between the three experimental times for both height and thickness. However, volumetrically, no difference was observed between T2 and T3. Fifty implants were installed (01 implant/block), with a survival rate of 96% after 31.75 ± 6.99 months of postoperative follow-up. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the fresh-frozen allograft bone block is a viable alternative for atrophic posterior mandible augmentation, presenting an acceptable long-term volumetric bone maintenance and allowing dental implant installation with high success rates.
64

A doença vascular do enxerto diagnosticada pela tomografia computadorizada de múltiplos detectores como preditora de eventos maiores em pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco / Cardiac allograft vasculopathy diagnosed by multidetector computed tomography predicts major events in heart transplant patients

Candia, Roberto 07 May 2014 (has links)
A insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC) é uma condição em que o coração não consegue bombear o sangue de acordo com as necessidades metabólicas dos tecidos. Quando a ICC entra em seu estágio final, já refratária ao tratamento medicamentoso, ou outras opções terapêuticas, o transplante cardíaco constitui-se em medida salvadora destes pacientes. Após o primeiro ano de evolução do procedimento, a doença vascular do enxerto (DVE) é a complicação mais temida nestes pacientes. Esta doença caracteriza-se por aterosclerose acelerada, com acometimento concêntrico do vaso, predominando nos terços médios e distais. Sintomas isquêmicos geralmente não estão presentes devido ao coração denervado destes pacientes. Daí a importância em se ter um método com boa acurácia e que possibilite o diagnóstico da DVE em seus estágios iniciais, que, muitas vezes, não é demonstrado pela cineangiocoronariografia (CINE). O nosso trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar se o diagnóstico da DVE pela tomografia computadorizada por múltiplos detectores (TCMD) foi preditor de eventos maiores, definimos como: morte súbita, infarto, angioplastia, queda da fração de ejeção e retransplante. Em nossa amostra, selecionamos 59 pacientes transplantados que tinham sido submetidos à TCMD por indicação clínica. Encontramos idade média de 49 anos ± 11,36 anos e tempo médio de transplante na realização da TCMD de 82,67 ± 36,38 meses. A prevalência de hipertensão (HAS) foi de 59,32%, dislipidemia (DLP) 57,63% e diabetes mellitus (DM) 33,90%. Em relação à etilogia da ICC dos receptores, em primeiro lugar, tivemos doença isquêmica com 38,98%, seguida por doença chagásica com 33,90% e por miocardiopatia dilatada idiopática com 13,56% da amostra. Desta população, um subgrupo de 41 pacientes, além de ter feito a TCMD, fez também a CINE. A comparação dos dois métodos mostrou sensibilidade de 100%, especificidade de 77,27%, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) de 46,34% e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) de 100%. Os resultados mostraram que a presença de DVE pela tomografia foi preditora de eventos maiores no seguimento destes pacientes com significância estatística p 0,001. Outras variáveis analisadas que também tiveram impacto significativo foram escore de cálcio positivo (p< 0,05), piora da classe funcional na evolução para classe II e III, e os receptores que tinham o diagnóstico prévio de miocardiopatia dilatada. Concluímos que a TCMD é um exame que tem boa acurácia diagnóstica na DVE, podendo a CINE ficar restrita aos casos duvidosos. Além disso, alterações deste exame são preditoras de eventos adversos. O escore de cálcio e a piora da classe funcional também foram preditores de eventos. / Congestive heart failure (CHD) is a condition characterized by the heart inot meeting the body oxygen demands. For end-stage CHD, refractory to medical treatment, heart transplant is a lifesaver treatment, but its late results may suffer a negative impact if there is allograft vasculopathy, the main reason of late adverse outcome in this population. This condition is is characterized by accelarated atherosclerosis with concentric disease predominant at the mid and distal segments of the coronary arteries. Ischemic symptoms seldom happen for the heart is denervated, and thus, it would be highly desirable to possess a test that could accuratelly foretell the presence of such abnormality. Furthermore, a possible gold standard, invasive coronary angiography (ICA) has been show to lack sensivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate if multidetector computed tomography( MDCT) could identify and thus to predict patients at higher risk of presenting late adverse events. Major events were considered as: sudden cardiac death (SCD), Hear attack, angioplasty, left ventricle impairment and retransplant. Consulting medical records we selected 59 heart transplant patients that underwent MDCT at least 7 years by clinical discretion. Mean age at the time of the exam was 49 ± 11.36 years. Mean post heart transplantantion time was 82.67 ± 36.38 months. Hypertension (HAS) prevalence was 59,32%, hyperlipidemia 57,63% and diabetes was 33,90%. Main pre-transplant CHD cause was ischemic heart disease in 38,98%, followed by Chaga\'s disease, 33.90% and idiopathic dilated cardiomyoapthy. We had 41 patients that also underwent ICA. Comparing both methods we found that MDCT had a sensibility of 100%, a specificity of 77,27%, a positive preditive value of 46,34% and a negative preditive value of 100%. The diagnosis of CAV done by MDCT was a predictor of major events at the follow-up (p=0,001). Other predictors that achieved statistical significance were positive calcium score (p<0,05), class functional (p<0,001) and dilated cardimyopathy dilated as the CHD cause (p=0,027). So we conclude that MDCT has a good accuracy on the diagnosis of CAV, and is a predictor of adverse events. Higher than zero calcium score, lower functional class and dilated cardiomyopathy also related to patient\'s follow-up.
65

Propriétés régulatrices des cellules dendritiques humaines traitées par l’acide mycophénolique / Regulatory properties of human dendritic cells treated by mycophenolic acid

Lemoine, Roxane 15 December 2009 (has links)
En transplantation d’organes, la réponse immunitaire de l’hôte contre son donneur reste une cause très importante de perte de greffons. Ainsi, un meilleur contrôle de la réponse par induction d’une tolérance spécifique reste une priorité en transplantation humaine. Dans ce travail, nous avons exploré les effets de l’acide mycophénolique (MPA, immunosuppresseur couramment utilisé en transplantation) sur les cellules dendritiques (DC) humaines. Nous avons mis en évidence que le MPA diminue la capacité des DC à activer des lymphocytes T CD8+ cytotoxiques allogéniques en diminuant la synthèse d’interféron gamma dans les DC. Par ailleurs, les DC traitées par MPA sont capables d’induire des lymphocytes T CD4+ régulateurs antigène-spécifiques (iTreg) qui peuvent reprogrammer des DC matures en DC aux propriétés tolérogènes. Enfin, ces iTreg entraînent une réduction de la sécrétion d’IFN-γ par les cellules T CD8+ et une inhibition de leur fonction cytotoxique en réponse à une stimulation allogénique. L’ensemble de ces résultats obtenus in vitro suggèrent que les DC-MPA humaines pourraient être potentiellement utilisés en thérapie cellulaire afin de promouvoir une tolérance d’allogreffe. / In organ transplantation, host immune response against donor still remains a major cause of graft loss. A better control of allogeneic response through the induction of specific tolerance is a major goal in human transplantation. In this work, we explored the effects of mycophenolic acid (MPA, an immunosuppressive drug currently used in transplantation) on dendritic cell (DC) functions. We demonstrated that MPA inhibits DC ability to induce allogeneic cytotoxic CD8+ T cells through inhibition of interferon gamma synthesis in DC. Moreover, mycophenolic acid-treated dendritic cells (MPA-DC) are able to induce antigen-specific regulatory CD4+ T lymphocytes (iTreg) which can convert fully mature DC into tolerogenic DC. These iTreg decrease the expression of proteins associated with cytotoxic function (perforin and granzymes A and B), reduce IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells and inhibit their cytotoxic function in response to allogeneic stimulation. These results taken together suggest that human MPA-DC could be use in cellular therapy in order to promote allograft tolerance.
66

Peptídeos urinários no transplante renal humano: busca de um perfil diferencial na tolerância operacional / Urine peptides in human kidney transplantation: research for a differential profile on operational tolerance

Takenaka, Maisa Carla Silveira 16 July 2010 (has links)
Um grupo especial de indivíduos transplantados renais mantém a função do enxerto estável após a total retirada da terapia imunossupressora, alcançando um estado imunológico chamado de Tolerância operacional. Ainda não há marcadores moleculares e celulares que discriminem a tolerância no transplante humano, e os seus mecanismos estão sendo investigados. O perfil de peptídeos presentes na urina pode trazer informações importantes sobre o estado fisiopatológico renal. Nós investigamos se a tolerância operacional apresenta um perfil diferencial de peptídeos urinários, potencialmente, relevante para diagnóstico deste estado imunológico, assim como para a compreensão de seus mecanismos. Realizamos análises qualitativas do extrato de peptídeos da urina de indivíduos dos diferentes grupos do estudo: saudáveis (SA, n=6), tolerantes operacionais (TO, n=5), rejeição crônica (RC, n=8) e estável sob terapia imunossupressora convencional (EST, n=5), utilizando a abordagem proteômica de Shotgun. Identificamos um total de 15283 diferentes peptídeos em todos os grupos, correspondentes a 646 proteínas distintas, distribuídas nos diferentes grupos: TO = 189, RC = 296, EST = 205 e no grupo SA 219 proteínas. Observamos proteínas exclusivas dos diferentes grupos: TO teve 87 proteínas exclusivas, RC 168, EST 106 e SA 108 proteínas. Apesar das proteínas exclusivas não terem sido compartilhadas por todos os indivíduos do mesmo grupo, a totalidade dos indivíduos de cada grupo apresentou várias dessas proteínas (cada indivíduo apresentou em média 15% das proteínas exclusivas de seu grupo). Das 646 proteínas identificadas, apenas 2,3% foram classificadas pelo Gene ontology como relacionadas ao sistema imune e os compartimentos celulares mais frequentes foram: núcleo 36% e citoplasma 23%. Destacamos algumas proteínas relacionadas à resposta imune, exclusivas de alguns grupos, como no grupo TO, a C-C motif chemokine 24 (CCL24) e Endothelin-1 e no grupo RC, a beta 2 microglobulina. Essas moléculas podem ter relevância nos mecanismos imunológicos desses estados clínicos. A abordagem proteômica aplicada neste trabalho permitiu a identificação de um perfil diferencial de peptídeos na urina de cada grupo diferente de estudo. Os peptídeos urinários diferenciais e suas respectivas proteínas podem ter relevância funcional ou como biomarcadores - em relação ao estado fisiológico e às diferentes evoluções clínicas no transplante renal / A special group of renal transplant recipients maintain stable graft function after the complete withdrawal of immunosuppression, achieving a state called operational tolerance. To date, there are no cellular or molecular biomarkers to discriminate human transplantation tolerance and the underlying mechanisms are being investigated. The profile of urinary peptides may provide important information about different renal physiopathological statuses. We investigated whether operational tolerance displays a differential urinary peptide profile, potentially relevant as biomarkers or for the understanding of mechanisms involved in tolerance. We performed qualitative analysis of peptide urinary extracts in individuals from different study groups: healthy (HI, n=6), operational tolerance (OT, n=5), chronic rejection (CR, n=8) e stable under conventional immunosuppression (Sta, n=5), using Shotgun proteomics. Altogether, we identified 15283 different peptides, corresponding to 646 distinct proteins, distributed in all groups: OT = 189, CR = 296, Sta = 205, and 219 proteins in HI. Several proteins were exclusively detected in specific groups: OT showed 87 exclusive proteins, CR 168, Sta 106 and HI 108 proteins. Although the exclusive proteins were not shared by all individuals from that specific group, all individuals from each group presented several of the group-exclusive proteins (each individual presented an average of 15% of the proteins exclusive to his group). Of the 646 proteins identified, only 2.3% were classified in Gene Ontology as related to the immune system and the most frequent cellular compartments were: 36% from nucleus and 23% cytoplasmic. Of notice, some proteins related to the immune response were also group-exclusive, such as, in OT, a C-C motif chemokine 24 (CCL24) and Endothelin-1, and beta 2 microglobulin in CR. These proteins may display relevant roles in the mechanisms involved in these clinical statuses. In conclusion, the proteomic approach used in this study allowed the identification of a differential urinary peptide profile in each different study groups. The differential urinary peptides and their corresponding proteins may display a relevant role functional or as biomarkers - in the state of homeostasis and in different clinical outcomes in renal transplantation
67

Uso de osso alógeno córtico-medular fresco congelado em bloco para aumento posterior de mandíbula atrófica: estudo clínico, histológico e histomorfométrico em humanos / Cortico-cancellous fresh frozen allografts bone blocks for augmentation of atrophic posterior mandible: clinical, histological and histomorfometric study in humans

Rafael Rodrigues Dias 30 May 2014 (has links)
Rebordos residuais atróficos em região posterior da mandíbula são um desafio clínico para a instalação de implantes. Dentre as várias técnicas utilizadas para resolver este desafio, o enxerto onlay de osso autógeno - geralmente coletado da crista ilíaca -, enxertos interposicionais, distração óssea e lateralização do nervo alveolar inferior são os mais executados. Entretanto, referidas técnicas expuseram desvantagens, tais como a morbidade, aumento do tempo de cirurgia e custos. Como alternativa, o uso de enxerto alógeno pode ser considerado, uma vez que existem inúmeras vantagens, como na redução do tempo cirúrgico, grande disponibilidade óssea e diminuição significativa da morbidade. O presente estudo trata da avaliação de forma clínica, histológica e histomorfométrica de enxerto de osso alógeno fresco congelado no aumento ósseo da região posterior mandibular, permitindo, dessa forma, a instalação de implantes dentários. Dezesseis hemi-mandíbulas de 12 pacientes (4 pacientes tratados bilateralmente) demonstrando atrofia alveolar crítica eram tridimensionalmente reconstruídas por meio de enxertos alógenos de blocos ósseos frescos congelados córtico-medulares provenientes da epífise distal do fêmur. Um total de 30 blocos foram fixados com parafusos de titânio de 1,5mm, cobertos com osso bovino mineral e membrana de colágeno. Após seis meses, procedeu-se a instalação dos implantes e biópsias ósseas, colhidas através de trefinas e enviadas para análise histológica e histomorfométrica . Na sequência incluíram-se amostras de osso em parafina, preparadas com hematoxilina e eosina ou, em resina para usar uma técnica de corte de trefinas, com vermelho de alizarina e coloração com azul de Stevenel. Realizaram-se tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico logo após o procedimento de enxerto ósseo e no pós-operatório de 6 meses, anteriormente à colocação do implante (6 meses após a enxertia). Os implantes dentários foram observados até a reabilitação protética. Foram utilizados os testes estatísticos de Kruskal-Wallis e pós-teste Tukey. Distribuiram-se os blocos entre 9 pacientes do sexo feminino e três do sexo masculino, com idade entre 37 e 64 anos (média de 50,9 ± 8,3 anos). Cada hemi-mandíbula recebeu de 1 a 3 blocos (1,9 ± 0,7 blocos), sob anestesia local. O ganho ósseo em espessura pós operatória imediata foi de 6,3 ±1,4 mm e tardia de 4,5 ± 1,3mm, em altura o ganho pós operatório imediato foi de 4,8 ± 1.6mm e tardio de 2,6mm ± 2mm. Quatro blocos demonstraram pequena deiscência da ferida 15-21 dias após a cirurgia, tratados com a remoção de necrose dos tecidos moles seguido de terapia tópica com bochecho de clorexidina 0,12% e clorexidina gel 2% duas vezes ao dia, até o fechamento total. Um total de 30 implantes foi instalado com acompanhamento de 15 à 28 meses (19,8 ± 4 meses). No decorrer do primeiro ano perdeu-se apenas um implante. A taxa de sobrevivência dos implantes foi de 96,66%. Por sua vez, exames de histologia exibiram osso neoformado em contato com o osso residual do enxerto alógeno, e tecido conjuntivo. Não houveram evidências de infiltrado inflamatório. A análise histomorfométrica mostrou 18,9 ± 8,1 % de osso neoformado, 32,5 ± 14,8% de enxerto ósseo alógeno residual e 48,6 ± 14,9% de tecido conjuntivo. Os enxertos alógenos frescos congelados em blocos se comportaram como um arcabouço para osteocondução e permitiram neoformação óssea adequada. Ele pode ser considerado uma alternativa viável para a reconstrução de rebordos residuais mandíbulares atróficos na região posterior, permitindo a instalação de implantes e reabilitação protética funcional. / Residual bone ridge atrophy in the posterior mandible is a clinical challenge for dental implants placement. Among several techniques used to solve this situation, onlay autogenous bone graft usually harvested from the iliac crest, interposicional grafts, bone distraction and nerve lateralization are the most performed. However these techniques present some disadvantages such as morbidity, increased surgical time and costs. As an alternative, the use of allograft can be considered. There are advantages such as reduction of surgical time, lots quantity of bone and decreased morbidity. The aim of present the study was to evaluate clinical, histological an histomorphometrical aspects of fresh frozen bone allograft used to augment atrophic posterior mandible bone ridges to allow placement of dental implants. Sixteen hemi-mandibles of 12 patients (4 patients treated bilaterally) presenting critical alveolar atrophy were three-dimensionally reconstructed using cortico-cancellous fresh frozen allograft bone blocks deriving from distal femoral head. A total of 30 blocks were fixed with titanium 1.5mm screws and covered with particulate bovine bone mineral and collagen membrane. After six months, implants were inserted and bone biopsies were harvested and sent for histological and histomorphometric analysis. Bone samples were either embedded in paraffin, prepared for hematoxylin and eosin staining procedure or in resin to use a sawing and grinding technique, prepared for alizarin red and Stevenel\'s blue staining. Computed cone beam tomography scans were taken both at immediate postoperative bone grafting and previously to implant placement (6 months after grafting). Dental implants were observed after prosthetic rehabilitation. Kruskal-Wallis and post test Tukey statistical tests were used. Thirty blocks were distributed between 9 female and 3 male patients, aged between 37 and 64 years (mean 50.9 ± 8.3 years). Each hemi-mandibles received 1 to 3 blocks (1,9 ± 0,7 blocks) under local anesthesia. The immediate postoperative thickness bone gain s was 6.3 ± 1.4 mm and of 4.5 ± 1.3 mm 6 months after grafting. Post-operative bone height gain was 4.8 ± 1.6 mm and 2.6 ± 2 mm at 6 months. Four blocks presented small wound dehiscence 15 to 21 days after surgery, treated with necrotic soft tissue removal followed by chlorhexidine 0.12% irrigation, and local gel 2% twice a until total closure. A total of 30 implants were installed with follow-up from 15 to 28 months (mean 19,8 ± 4 months) . One implant was lost within the first year. Implant survival rate was 96.66%. Histology demonstrates newly formed vital bone in contact to residual acellular allograft bone, and connective tissue. There was no evidence of inflammatory infiltrate. The histomorphometric analysis showed 18,9 ± 8,1 % of newly formed bone, 32,5 ± 14,8 % allograft residual bone and 48,6 ± 14,9 % of connective tissue. The fresh frozen allografts behaved as a scaffold for osseoconductivity and allowed proper bone formation. It can be considered a viable alternative for reconstruction of atrophied mandible in the posterior region, allowing the installation of implants and functional loading
68

Novel quantitative description approaches assessing coronary morphology and development

Chen, Zhi 01 December 2016 (has links)
Coronary atherosclerosis is by far the most frequent cause of ischemic heart disease. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) along with virtual histology (VH) is a useful tool for quantification of coronary plaque buildup and provides new insights into the diagnosis of coronary disease. Rupture of vulnerable plaque causing acute coronary syndromes, coronary remodeling maintaining lumen size and plaque phenotype revealing pathological severity are among the most important topics related to atherosclerosis. In this thesis, variations of IVUS-VH-derived thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) definitions are proposed to evaluate the plaque rupture, which is further analyzed in a layered manner; statins effects on coronary remodeling are comprehensively assessed with the implementation of automated IVUS segmentation and registration of IVUS pullbacks based on baseline and 1-year followup datasets; plaque phenotypes are determined and analyzed morphologically and compositionally on segmental basis using the same serial datasets. In addition, our research involves another important coronary disease — coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV) which is a frequent complication of heart transplantation (HTx). Another intra-coronary imaging modality — intravascular optical coherence tomography (IVOCT) for quantifying CAV is involved. We present an optimal and automated 3-D graph search approach for the simultaneous IVOCT multi-layer segmentation by transforming the 3-D segmentation problem into finding a minimum-cost closed set in a weighted graph. Furthermore, a computer-aided just-enough-interaction refinement method is proposed to help achieve fully satisfactory 3-D segmentation of IVOCT images. We believe this is the first work that provides a fast, efficient and accurate solution for IVOCT multi-layer assessment in the context of CAV. The major contributions of this thesis are: (1) Proving that IVUS-VH-derived TCFA prevalence may be overestimated, and elucidating the potential loss of plaque material during rupture, (2) providing a comprehensive understanding of remodeling in the context of both changing the remodeling direction and changing the remodeling extent, and demonstrating the statin therapy effects on remodeling across patients, based on automated segmentation of IVUS images and registration of serial data, (3) showing that the pathological intimal thickening is the most active plaque phenotype in terms of plaque composition changes and plaque vulnerability progression, and (4) developing and validating a method for multi-layer 3-D segmentation of IVOCT images within a novel interactive environment.
69

Effect of Epidermal Growth Factor and Cyclosporin A on InterIeukin-8 Gene Expression in Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells

MURAKAMI, Ryuichiro, KAMBE, Fukushi, MITSUYAMA, Hirohito, OKUMURA, Kenji, NIWATA, Satoru, YAMAMOTO, Ryohei, SEO, Hisao 12 1900 (has links)
国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。
70

Επίδραση ανοσοκατασταλτικών θεραπειών στα είδη και στην λειτουργία των Τ βοηθητικών λεμφοκυττάρων ληπτών νεφρικού μοσχεύματος

Δουζδαμπάνης, Περικλής 07 April 2011 (has links)
Πρόσφατες μελέτες υποδεικνύουν ότι τα Τ ρυθμιστικά κύτταρα (Tregs), προάγουν την ανοσολογική ανοχή στην μεταμόσχευση. Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν να προσδιοριστούν τα επίπεδα των Τregs σε 39 ασθενείς, οι οποίοι είχαν υποβληθεί σε μεταμόσχευση νεφρού και ήταν σε σταθερή κατάσταση, και να καθοριστούν οι αριθμητικές αναλογίες των Τregs πληθυσμών, όπως και η δράση των ανοσοκατασταλτικών φαρμάκων σ’ αυτούς τους κυτταρικούς πληθυσμούς. Όλοι οι ασθενείς (19 ασθενείς είχαν καλή νεφρική λειτουργία, ενώ 20 ασθενείς είχαν χρόνια νεφροπάθεια του μοσχεύματος), είχαν λάβει ως θεραπεία επαγωγής basiliximab και ήταν σε τριπλό ανοσοκατασταλτικό σχήμα με αναστολείς της καλσινευρίνης (κυκλοσπορίνη ή tacrolimus), μουκοφαινολικό οξύ (MMF) ή everolimus και στεροειδή. Ως ομάδα ελέγχου μελετήθηκαν 20 υγιείς εθελοντές. Δείγματα από αίμα σημάνθηκαν με αντι-CD4, CD25, CD127 και foxp3 αντισώματα και αναλύθηκαν με κυτταρομετρία ροής, με σκοπό να καθοριστούν τα επίπεδα των CD4+CD25+Foxp3± και CD4CD25highCD127-/low Treg. Όλοι οι ασθενείς είχαν στατιστικά σημαντικά μειωμένα επίπεδα CD4+CD25highFoxP3± , άλλα όχι όμως και CD4+CD25highCD127-/low Treg, σε σύγκριση με την ομάδα ελέγχου. Η νεφρική λειτουργία των μοσχευμάτων δεν συσχετιζόταν με τα επίπεδα των Τregs. Ανευρέθει σημαντική στατιστική συσχέτιση μεταξύ των επιπέδων CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ Tregs και των επιπέδων του tacrolimus, όπως επίσης και των CD4+CD25highFoxp3- Tregs με τα HLA-DR μη συμφωνούντα (mismatching) αλλοαντιγόνα. Οι ασθενείς οι οποίοι ελάμβαναν MMF είχαν στατιστικά σημαντικά υψηλότερα επίπεδα CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ Tregs σε σύγκριση με τους ασθενείς οι οποίοι ελάμβαναν everolimus, παρά το γεγονός ότι οι ασθενείς της ομάδας του everolimus ελάμβαναν και χαμηλότερες δόσεις αναστολέων της καλσινευρίνης. Συμπερασματικά, τα ανοσοκατασταλτικά φάρμακα μειώνουν στατιστικά σημαντικά τα επίπεδα των CD4+CD25highFoxP3± Treg στην περιφέρεια στους ασθενείς πού έχουν υποβληθεί σε νεφρική μεταμόσχευση. Επιπλέον, τα διάφορα ανοσοκατασταλτικά φάρμακα έχουν διαφορετική επίδραση στα CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ Tregs, και το γεγονός αυτό θα μπορούσε να επηρεάσει την μακροχρόνια επιβίωση των άλλο-μοσχευμάτων. / Recent studies indicate that regulatory T-cells (Tregs) promote transplant tolerance. We studied Tregs levels in 39 stable renal transplant recipients, to determine the sizes of Tregs populations and the effects of treatment regimens thereof. All patients (19 with good graft function and 20 with chronic allograft nephropathy) had received induction therapy (basiliximab) and were on triple immunosuppressive regimens with calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine or tacrolimus), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or everolimus and steroids. Twenty healthy subjects served as controls. Whole blood samples were stained with anti-CD4, CD25, CD127, and FoxP3 antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry to determine CD4+CD25highFoxP3± and CD4+CD25highCD127-/low Tregs levels. All patients had significantly reduced CD4+CD25highFoxP3± but no CD4+CD25highCD127-/low Tregs levels compared to controls. Renal allograft function did not correlate with Tregs levels. Statistically significant correlations between CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ Tregs and tacrolimus levels and CD4+CD25highFoxp3- Tregs and HLA-DR mismatching were detected. Patients receiving MMF had significantly higher CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ Tregs compared to patients on everolimus who were also receiving lower doses of calcineurin inhibitors. Overall, immunosuppression lowers CD4+CD25highFoxP3± Tregs levels significantly in the periphery in renal transplant recipients. In addition, different immunosuppressive regimens have different impact on CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ Tregs, a fact that may influence long-term allograft survival.

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