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<p>Allylic amines are important and fundamental building blocks due to their wide-spread occurrence in many natural products and the ability to further functionalize them by transformations on the double bond to generate a diverse range of compounds. Transition-metal catalyzed allylic substitution represents an attractive and efficient approach towards the synthesis of these allylic amines. However, limitations associated with the traditional methods developed for such allylic amination in terms of regiospecificity, atom economy and generality in these transformations, combined with the importance of allylic amination, prompted us to develop novel atom efficient and regiospecific methods for their synthesis.</p><p>A 1:1 mixture of AuCl[P(<italic>t</italic>-Bu)₂<italic>o</italic>-biphenyl] (5 mol %) and AgSbF₆ (5 mol %) catalyzed the intermolecular amination of underivatized allylic alcohols with 1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone and related nucleophiles. The first examples of intermolecular allylic amination was developed that in the case of gamma-unsubstituted and gamma-methyl-substituted allylic alcohols, occurred with high gamma-regioselectivity and <italic>syn</italic>-stereoselectivity.</p><p>A 1:1 mixture of AuCl[P(<italic>t</italic>-Bu)₂<italic>o</italic>-biphenyl] (5 mol %) and AgSbF₆ (5 mol %) also served as a very efficient catalytic system for the intramolecular amination of allylic alcohols with alkylamines to form substituted pyrrolidine and piperidine derivatives. The protocol was effective for a range of secondary as well as primary alkylamines as nucleophiles with different substitutions on the alkyl chain tethering the nucleophile to the allylic alcohol. The method was also extended towards the total synthesis of the naturally occurring alkaloid (S)-(+)-coniine in two steps from the starting (R,Z)-8-(N-benzylamino)-3-octen-2-ol. In addition, gold(I)-catalyzed cyclization of (R,Z)-8-(N-benzylamino)-3-octen-2-ol (96% ee) led to isolation of (R,E)-1-benzyl-2-(1-propenyl)piperidine in 99% yield and 96% ee that established the net syn-addition of the nucleophile with respect to the departing hydroxyl group.</p><p> A bis(gold) phosphine complex (S)-Au₂Cl₂(DTBM-MeOBIPHEP) (2.5 mol %) and AgClO₄ (5 mol %) catalyzed the intramolecular enantioselective dehydrative amination of allylic alcohols with carbamates to form the corresponding substituted pyrrolidines, piperidines, morpholines and piperazines in excellent yields and with up to 95% ee. This general and effective protocol tolerated a range of carbamates as well as sulfonamides as nucleophiles. Cyclization of chiral amino allylic alcohols that possessed a stereogenic homoallylic or hydroxy-bound carbon atom occurred with an overriding catalyst control of asymmetric induction. In addition, stereochemical analysis of the cyclization of a chiral non-racemic secondary allylic alcohol established the net syn-displacement of the hydroxy group by the carbamate nucleophile.</p><p>Alongside allylic amination, a cationic gold(I)-N-heteocyclic carbene complex catalyzed the intermolecular etherification (alkoxylation) of allylic alcohols in a regiospecific and syn-stereoselective fashion. The transformation was highly efficient to utilize unactivated primary and secondary alcohols as nucleophiles with different allylic alcohols to undergo regiospecific etherification. Employment of a chiral nonracemic secondary allylic alcohol, trans-5-(benzyloxy)pent-3-en-2-ol (98% ee) showed a high level of chirality transfer on reaction with n-butanol to the corresponding allylic ether, (2-butoxypent-3-en-1-yloxy)methylbenzene (97% ee) and established the net syn-addition of the alcohol nucleophile with respect to the departing hydroxyl group of the allylic alcohol.</p> / Dissertation

Visible light photoredox catalysis has proven to be a powerful tool for promoting transformations in organic synthesis. Hence this project was carried out to develop tools for predicting reactivity patterns of visible light- promoted redox reactions. Fluorination is of immense importance in organic chemistry, and so is trifluoromethoxylation. The fluorination reaction has been studied for a long time and has been accomplished in milder ways, while the generation of a trifluoromethoxy-radical at room temperature and atmospheric pressure remains a challenge. The design of the reaction in this project is to overcome the instability and take control of the catalytic event under visible- light photocatalytic conditions. The trifluoromethoxylation reaction proceeded at room temperature with the reaction time of 60 min using acetonitrile as the solvent and blue LED (10 W) as the external light source. No yield of the desired product was obtained for any of the substrates. More surprisingly, in all entries, 3,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-ol was attained as a side product. The same side product was also detected in the entry with ambient light, concluding that the reaction was completed without any external light source. Thus, no photoredox catalysis took place. / Fotoredoxkatalys via ljus inom det synliga spektrat har visat sig vara ett kraftfullt verktyg för att gynna reaktioner inom organisk syntes. Detta projekt genomfördes med syfte att utveckla verktyg avsedda för att förutspå reaktivitetsmönster vid fotoredoxkatalys med synligt ljus. Fluorinering och trifluorometoxylering är viktiga verktyg inom organisk syntes. Fluorineringsreaktionen har studerats länge och har kunnat genomföras under milda reaktionsbetingelser, medan generering av trifluorometoxyradikal vid rumstemperatur och atomsfärstryck fortfarande är en utmaning. Reaktionen i det här projektet är designad för att kringgå instabilitetsproblemet och ta kontroll över katalysmomentet, under fotokatalysförhållanden i synligt ljus. Reaktionen utfördes i rumstemperatur med en reaktionstid på 60 minuter, med acetonitril som lösningsmedel och blå LED (10 W) som extern ljuskälla. Inget av substraten reagerade till den önskade produkten. Mer överraskande var att 3,3-difenylprop-2-en-1-ol erhölls som sidoprodukt vid alla reaktionsstillfällen. Samma sidoprodukt upptäcktes även vid reaktion genomförd i dagsljus, vilket indikerar att reaktionen skedde utan någon extern ljuskälla. Således skedde ingen fotoredoxkatalys.

Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden die Herstellung sowie Reaktionen von geminalen Dihydroperoxiden erforscht. Dabei kamen die dargestellten Dihydroperoxide sowohl als Sauerstofftransferreagenz, insbesondere zur enantioselektiven Epoxidation, als auch als Baustein zur Synthese von 1,2,4,5-Tetroxanen zum Einsatz. Es wurde eine in unserem Arbeitskreis gefundene Methode zur Darstellung gem - Dihydroperoxide zunächst hinsichtlich der Reaktionsbedingungen optimiert, um dann eine Vielzahl an Dihydroperoxiden vornehmlich mit dieser Methode zu synthetisieren. Insbesondere gelang es hier erstmals, primäre Dihydroperoxide aus aliphatischen Aldehyden darzustellen. Desweiteren wurde erstmals eine größere Anzahl an enantiomerenreinen DHPs dargestellt. Weitere DHPs konnten durch Ozonolyse von olefinischen Terpenen mit etherischer Wasserstoffperoxidlösung dargestellt werden. Die enantiomerenreinen DHPs wurden verwendet, um enantioselektiv sowohl 2-substituierte Naphthochinone wie auch Allylalkohole, insbesondere tertiäre Allylalkohole, zu epoxidieren. Die Epoxide der letzteren sind nach der normalerweise verwendeten Methode nach Sharpless nicht zugänglich. Außerdem konnten durch Sulfidoxidation Sulfoxide enantiomerenangereichert dargestellt werden. Dies stellt die erste Nutzung von geminalen Dihydroperoxiden zur enantioselektiven Sauerstoffübertragung dar. Die primären aliphatischen gem-DHPs wurden desweiteren zur Darstellung bisher unbekannter 1,2,4,5-Tetroxane genutzt. Insbesondere wurde gefunden, daß durch Kondensation mit Orthoestern verläßlich alkoxysubstituierte Tetroxane erzeugt werden können. Diese wurden in der Literatur bisher nur an sehr wenigen Beispielen beschrieben. / In the course of this dissertation thesis the preparation and reactions of geminal dihydroperoxides were researched. The hereby synthesized dihydroperoxides were used as an oxygen transfer reagent, especially for enantioselective epoxidation, as well as a building block for the synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetroxanes. A method for synthesis of gem-dihydroperoxides that was found in our workgroup was first optimized concerning reaction conditions, and later utilized to synthesize a large number of dihydroperoxides. It was notably possible to synthesize primary DHPs from aliphatic aldehydes for the first time. Also for the first time, a large number of enantiomerically pure gem-DHP was prepared by this method. Additional enantiomerically pure DHPs were made by ozonolysis of olefinic terpenes using ethereal hydrogen peroxide solution. The enenantiomerically pure DHPs were utilized to both epoxidize 2-substituted naphthoquinones as well as allylic alcohols, especially tertiary allylic alcohols. The latter kind does not react via the normally used Sharpless epoxidation. Additionally, enantioenriched sulfoxides could be prepared from sulfides. This is the first time that geminal dihydroperoxides were used for enantioselective oxygen transfer. Primary aliphatic DHPs were further utilized to prepare previously unknown 1,2,4,5-tetroxanes. Notably it was found that condensation with orthoesters reliably yielded alkoxy-substiuted tetroxanes. These were only described in a very few cases in literature before.

Since the middle of the 20th century, significant interest has evolved from the scientific community towards the polypropionate family of marine natural products. A number of these compounds have been shown to possess significant biological activity, and this property, as well as their structural complexity, has driven numerous efforts towards their synthesis. The first chapter provides an introduction into the world of polypropionates, with a discussion on synthetic studies into a number of members of the tridachiapyrone family. Fundamental synthetic concepts utilised in this thesis towards the preparation of polyketides are also described, with a focus on their application towards the synthesis of 9,10-deoxytridachione, anti tridachiahydropyrone and syn tridachiahydropyrone. Chapter 2 describes the work undertaken towards the total synthesis of 9,10-deoxytridachione. The novel tandem conjugate addition-Dieckmann condensation of complex enones developed previously in the Perkins group was used to generate anti methylated cyclohexenones as key synthetic intermediates. The conversion of the cyclohexenones into the corresponding cyclohexadienes via allylic alcohols was attempted, utilising a Grignard-mediated reaction to achieve the selective 1,2-reduction. Studies into the Grignard-mediated reduction were also undertaken on seven additional cyclohexenones, in order to investigate the utility and scope of the reaction. The extension of the methodology previously developed for the synthesis of cyclohexenones is the subject of Chapter 3. This section describes investigations into the synthesis of stereochemically-diverse cyclohexenones from complex enones. The conjugate addition-Dieckmann condensation strategy was extended successfully towards the synthesis of a syn methylated cyclohexenone, which allowed the synthesis of the proposed true structure of tridachiahydropyrone to be pursued. The methodology developed in Chapter 3 was utilised in Chapter 4 to synthesise a model system of syn tridachiahydropyrone. A comparative analysis of the NMR data of the syn model, an anti model and anti tridachiahydropyrone with the natural product indicated that the true structure of tridachiahydropyrone may indeed have syn stereochemistry. The synthesis of syn tridachiahydropyrone was attempted, and to this end a suitable cyclohexanone was successfully synthesised. However, the subsequent methylation-elimination cascade failed to furnish the desired syn methylated cyclohexenone, producing only an anti methylated cyclohexanone. The stereochemistry of the methylation was deduced using high and low variable temperature NMR coupled with selective irradiation NOESY.

Les travaux décrits dans ce mémoire ont pour objet l’étude de la réactivité des ω-céto-esters acétyléniques vis-à-vis des métaux de transition. Lorsque ces composés sont traités avec une mélange Ti(OiPr)4/iPrMgBr, la formation d’alcools allyliques bicycliques est observée avec une totale diastéréosélectivité par rapport à la jonction de cycle (cis) et une configuration (E) pour la double liaison. Il a été montré que ces produits peuvent être transformés en lactone α,β-insaturé, sous-structures de produits naturels. La cycloisomérisation d’alcynyl cétones catalysées par des sels d’Ag(I) conduit à la formation de composés spiraniques. En piégeant l’intermédiaire réactionnel, la synthèse des composés vinyl-iodés correspondants a été réalisée. Si la réaction de cycloisomérisation est effectuée avec des ω-céto-esters acétyléniques, des ester α,β-insaturés sont isolés. Les produits obtenus ont ensuite été utilisés comme substrats pour la formation de systèmes tricycliques 6-5-5 et 6-6-5. Ces enchaînements de cycles sont présents dans le squelette carboné d’une grande variété de produits naturels. Les travaux décrits dans ce mémoire ont pour objet l’étude de la réactivité des ω-céto-esters acétyléniques vis-à-vis des métaux de transition. Lorsque ces composés sont traités avec une mélange Ti(OiPr)4/iPrMgBr, la formation d’alcools allyliques bicycliques est observée avec une totale diastéréosélectivité par rapport à la jonction de cycle (cis) et une configuration (E) pour la double liaison. Il a été montré que ces produits peuvent être transformés en lactone α,β-insaturé, sous-structures de produits naturels. La cycloisomérisation d’alcynyl cétones catalysées par des sels d’Ag(I) conduit à la formation de composés spiraniques. En piégeant l’intermédiaire réactionnel, la synthèse des composés vinyl-iodés correspondants a été réalisée. Si la réaction de cycloisomérisation est effectuée avec des ω-céto-esters acétyléniques, des ester α,β-insaturés sont isolés. Les produits obtenus ont ensuite été utilisés comme substrats pour la formation de systèmes tricycliques 6-5-5 et 6-6-5. Ces enchaînements de cycles sont présents dans le squelette carboné d’une grande variété de produits naturels. / In this work, the reactivity of acetylenic ω-ketoesters towards different metal complexes was investigated.
 When acetylenic ω-ketoesters are submitted to Ti(OiPr)4/iPrMgBr, the formation of fused bicyclic γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated esters was observed. The products were obtained with absolute selectivity in regard to the ring junction formed (cis) and the configuration of the double bond (E) and could be transformed into the corresponding α,β-unsaturated lactones, substructures of various natural products. When ω-ketoalkynes are used in Ag(I)-catalyzed cycloisomerization reactions, the formation of spirocyclic compounds was observed. By taking advantage of the reaction intermediates of this reaction, it was possible to isolate the corresponding spirocyclic alkenyl iodides. Performing cycloisomerization reactions with acetylenic ω-ketoesters, spirocyclic α,β-unsaturated esters are formed. We could show that these products are valuable substrates for the formation of 6-5-5- and 6-6-5-fused tricyclic systems which represent the skeleton of a large group of natural products.

Dans la présente étude, la compatibilité de molécules polyfonctionnelles a été évaluée en oxydation catalytique aérobie. L'oxydation du géraniol en citral a été réalisée dans un mélange t-BuOH/eau à 40°C en présence de Pt/C et Pt-Bi/C. A 90°C, l'oxydation sélective du 8-Chloro-1-Octanol en acide 8-Chlorooctanoïque a été réalisée. Par contre, d'autres substrats n'ont pas pu être transformés sélectivement en aldéhyde ou en acide à cause de leur sensibilité vis-À-Vis de l'oxygène (alcool-A) ou de leur réactivité particulière (5-Chloro-1-Pentanol qui est cyclisé en produits non désirés). En conditions anaérobies, le transfert d'H alcool / accepteur a été développé, à partir du géraniol (alcool allylique) comme substrat modèle : il convient de réaliser soit la déshydrogénation sélective de sa fonction alcool, soit son isomérisation lorsque la fonction alcool est déshydrogénée en même temps que la C=C allylique est hydrogénée. Les catalyseurs au Cu supporté ont montré un potentiel beaucoup plus prometteur que les métaux nobles, et de nombreux supports ont été évalués. Le styrène utilisé comme accepteur d'H ne permet pas d'obtenir sélectivement le produit de déshydrogénation du géraniol (citral), par contre l'utilisation d'un accepteur d'H confidentiel permet d'obtenir sélectivement le citral sans former de citronellal (produit d'isomérisation de la fonction alcool allylique) en présence de catalyseur au cuivre sur un support ex-Hydrotalcite. En l'absence d'accepteur, ce catalyseur permet l'isomérisation sélective de différents alcools allyliques avec des sélectivités jusqu'à 90 % en cétones saturées / In this study, we evaluated the compatibility of polyfunctional alcohols with catalytic aerobic oxidation systems. Geraniol dehydrogenation was carried out in mild conditions (t-BuOH / water mixture as solvent, 40°C) in the presence of Pt / C (promoted with Bi to avoid leaching). These catalysts are efficients for the oxidation of 8-Chloro-1-Octanol into corresponding acid at 90°C. However, other reactants were not selectively transformed into aldehyds or acids because of their oxygen sensivity (alcool-A) or their particular reactivity toward cyclization products (5-Chloro-1-Pentanol). In parallel, H transfer dehydrogenation was developed in anaerobic conditions. Geraniol was choosen as a model molecule since it can be selectively dehydrogenated or isomerizd (a reducible function on the substrate is hydrogenated when alcohol function is dehydrogenated). Some noble metals were evaluated for these reactions (Pd in the presence of alkene as H acceptor or Ag for acceptorless dehydrogenation), but performances and selectivities are quite low. Copper catalysts showed better results, and a lot of supports were evaluated. Selectivity toward dehydrogenation product (citral) is not total when styrene is used as hydrogen acceptor, but the use of another H acceptor (confidential) in the presence of copper supported on modified hydrotalcite catalyst allows selective dehydrogenation of geraniol without isomerization intro citronellal. Without H acceptor, this catalyst leads to selective isomerization of secondary allylic alcohols into saturated ketones (90 % selectivity)

遷移金属錯体を触媒とした原子効率に優れたアリルアルコール類の新規変換法の開発について検討した。アリルアルコール類のアルコールとしての性質に着目し、主に"Borrowing hydrogen"方法論に基づいた反応開発について検討した結果, 独自に調製された高度な水素移動制御を可能とするルテニウム触媒を用いることで、原子効率100%のアリルアルコール類のanti-Markovnikov型ヒドロアミノ化反応やヒドロアルコキシ化を始めとした反応の開発に成功した。 / Development of novel transform methods of allylic alcohols catalyzed by transition metal complexes was studied. In the result, development of anti-Markovnikov hydroamination and hydroalkoxylation of allylic alcohols catalyzed by uniquely prepared ruthenium catalysts, which had a advanced transfer hydrogen ability, on the basis of a character as a alcohol of allylic alcohols and "Borrowing hydrogen" methodology was achieved at 100% atom economy. / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University