Ensaísmo, práticas confessionais, autoficção, performance de si, apropriação de imagens amadoras, valorização do processo e abertura da cena à sua não-realização, na forma da emergência do fracasso, são escolhas, projetos ou procedimentos estéticos empregados em um número crescente de filmes brasileiros, sobretudo aqueles tomados por documentais. Tais escolhas dialogam, criticamente ou não, com uma cultura audiovisual colonizada por estratégias que visam a uma permanente intensificação dos \"efeitos de real\": seja por meio da tentativa de apagamento da linguagem como construção e mediação (o que chamamos de \"apelo realista\"), seja por meio da exposição de uma suposta intimidade como lugar privilegiado, ou mesmo garantia, da verdade do sujeito (o que chamamos de \"hipertrofia da subjetividade\"). Na contramão dessa tendência e operando na indeterminação entre autenticidade e encenação, pessoa e personagem, público e privado, processo e obra, experiência e jogo, vida e performance, diversos documentários brasileiros contemporâneos, que constituem o foco de nosso interesse, têm investido na opacidade, na explicitação das mediações, na reposição da distância e na tensão entre as subjetividades e seus horizontes ficcionais - destilando dúvidas a respeito da imagem documental, colocando sob suspeita seus procedimentos ou produzindo suas próprias esquivas. Os filmes que constituem o nosso corpus - caso de Jogo de cena (Eduardo Coutinho, 2007), Santiago (João Moreira Salles, 2007), Pancinema permanente (Carlos Nader, 2008), Juízo (Maria Augusta Ramos, 2008), Filmefobia (Kiko Goifman, 2009), Moscou (Eduardo Coutinho, 2009), Sábado à noite (Ivo Lopes Araújo, 2007), O céu sobre os ombros (Sergio Borges, 2010), Pacific (Marcelo Pedroso, 2009), Rua de mão dupla (Cao Guimarães, 2004), Avenida Brasília Formosa (Gabriel Mascaro, 2010) e Viajo porque preciso, volto porque te amo (Marcelo Gomes e Karim Ainouz, 2009), além de diversos outros títulos, de longas e curtas-metragens, a eles relacionados - não são aqui vistos como meros sintomas de nossa época, nem como formas puramente autônomas dotadas de legitimidade artística. Organizados em quatro ensaios e articulados a outras manifestações da cultura, os filmes analisados tanto constituem diversos regimes de visibilidade (com seus correlatos modos de produção da subjetividade) como tensionam as formas estéticas e as forças culturais, políticas e sociais em jogo em nossa sociedade mediada pela imagem, onde o que se mobiliza e disputa é a própria vida ordinária (que sempre interessou ao documentário), contígua às dinâmicas do capital e indissociável de seus jogos de cena. / Filmic essays, confessional practices, autofiction, performance of the self, appropriation of amateur images, appreciation of the creative process and the openness of the scene to its non-closure assuming a sense of failure: these are all choices, projects or aesthetic procedures employed by a growing number of Brazilian films, especially those classified as documental. These choices dialogue, critically or not, with an audiovisual culture colonized by strategies that aim the constant intensification of \"reality effects\". These effects are achieved either by the attempt of erasing filmic language as a construction and as a mediation process (what we name \"realist appeal\"), or by means of exposing an alleged intimacy as the place of the subject\'s guaranteed truth (what we name \"subjectivity hypertrophy\"). Heading towards another direction, a number of Brazilian contemporary documentaries work within an undetermined zone between the authentic and the staged, the real subject and the fictional character, the public and the private sphere, the artistic process and the final work, the real experience and the invented game, life and performance. These films, which will be the main focus of our interest, invest in the opacity of meaning, in the self-evidence of the filmic mediations as well as the reenactment of distances and tensions between subjects and their fictional counterparts, raising questions about the status of the documental image and putting their own artistic procedures under scrutiny. The films chosen for our analysis - Playing (Eduardo Coutinho, 2007), Santiago (João Moreira Salles, 2007), Permanent Pancinema (Carlos Nader, 2008), Behave (Maria Augusta Ramos, 2008), Filmphobia (Kiko Goifman, 2009), Moscow (Eduardo Coutinho, 2009), Saturday night (Ivo Lopes Araújo, 2007), The sky above (Sergio Borges, 2010), Pacific (Marcelo Pedroso, 2009), Two way street (Cao Guimarães, 2004), Avenida Brasília Formosa (Gabriel Mascaro, 2010) e I travel because I have to, I come back because I Love you (Marcelo Gomes e Karim Ainouz, 2009) and many other short and feature films - are not seen as symptoms of our time neither as purely autonomous forms with artistic legitimacy. Organized in four essays, the films are analyzed in combination with other cultural manifestations creating different visibility regimes (each one with its own mode of subjectivation) and tensions within the aesthetic forms and the cultural forces - a political and social quarrel at play in our society permeated by images - in which the place of dispute is a theme that always interested documentarists: the ordinary life, always connected to the dynamics of capitalism and inseparable from its scenic games.

En partant de l’idée que la guerre et les images sont deux notions interdépendantes, la thèse reprend deux concepts clés : visualité et contre-visualité. La visualité, étant une façon de perpétuer la guerre, représente les discours dominants. L’art contemporain serait donc une possibilité de construction de contre-visualités. La « guerre globale » contemporaine - totale et dispersée - aurait une production visuelle qui lui correspondrait : des images d’amateurs, elles aussi dispersées et de grande circulation. Comment ces images, généralement liées à la sphère privée, se sont converties en enregistrements de la guerre contemporaine ? Comment l’art fait face à la guerre et à la visualité dominante par le biais du remploi de ces images ? La recherche essaie de définir cette production d’images « amateur » et de l’encadrer dans le temps conflictuel du présent. Une telle production serait-elle une résistance à la visualité actuelle ou au contraire quelque chose qui la renforce ? Ensuite, à travers un corpus circonscrit de quatre artistes visuels contemporains (Clarisse Hahn, Rabih Mroué, Coco Fusco et Thomas Hirschhorn), nous travaillons l’hypothèse que la réutilisation de ces images peut contribuer à la construction d’une contre-visualité : par le geste artistique, l'enlèvement de ce matériau d'un certain flux provoquerait un arrêt, une déviation vers une reconfiguration du sensible où le facteur conflictuel serait mis en évidence. Dans un troisième moment, la thèse se penche sur l'œuvre des années 1970 de Jean-Luc Godard et Anne-Marie Miéville, quand ils interrogent les forces et les faiblesses du cinéma militant et mettent en question les images et leurs potentialités. Certaines de leurs procédures créatives sont examinées rétrospectivement, car à notre avis, elles sont toujours présentes directement ou indirectement dans la pratique artistique des artistes de notre corpus. / Considering the idea that war and images are two interdependent concepts, the thesis deals with two key concepts: visuality and counter-visuality. Visuality as a way of perpetuating the war represents dominant discourses. Contemporary art would therefore be a possibility of constructing counter-visuality. The contemporary “global war” - total and dispersed - would have a visual production that would correspond to it: the amateur images, also scattered and widely circulated. How are these images - usually related to the private sphere - converted into records of contemporary war? How does art face war and the dominant visuality by utilizing these images?The research attempts to characterize this amateur production of images and to frame it in the conflicting time of the present. Would such a production be a resistance to the current visuality or, on the contrary, something that strengthens it? From then on, by analyzing a circumscribed corpus of four contemporary visual artists (Clarisse Hahn, Rabih Mroué, Coco Fusco and Thomas Hirschhorn), we work on the hypothesis that the reuse of these images can contribute to the construction of a counter-visuality: by the artistic gesture, the removal of this material from a certain flow would cause a stop, a deviation towards a reconfiguration of the sensible where the conflicting factor would be highlighted. In a third moment, the thesis looks at the work of Jean-Luc Godard and Anne-Marie Miéville on the 1970s, when they question the strengths and weaknesses of militant cinema and challenge images and their potentialities. Some of their creative procedures are examined in retrospect because in our opinion they are still directly or indirectly present in the artistic practice of the aforementioned artists.

Ensaísmo, práticas confessionais, autoficção, performance de si, apropriação de imagens amadoras, valorização do processo e abertura da cena à sua não-realização, na forma da emergência do fracasso, são escolhas, projetos ou procedimentos estéticos empregados em um número crescente de filmes brasileiros, sobretudo aqueles tomados por documentais. Tais escolhas dialogam, criticamente ou não, com uma cultura audiovisual colonizada por estratégias que visam a uma permanente intensificação dos \"efeitos de real\": seja por meio da tentativa de apagamento da linguagem como construção e mediação (o que chamamos de \"apelo realista\"), seja por meio da exposição de uma suposta intimidade como lugar privilegiado, ou mesmo garantia, da verdade do sujeito (o que chamamos de \"hipertrofia da subjetividade\"). Na contramão dessa tendência e operando na indeterminação entre autenticidade e encenação, pessoa e personagem, público e privado, processo e obra, experiência e jogo, vida e performance, diversos documentários brasileiros contemporâneos, que constituem o foco de nosso interesse, têm investido na opacidade, na explicitação das mediações, na reposição da distância e na tensão entre as subjetividades e seus horizontes ficcionais - destilando dúvidas a respeito da imagem documental, colocando sob suspeita seus procedimentos ou produzindo suas próprias esquivas. Os filmes que constituem o nosso corpus - caso de Jogo de cena (Eduardo Coutinho, 2007), Santiago (João Moreira Salles, 2007), Pancinema permanente (Carlos Nader, 2008), Juízo (Maria Augusta Ramos, 2008), Filmefobia (Kiko Goifman, 2009), Moscou (Eduardo Coutinho, 2009), Sábado à noite (Ivo Lopes Araújo, 2007), O céu sobre os ombros (Sergio Borges, 2010), Pacific (Marcelo Pedroso, 2009), Rua de mão dupla (Cao Guimarães, 2004), Avenida Brasília Formosa (Gabriel Mascaro, 2010) e Viajo porque preciso, volto porque te amo (Marcelo Gomes e Karim Ainouz, 2009), além de diversos outros títulos, de longas e curtas-metragens, a eles relacionados - não são aqui vistos como meros sintomas de nossa época, nem como formas puramente autônomas dotadas de legitimidade artística. Organizados em quatro ensaios e articulados a outras manifestações da cultura, os filmes analisados tanto constituem diversos regimes de visibilidade (com seus correlatos modos de produção da subjetividade) como tensionam as formas estéticas e as forças culturais, políticas e sociais em jogo em nossa sociedade mediada pela imagem, onde o que se mobiliza e disputa é a própria vida ordinária (que sempre interessou ao documentário), contígua às dinâmicas do capital e indissociável de seus jogos de cena. / Filmic essays, confessional practices, autofiction, performance of the self, appropriation of amateur images, appreciation of the creative process and the openness of the scene to its non-closure assuming a sense of failure: these are all choices, projects or aesthetic procedures employed by a growing number of Brazilian films, especially those classified as documental. These choices dialogue, critically or not, with an audiovisual culture colonized by strategies that aim the constant intensification of \"reality effects\". These effects are achieved either by the attempt of erasing filmic language as a construction and as a mediation process (what we name \"realist appeal\"), or by means of exposing an alleged intimacy as the place of the subject\'s guaranteed truth (what we name \"subjectivity hypertrophy\"). Heading towards another direction, a number of Brazilian contemporary documentaries work within an undetermined zone between the authentic and the staged, the real subject and the fictional character, the public and the private sphere, the artistic process and the final work, the real experience and the invented game, life and performance. These films, which will be the main focus of our interest, invest in the opacity of meaning, in the self-evidence of the filmic mediations as well as the reenactment of distances and tensions between subjects and their fictional counterparts, raising questions about the status of the documental image and putting their own artistic procedures under scrutiny. The films chosen for our analysis - Playing (Eduardo Coutinho, 2007), Santiago (João Moreira Salles, 2007), Permanent Pancinema (Carlos Nader, 2008), Behave (Maria Augusta Ramos, 2008), Filmphobia (Kiko Goifman, 2009), Moscow (Eduardo Coutinho, 2009), Saturday night (Ivo Lopes Araújo, 2007), The sky above (Sergio Borges, 2010), Pacific (Marcelo Pedroso, 2009), Two way street (Cao Guimarães, 2004), Avenida Brasília Formosa (Gabriel Mascaro, 2010) e I travel because I have to, I come back because I Love you (Marcelo Gomes e Karim Ainouz, 2009) and many other short and feature films - are not seen as symptoms of our time neither as purely autonomous forms with artistic legitimacy. Organized in four essays, the films are analyzed in combination with other cultural manifestations creating different visibility regimes (each one with its own mode of subjectivation) and tensions within the aesthetic forms and the cultural forces - a political and social quarrel at play in our society permeated by images - in which the place of dispute is a theme that always interested documentarists: the ordinary life, always connected to the dynamics of capitalism and inseparable from its scenic games.

The master's thesis deals with the citizen photojournalism and the citizen videojournalism in the Czech media landscape. It focuses on the frequency of the amateur photographs and videos published on the selected news web sites and also on the gatekeeping process. This master's thesis also reflects the editor's opinions on the citizen photojournalism and the citizen videojournalism. The citizen journalism is usually viewed from the perspective of the citizen journalists, but this master's thesis brings the view from the second side, from the media professionals. The thesis uses the combination of the quantitative and qualitative methods. Firstly, there was conducted the quantitative content analysis. Secondly, there were interviewed the media professionals. The conclusions of the master's thesis indicate that the citizen photojournalism and the citizen videojournalism is rarely used on the Czech web sites. The media professionals evaluate this phenomenon positively, find its contributions to the news flow but only under the certain conditions. On the other hand, they do not find the citizen photojournalism and videojournalism absolutely necessary element for the news service.