All-male fry are preferred to prevent uncontrolled reproduction before harvest in intensive Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) aquaculture. Males also grow faster than females. An alternative approach to direct hormonal masculinisation of tilapia fry is to produce fry that are genetically male. However, sex determination system in tilapia is fairly complex. Recent developments have resulted in a linkage map and genetic markers that can be used to analyse the sex determination system. To analyse the genetic sex determination mechanism and to develop marker-assisted selection in the Stirling Nile tilapia population, a fully inbred line of clonal females (XX) was verified using test crosses and DNA markers (mostly microsatellites) to use as a standard reference line in sex determination studies. A series of crosses were performed involving this line of females and a range of males. Three groups of crosses were selected (each group consisted of three families) from progeny sex ratio distributions, and designated as type ‘A’ (normal XY males x clonal XX females), type ‘B’ (putative YY males x clonal XX females) and type ‘C’ (unknown groups of males x clonal XX females), for sex linkage study. For type ‘A’, inheritance of DNA markers and phenotypic sex was investigated using screened markers from tilapia linkage group 1 (LG1) to confirm the LG1-associated pattern of inheritance of phenotypic sex and the structure of LG1. Screened markers from LG1, LG3 and LG23 were used to investigate the association of markers with sex in families of type ‘B’ and ‘C’. In addition, a genome-wide scan of markers from the other 21 LGs was performed to investigate any association between markers and sex, in only families of cross type ‘B’. LG1 associated pattern of inheritance of phenotypic sex was confirmed by genotype and QTL analyses in families of cross type ‘A’. Analyses of genotypes in families of type ‘B’ and ‘C’ showed strong association with LG1 markers but no association with LG3 and LG23 markers. Genome wide scan of markers from all other LGs did not show any significant association between any markers and the sex. The allelic inheritance of two tightly linked LG1 markers (UNH995 and UNH104) in families of type ‘B’ and ‘C’ identified polymorphism in the sex determining locus: one of the alleles was associated mostly with male offspring whereas another allele was associated with both progeny (mostly males in type ‘B’ families, and approximately equal numbers in type ‘C’ families). This knowledge was used to identify and separate supermales (‘YY’ males) that should sire higher proportions of male progeny, reared to become sexually mature for use as broodstock. Two of them were crossed with XX females (one clonal and one outbred) to observe the phenotypic expression of the strongest male-associated allele in progeny sex. The observations of 98% male (99 males out of 101 progeny) and 100% male (N=75) from these two crosses respectively, suggest that a marker-assisted selection (MAS) programme for genetically male Nile tilapia production could be practical. This study also suggests that the departures from the sex ratios predicted using a “simple” XX/XY model (i.e., YY x XX should give all-male progeny) were strongly associated with the XX/XY system, due to multiple alleles, rather than being associated with loci in other LGs (e.g., LG3, LG23). This study also tentatively names the allele(s) giving intermediate sex ratios as “ambivalent” and emphasizes that the presence and actions of such allele(s) at the same sex-determining locus could explain departures from predicted sex ratios observed in some earlier studies in Nile tilapia.

The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of the initial screening process that occurs during dating interactions, and to measure the perceptions of different communication styles that individuals use during such interactions. A review of current literature focused on attractiveness of potential mates, ambivalent sexism theory, gender stereotypes, and communication theory. The present study examined how individuals view others’ approaches in initial dating interactions, and which of these approaches are most effective for increasing the target’s interest in spending time with the pursuer. A pilot study involving 45 undergraduate psychology students from Western Kentucky University was conducted to evaluate the validity of the Dating Initiation Questionnaire (DIQ), which was created for this study. In the final study, one hundred and fifty two undergraduate psychology students from Western Kentucky University completed measures of sexism, social desirability, and dating initiation preference. Results showed that both communication theory and ambivalent sexism theory were relevant in dating initiations. Consistent with previous communication research, assertive communication was rated as more effective than aggressive and passive communication in the initial interactions that occur in heterosexual dating initiations. This suggests it is best to use assertive communication as a first choice in dating interactions. Further analyses showed that females were more likely to rate assertive and passive initiations as more effective than aggressive dating initiations, while males were more likely than females to rate aggressive initiations as more effective than passive initiations, and to rate aggressive initiations as more effective than assertive initiations. Stronger ambivalent sexist beliefs were associated with higher ratings for aggressive dating initiations. Therefore, individuals who held negative attitudes toward non-traditional women and positive attitudes toward gender stereotypical women preferred aggressive dating initiations. Such individuals may approach others in an aggressive manner. One could argue that, to prevent such harassment, individuals should be educated about communication styles and gender equality. Future research should focus on applying such interventions to males and females, and on revising the intervention to suit individuals with sexist beliefs toward women and men.

This thesis studies political elites’ beliefs about the ideal party leader. This ideal, like other human ideals, is characterized by ambivalence. The thesis explores the ambivalence expressed in party elites’ leadership ideal and how it can be understood. The study draws primarily on qualitative interviews with members of the party elites in the Social Democratic Party and the Liberal Party in Sweden. Specifically, it analyzes the “life world” of the party leaders, party secretaries, group leaders in the Swedish Parliament, and election committee chairmen. Building on classical and modern research on leadership and political parties, the thesis derives an analytical tool to guide the interviews which covers six aspects of party leadership: Characteristics, Leadership style, Tasks, Freedom of action, Representation, and Status. The empirical analysis shows that the elites’ party leadership ideal is ambivalent and different across the two parties. The ambiguities can be summarized as dichotomies, where the ideal leader should encompass both sides of the dichotomy. The Social Democratic Party elites’ ideal is represented by two dichotomies: the leader versus the team and the party versus the government. To bridge the ambiguities, the elite resort to the idea of “anchoring”. This notion resolves conflicts between the leader and the surrounding team and the party and the government. The ideal of the Liberal Party’s elites includes four dichotomies: dogmatism versus pragmatism; idea versus person; appearance (outward-looking) versus action (inward-looking); and free versus constrained. Unlike the case of the Social Democratic Party, it is less evident how the Liberal Party’s elites accommodate the ambiguities. However, an emphasis on accountability and maintaining a balance between existing conflicts, partially remedies the dilemma. Also, the idea of leadership within the Liberal Party is less problematic compared to the Social Democratic Party. In sum, while the Social Democrats’ ideal resembles the “friendly father figure”, the Liberals’ ideal is portrayed by the “superficial intellectual”. The findings also indicate that the way in which the parties were established, their experience of being in government, size, ideology, and position within the party system affect their beliefs about leadership ideals.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the relationship of ambivalent sexism toward women and men and system justification with understanding of honor and attitudes toward violence against women for protecting honor. 351 undergraduate students from METU, Ankara and Gazi University participated in the study (180 females and 166 males). Participants&amp / #8217 / ages ranged from 17 to 30 (M=21.56). Data was collected by a questionnaire consisting of Understanding of Honor Scale / Attitudes toward Violence against Women for Protecting Honor Scale / Ambivalent Sexism Inventory which has two subscales of Hostile Sexism (HS) and Benevolent Sexism (BS) / and Ambivalence toward Men Inventory which has two subscales of Hostility toward Men and Benevolence toward Men (BM) / and Economic System Justification Scale and demographic information. Seperate linear regression analyses for males and females were performed in order to compare their responses. Results showed that among males, higher levels of HS and BM / and lower levels of HM / and among females, higher levels of BM and system justification predicted higher tendency to relate honor with women&amp / #8217 / s virginity and holding men responsible for protecting it. Regarding attitudes toward violence against women for protecting honor, males&amp / #8217 / scores were positively associated with BM, whereas females&amp / #8217 / scores were positively associated with BM and ESJ scores. The thesis aims to contribute to the literature by (1) investigating the concept of honor which has not been delt with in psychology literature / (2) introducing two newly developed scales: Understanding of Honor Scale and Attitudes toward Violence against Women for Protecting Honor Scale / and (3) making use of ambivalence toward men and women, and system justification theory while investigating the topic.

Hostile sexism is the antipathetic expression of sexism, in which men are antagonistic towards women who threaten their superiority. Benevolent sexism is the patriarchal expression of sexism, where men express protective, yet restrictive, attitudes towards women. Both forms of sexism originate from the view that women are inferior, frail, and only suited for nurturing or domestic responsibilities. Benevolent sexism may be more harmful to women because coping is thwarted by observers' underestimation of its effects (Bosson, Pinel, & Vandello, 2009). The present study aimed to examine women's responses to and recovery from hostile and benevolent sexism utilizing measures of cardiovascular reactivity and recovery. I predicted that women would exhibit greater reactivity to hostile sexism, but impaired recovery to benevolent sexism. Participants were 124 undergraduate women (50% Caucasian, age M = 18.92), with no history of cardiovascular health issues. Sexism condition - benevolent, hostile, or no sexism - was manipulated by exposing participants to comments made by a male experimenter. Cardiovascular responses were obtained during rest, task, and recovery periods. As predicted, women exhibited greater cardiovascular reactivity after exposure to hostile sexism, and women who experienced benevolent sexism showed impaired recovery, compared to the other two conditions. Findings illustrate that hostile sexism elicits immediate responses that resolve relatively quickly. However, benevolent sexism may be more pernicious in terms of psychological and physical health due to its prolonged effects.

Este estudo tem o intuito de identificar as emoções ambivalentes (positivas e negativas) vivenciadas no parto pelas usuárias dos serviços de obstetrícia do Hospital Geral de Caxias do Sul (RS). O processo de identificação de tais emoções poderá auxiliar a Instituição na definição de prioridades de ação, na qualificação dos funcionários, na redução de riscos e de desperdícios e no aumento da qualidade dos serviços prestados, bem como no incremento na satisfação das usuárias dos serviços. A metodologia de pesquisa adotada se caracteriza como uma pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter exploratório, com a realização de entrevistas individuais em profundidade, com uma abordagem semi-estruturada, mediante a aplicação de um Roteiro Básico de Questões. Cabe ressaltar que os dados foram analisados e interpretados por meio de análise de conteúdo e como métodos complementares de pesquisa foram realizadas a observação direta e a triangulação. Os principais resultados obtidos a partir da realização do trabalho foram: compreender a incidência de emoções positivas e negativas, ou seja, emoções ambivalentes, simultaneamente vivenciadas pelas usuárias dos serviços de obstetrícia no momento do parto, que para este estudo foram o medo e a alegria/prazer e, analisando tal contexto, a proposição de direcionamentos no sentido de maximizar as emoções positivas e minimizar as emoções negativas, repercutindo na melhoria da qualidade percebida dos serviços prestados. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-04-30T12:42:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Juliana Raquel de Souza Luchesi.pdf: 1624370 bytes, checksum: 125960e4e372159221574a99670ee715 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-04-30T12:42:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Juliana Raquel de Souza Luchesi.pdf: 1624370 bytes, checksum: 125960e4e372159221574a99670ee715 (MD5) / This study aims to identify ambivalent emotions (positive and negative) experienced by delivering mothers using obstetric services at the Caxias do Sul General Hospital (RS). The process of identifying such emotions may assist the Institution to set priority actions for employees? classification, risk and waste reduction and service quality improvement, as well as to increase the service users? satisfaction. The research methodology used is characterized as a qualitative research, with exploratory input, by means in-depth interviews with a semistructured approach, by applying a Basic Writing Questions Guide. It is worth noting that the data was analyzed and interpreted through analysis of content and, for complementary methods of research, direct observation and triangulation methods were used. The main results obtained from this work were: to understand the incidence of positive and negative emotions, that is, ambivalent emotions, simultaneously experienced by users of obstetric services at birth delivery, which, for this study, were fear and happiness/joy and, by analyzing such context, to propose directions towards maximizing positive emotions and minimizing negative emotions, resulting in the improvement of the perceived quality services provided.

Este estudo tem o intuito de identificar as emoções ambivalentes (positivas e negativas) vivenciadas no parto pelas usuárias dos serviços de obstetrícia do Hospital Geral de Caxias do Sul (RS). O processo de identificação de tais emoções poderá auxiliar a Instituição na definição de prioridades de ação, na qualificação dos funcionários, na redução de riscos e de desperdícios e no aumento da qualidade dos serviços prestados, bem como no incremento na satisfação das usuárias dos serviços. A metodologia de pesquisa adotada se caracteriza como uma pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter exploratório, com a realização de entrevistas individuais em profundidade, com uma abordagem semi-estruturada, mediante a aplicação de um Roteiro Básico de Questões. Cabe ressaltar que os dados foram analisados e interpretados por meio de análise de conteúdo e como métodos complementares de pesquisa foram realizadas a observação direta e a triangulação. Os principais resultados obtidos a partir da realização do trabalho foram: compreender a incidência de emoções positivas e negativas, ou seja, emoções ambivalentes, simultaneamente vivenciadas pelas usuárias dos serviços de obstetrícia no momento do parto, que para este estudo foram o medo e a alegria/prazer e, analisando tal contexto, a proposição de direcionamentos no sentido de maximizar as emoções positivas e minimizar as emoções negativas, repercutindo na melhoria da qualidade percebida dos serviços prestados. / This study aims to identify ambivalent emotions (positive and negative) experienced by delivering mothers using obstetric services at the Caxias do Sul General Hospital (RS). The process of identifying such emotions may assist the Institution to set priority actions for employees? classification, risk and waste reduction and service quality improvement, as well as to increase the service users? satisfaction. The research methodology used is characterized as a qualitative research, with exploratory input, by means in-depth interviews with a semistructured approach, by applying a Basic Writing Questions Guide. It is worth noting that the data was analyzed and interpreted through analysis of content and, for complementary methods of research, direct observation and triangulation methods were used. The main results obtained from this work were: to understand the incidence of positive and negative emotions, that is, ambivalent emotions, simultaneously experienced by users of obstetric services at birth delivery, which, for this study, were fear and happiness/joy and, by analyzing such context, to propose directions towards maximizing positive emotions and minimizing negative emotions, resulting in the improvement of the perceived quality services provided.

Gender differences play an important role in the diversity that exists in our world today. Evan as infants, our young minds are able to grasp that there are large differences in the roles and expectations for males and females and that these differences contribute to the variety of experiences that we encounter in our interactions with the two genders. As we grown from children into adults, it is clear that the biased opinions we form regarding the opposite sex in childhood are too simplistic in their ideologies, and during the time that we mature into young adults, our opinions mature as well. Although there has been much research into the development of attitudes from childhood into adulthood, the role that self-esteem may play in the process has been somewhat neglected. This thesis explored the nature of self-esteem and tested its salience with regard to intergroup gender bias in children and ambivalent sexism in adults. In the child sample (n=20), intergroup gender bias was found to be correlated positively with global self-worth. In the adult sample (n=218), elevated levels of global self-worth were correlated with hostile sexism in females and with benevolent sexism in males. Surprisingly few types of specific self-esteem (self-perceived peer social competence, behavioral conduct, physical appearance, and athletic competence) were found to correlate with intergroup gender bias in children and ambivalent sexism in adults.

The aim of the thesis was to focus on sexual harassment in sport in Turkey and the role of ambivalent sexism on attitudes toward sexual harassment. 170 female university students, playing in team sports participated to the study. Demographic Information Form, Coach Behaviors List (CBL), Responses to Sexual Harassment in Sport (RSHS) Scale, Attitudes toward Sexual Harassment (ASH) Scale, and Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) were used in the study. Mean and standard deviations of coach behaviors and responses to sexual harassment were calculated in order to have descriptive information about the acceptance levels and frequency levels of them. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed unique predictions of age, political view, hostile sexism (HS), and benevolent sexism (BS) in female athletes&rsquo / attitudes toward viewing sexual harassment as the result of provocative behaviors of women (ASHPBW), but not in attitudes toward accepting sexual harassment as a trivial matter (ASHTM). ASHPBW, ASHTM, and HS were found as predictors of ASBC, but not for ANPTBC. In predicting the three dimensions of RSHS, years of sport experience, ASHPBW, ASHTM, and BS were found to be significant. This thesis mainly contributed to the literature by (1) development of RSHS scale, and adaptation of CBL for Turkey, (2) supporting the relationship between ASH and ambivalent sexist attitudes in sport environment, (3) investigating the predicting powers of ASHPBW, ASHTM, HS, and BS on acceptability of coach&rsquo / s negative behaviors, and (4) investigating the predictive powers of HS and BS on RSHS.

AMBIVALENT SEXISM, AMBIVALENCE TOWARD MEN AND DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES AS PREDICTORS OF TURKISH COLLEGE STUDENTS&rsquo / ATTITUDES TOWARD MEN IN SOCIAL AND WOMEN IN NATURAL SCIENCES G&ouml / ker G&uuml / l&ccedil / &uuml / r M. S., Department of Psychology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuray Sakalli - Ugurlu August 2006, 96 pages The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of ambivalent sexism, ambivalence toward men and demographic variables on attitudes toward men in social and women in natural sciences. 217 METU students participated in the study. Results of hierarchical regression demonstrated that sex, major, political view, department satisfaction and benevolence toward men (BM) significantly predicted attitudes toward men in social sciences / whereas sex, major, political view, hostile sexism (HS), hostility toward men (HM) and BM significantly predicted attitudes toward women in natural sciences. Additional analysis revealed main and interaction effects of sex and major on attitudes toward men in social sciences. Additional analysis also revealed main effects of sex and major on attitudes toward women in natural sciences. This thesis aims to contribute to literature by assessing (1) the relationship between sexismand attitudes toward individuals in gender atypical departments, and (2) the effects of demographic variables such as gender, major and political view on attitudes toward individuals in gender atypical departments.