In 1917 the British Government gave its sanction to the establishmentof a Jewish National Home in Palestine. In 1948 the independentState of Israel came into existence as an outgrowth of that sanction.At the end of this thirty-one year period the Jews constituted aboutone-third of the population of Palestine, but their tremendous zeal,backed by a large financial outlay by the Jews of the Diaspora, madethem more than a match for the remainder of the population. During thethree decades of the Jewish National Home in Palestine, they had builta prosperous community in the midst of a conservative society.

Frictional resistance reduction of liquid flow over surfaces has recently become a more important topic of research in the field of fluid dynamics. Scientific and technological progress and continued interest in nano and micro-technology have required new developments and approaches related to reducing frictional resistance, especially in liquid flow through nano and micro-channels. The application of superhydrophobic surfaces could be very effective in achieving the desired flow through such small channels. Superhydrophobic surfaces are created by intentionally creating roughnesses on the surface and applying a uniform hydrophobic coating to the entire surface. Liquid droplet tests have revealed that because of the trapped air within the cavities such surfaces could have contact angles as high as 179°. Such a property gives superhydrophobic surfaces liquid repelling characteristics making them very suitable for frictional resistance reduction in liquid flow through nano or micro-channels, provided wetting of the cavities could be avoided. This study presents 3-D numerical simulation results of liquid laminar flow over post patterned superhydrophobic surfaces. The research was performed in three phases, 1) pressure-driven flow with square micro-posts, 2) Couette flow with square micro-posts, and 3) pressure-driven flow with rectangular micro-posts at various aspect ratios. In phases (1) and (2) the influences of important parameters such as the cavity fraction, in the range of 0.0-0.9998, and the relative module width, from 0.01 to 1.5, on frictional resistance reduction in the creeping flow regime were explored. Phase (1) also addressed the effect of varying Reynolds number from 1 to 2500 on frictional resistance. Phase (3) was conducted for aspect ratios of 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 2, 4, and 8 also in the creeping flow regime. The obtained results suggest that important parameters such as cavity fraction (relative area of the cavities), relative module width (combined post and cavity width relative to the channel hydraulic diameter), and the Reynolds number have great influence on the frictional resistance reduction. For pressure-driven flow at cavity fraction 0.9998, reductions as high as 97% in the frictional resistance were predicted compared with the classical channel flow. This reduction is directly related to the significant reduction in liquid-solid contact area. With respect to the effect of relative module width on the overall frictional resistance, a reduction of 93% in the frictional resistance was observed as the relative module width was increased from 0.1 to 1.5. This is indicative of the importance of the relative spacing size of the posts/cavities compared to the channel size in micro-channel liquid flow. The overall frictional resistance for post-patterned superhydrophobic surfaces was found to be independent of the Reynolds number up to a value of nominally 40 after which the non-dimensional frictional resistance increased at high values of the Reynolds number. However, at very high cavity fractions the frictional resistance was independent of Reynolds number only up to about 4. When the driving mechanism was a Couette flow, similar to the pressure-driven flow, as the cavity fraction and the relative module width increased the frictional resistance on the superhydrophobic surface decreased. At a cavity fraction of 0.9998 the reduction in the non-dimensional frictional resistance was approximately 96%, which was only 1% different from the similar pressure-driven scenario. However, a more significant difference was observed between the slip velocities for the two flow types, and it was determined that the pressure-driven flow resulted in greater apparent slip velocities than Couette flow. A maximum difference in normalized slip between the two scenarios of approximately 20% was obtained at relative module width 0.1 and Reynolds number 1. Results for superhydrophobic surfaces with rectangular micro-posts approached those reported in the literature for micro-ribs as the aspect ratio of the posts increased. When the flow was perpendicular to the long side of the posts, and as the aspect ratio increased, the frictional resistance approached previously published transverse rib results. Similarly, when the liquid flow direction was parallel to the long side of the posts, the frictional resistance results also approached those of the previously published longitudinal ribs as the aspect ratio increased.

Abstrakt   Det förnyelsebara bränslet biogas har fått mer och mer intresse runt om i världen, men för att biogasen ska gå att använda som fordonsbränsle måste den först uppgraderas. I den processen separeras kolväten och andra föroreningar för att metanhalten ska ökas och därmed kommer biogasen att bli optimal för användning i förbränningsmotorer (Enefalk och Ersöz 2016).   Syfte med det här arbetet var att undersöka hur bra olika filter kan fungera för att ta bort orenheter från aminen i Puregas Solutions AB anläggningar. När undersökning av olika filter var gjord studerades underhållet för dessa filter. Experimentet utfördes i Puregas Solutions AB verkstad. Där användes ett aminprov från deras anläggning i Sverige för att den var extremt förorenad och därmed var det lättare att se hur bra de olika filtren filtrerar föroreningar.   Efter att mottagit provsvaren från DOW Chemical Company sammanställdes analyserna. Provsvaren visade på att de testade filtren inte tog bort orenheter från aminen. / Abstract   Renewable biogas fuel has become increasingly interesting around the world, however before biogas is used as fuel in vehicles it must first be upgraded. During that process the hydrocarbons and other pollutions are separated to increase the concentration of methane and make the biogas better suited for combustion engines (Enefalk and Ersöz 2016).   The purpose of this study was to examine how efficiently different filters can remove impurities from amine at Puregas Solutions AB upgrading plant. After the investigation of the different filters was completed we wanted to further study the maintenance of the filters. Experiments were performed at Puregas Solutions AB workshop, where the amine samples from their plant in Sweden were used to see how well the various filters performed.   After receiving the test results from Dow Chemical Company, the results were compiled and they showed that the tested filters did not remove impurities from the amine.

This study concerns a comparison and contrast of two development approaches to determine their applicability in dealing with the global problem of unequal development. Chapter I introduces the purpose and the significance of the study, and the selection of one representative model for each approach. They are W. W. Rostow's model and Samir Amin's model. Chapter II elucidates Rostow's model. Chapter III explains Amin's model. Chapter IV presents a comparison and contrast of the two models both methodologically and conceptually. Chapter V contains the conclusion that Rostow' s model cannot be a universal development model due to its methodological shortcomings, whereas Amin's model should be accepted for its analysis in explaining the reasons' for today's unequal development on a world scale.

The structuring of porous silica materials at the nanometer scale and their surface functionalization are important issues of current materials research. Many innovations in chromatography, catalysis and electronic devices benefit from this knowledge. The work at hand is dedicated to the targeted design of functional organosilica materials. In this context a new precursor concept based on boron-silanes is presented. These precursors combine the properties of a structure directing group and a silica source by covalent borane linkage. Formation of the precursor is easily realized by a sequential two-step hydroboration, firstly on bis(triethoxysilyl)ethene, and secondly on an unsaturated structure directing moiety such as alkenes or polymers. The so prepared precursors self-organize when hydrolysis of their inorganic moiety takes place via an aggregation of their organic side chains into hydrophobic domains. In this way, the additional use of a surfactant as a template is not necessary. Chemical cleavage of these moieties (e.g. by ammonolysis or oxidative saponification) yields an organosilica where all functionalities are exclusively located at the pore wall and therefore accessible. The accessibility of the functionalities is a vital point for applications and is not necessarily granted for common silica functionalization approaches. Further advantages of the boron-silane concept are the possibility to introduce a variety of surface functionalities by heterolytic cleavage of the boron linker and the control of the pore morphology. For that purpose the covalent linkage of different alkyl groups and polymers was studied. Another aspect is the access to chiral boron silane precursors yielding functionalized mesoporous organosilica with chiral functionalities exclusively located at the pore walls after condensation and removal of the structure directing moiety. These materials possess great potential for applications documented by preliminary investigations on chiral resolution of a racemic mixture by HPLC and asymmetric catalysis. In the course of this work valuable insights into the targeted structuring and surface functionalization of organosilicas were gained. A promising outlook for further investigations is the extension of this concept by altering the structure directing moieties of the precursor. That way the morphology of the final organosilica might be controlled by for example mesogens. Furthermore, the use of the boron linker enables the introduction of multiple functionalities into organosilicas, making the obtained material unique in its performance. / Die Nanostrukturierung von funktionalisierten porösen Materialien auf Silikatbasis steht im Brennpunkt der aktuellen Forschung. Anwendungen wie Chromatographie, Katalyse oder die Herstellung elektronischer Bauteile profitieren von den Erkenntnissen, die auf diesem Gebiet gewonnen werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen Beitrag zur gezielten Herstellung dieser Funktions-materialien leisten. Hierfür wurde ein neues Precursor-Konzept auf der Basis von Borsilanen vorgestellt. Diese Precursoren werden über eine sequentielle zweistufige Hydroborierung an Bis(triethoxysilyl)ethene und ein Alken oder ein ungesättigtes Polymer erhalten. Über den zweiten Schritt wird hierbei die so genannte strukturgebende Gruppe eingeführt und damit das Template kovalent gebunden. Dadurch entfällt im Vergleich zum bekannten Nanocasting-Mechanismus zum einen die Verwendung des herkömmlichen Templates für die Bildung der Porenstruktur und zusätzlich führt die Mikrophasenseparation während der Kondensation zu einer Anordnung der strukturgebenden Gruppen des Precursors an der Silikatphasengrenze. Nach der chemischen Abspaltung dieser Gruppen, die gleichzeitig zur Einführung funktioneller Gruppen führt, werden somit hochporöse Organosilikate erhalten, in denen sich die funktionellen Gruppen ausschließlich an der Porenoberfläche befinden. Ein Vorteil der Verwendung der Hydroborieung wird in der Vielfalt der funktionellen Gruppen deutlich, die eingeführt werden können. Die Zugänglichkeit der funktionellen Gruppen ist entscheidend für potentielle Anwendungen und bei herkömmlichen Organosilikaten nicht zwangsläufig gegeben. Ein herausragender Aspekt dieses Konzepts besteht in der Möglichkeit, sehr einfach chirale Precursoren und damit Organosilikate mit hoch funktionalisierten, chiralen Oberflächen herzustellen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich diese Materialien sowohl für die chromatographische Trennung von Racematen mittels HPLC als auch für die asymmetrische Katalyse eignen. Durch die in dieser Arbeit erhaltenen Ergebnisse konnten wertvolle Erkenntnisse zur Ober-flächenfunktionalisierung und Strukturierung von mesoporösen Silikaten gewonnen werden. Die Möglichkeit, das vorgestellte Konzept auf andere strukturgebende Gruppen wie zum Beispiel Mesogene zu übertragen und damit die Porenmorphologie gezielt zu steuern, eröffnet viele weitere interessante Materialeigenschaften.

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The other side: collective memory in three novels by Amin Maalouf Collective memory is an expression which is used to describe the way in which societies reflect on their past and ensure their unity in the present. This thesis aims to show how narrative in general, and in particular in the novels of French Lebanese writer, Amin Maalouf, plays a crucial role in the transmission of collective memory. The thesis demonstrates that narrative fulfills this function in three ways. Firstly, narrative gives meaning to past events. Secondly, narrative changes and evolves over time. Lastly, narrative ensures a continual exchange between individual and collective memory. Thus, in its capacity to sustain aspects of individual and collective memory, narrative expresses the values that unite society. Central to our analysis of narrative in the work of Amin Maalouf is the concept of "l'autre côté" or "the other side". This is the expression used by Maalouf when referring to his passion for forgotten or uncomfortable aspects of Western and Arab cultural heritage. By informing the contemporary reader of the shared past, Maalouf strives to build bridges of understanding between the two groups. Maalouf's novels explore themes of origins, of exile and of memory. In the three novels we examine, the narrative is centered on the life of the hero who, endowed with exceptional qualities, is tested by the political and religious challenges of his time. The personal qualities of the hero, revealed in his dealings with the crises which form the particularity of his time, determine the orientation of collective memory. The first novel, Léon l'Africain, published in 1986, is based on the life of Hassan al-Wazzan who lived in Spain, Africa and Rome in the early sixteenth century. Hassan tells the story of his family, and of the political circumstances which led to the expulsion of the Arabs from Spain. The second novel, Les Jardins de lumière, published in 1991, examines the life of the poet, doctor and philosopher named Mani who lived in the third century A.D. In the Epilogue of the novel, the narrator states his intention of challenging the misconceptions and distortions concerning the life of Mani. In the third novel, Le Rocher de Tanios, published in 1993, the narrator sets out to find the truth concerning the events surrounding the birth, life and disappearance of the young man named Tanios, who lived in the narrator's village in Lebanon at the beginning of the nineteenth century. / Thesis (M.A.) - University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2009

The other side: collective memory in three novels by Amin Maalouf Collective memory is an expression which is used to describe the way in which societies reflect on their past and ensure their unity in the present. This thesis aims to show how narrative in general, and in particular in the novels of French Lebanese writer, Amin Maalouf, plays a crucial role in the transmission of collective memory. The thesis demonstrates that narrative fulfills this function in three ways. Firstly, narrative gives meaning to past events. Secondly, narrative changes and evolves over time. Lastly, narrative ensures a continual exchange between individual and collective memory. Thus, in its capacity to sustain aspects of individual and collective memory, narrative expresses the values that unite society. Central to our analysis of narrative in the work of Amin Maalouf is the concept of "l'autre côté" or "the other side". This is the expression used by Maalouf when referring to his passion for forgotten or uncomfortable aspects of Western and Arab cultural heritage. By informing the contemporary reader of the shared past, Maalouf strives to build bridges of understanding between the two groups. Maalouf's novels explore themes of origins, of exile and of memory. In the three novels we examine, the narrative is centered on the life of the hero who, endowed with exceptional qualities, is tested by the political and religious challenges of his time. The personal qualities of the hero, revealed in his dealings with the crises which form the particularity of his time, determine the orientation of collective memory. The first novel, Léon l'Africain, published in 1986, is based on the life of Hassan al-Wazzan who lived in Spain, Africa and Rome in the early sixteenth century. Hassan tells the story of his family, and of the political circumstances which led to the expulsion of the Arabs from Spain. The second novel, Les Jardins de lumière, published in 1991, examines the life of the poet, doctor and philosopher named Mani who lived in the third century A.D. In the Epilogue of the novel, the narrator states his intention of challenging the misconceptions and distortions concerning the life of Mani. In the third novel, Le Rocher de Tanios, published in 1993, the narrator sets out to find the truth concerning the events surrounding the birth, life and disappearance of the young man named Tanios, who lived in the narrator's village in Lebanon at the beginning of the nineteenth century. / Thesis (M.A.) - University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2009

Between 1966 and 1986 the Mengo neighborhood of Kampala, the capital of Uganda, was militarized. This dissertation examines how and why the urban dwellers of this neighborhood chose to stay in the city during this period of high insecurity. Successive governments turned several spaces and buildings in the city into army administration headquarters and barracks for soldiers. The army literally moved next door to city residents, leading to constant threats to people’s lives and their property. In order to examine Kampalans’ strategies for surviving in an insecure and dangerous urban environment, this dissertation relies on the oral histories of the men and women who lived through militarization. In so doing, I also examine how the African city of Kampala became resilient amid crisis. I argue that Kampalans relied on a set of practices and stances of defiance and subtle resistance, locally collectively known as Okujeema, to maintain their urban lives; they had inherited these strategies and modified them to suit their new challenges. From the beginning of military rule, many Kampala residents understood that the military meant to push them out of the city as a punishment for their political opposition and allegiance to the Buganda Kingdom. Okujeema is how Kampalans defined resilience and endurance. Residents displayed this trait when they resisted eviction orders, hid their property, and protected each other’s lives. They also insisted on earning a livelihood and enjoying leisure time in the midst of economic collapse. Kampala had long been a city of powerful women, a gender dynamic now challenged by the arriving soldiers. Not surprisingly, Okujeema therefore often took highly gendered forms as when traditional gender roles were inverted and women became protectors of men. All Kampalans, men and women, were urbanites, and they meant to retain that identity. The very notion of living in the city was an act of Okujeema during Kampala’s two decades of militarized crisis. / 2020-11-06T00:00:00Z

This dissertation is a social history of the Uganda Prisons Service in the late colonial and early post-colonial periods. Focusing particularly on prison officers, it advances four key arguments. Firstly, it argues that global visions of the prison were crucial in shaping the Service’s development, its institutional culture, and the professional identities of its personnel. From the late colonial period onwards, this vision was anchored on notions of penal welfarism, which positioned the prison as a centre of rehabilitation, staffed by professionals who possessed technical expertise. Secondly, the penal welfare model was combined with an emphasis on the prison’s role as a driver of economic development and a source of public revenue – features that were seen as compatible with penal modernity. Thirdly, this vision of the prison gave the Service a particular imaginative capital, which prison officers used as an important resource. It provided them with a common set of principles and norms through which to define their professional role. Senior officers adopted it with alacrity, pursuing further professionalization through engagement with transnational penal reform networks. Others summoned it as a source of claim-making, using it to call on the state to provide them with greater benefits and treat them as respectable public servants. Finally, visions of penal modernity and professionalism were contested throughout the periods under study, leading officers to engage in boundary work. Officers were regularly defining their role in relation to other spaces of incarceration, such as local government prisons and informal detention sites. With the take-over of Idi Amin in 1971 and the militarization of the state, prison officers’ professional identities were profoundly challenged, but also became particularly important, providing them with a conceptual boundary that at least partially demarcated them from Amin’s regime. Ultimately, the case of the Uganda Prisons Service reminds us of the importance of studying prisons beyond their coercive capacities, paying attention to how such institutions became the focal point of debates over modernity, authority, and professionalism. More broadly, this study challenges the narrative of failure that has dominated popular and scholarly portrayals of state institutions on the African continent, rejecting generic depictions of the postcolony as a site of chaos and disorder.