Actuellement, la mise au point de systèmes de vectorisation d'agents chimio-thérapeutiques performants fait l'objet d'une intense recherche. Les nanoparticules en particulier sont étudiées, car elles permettent de solubiliser des molécules hydrophobes en milieux aqueux tout en diminuant leur toxicité et leur dégradation. Toutefois, le devenir à long terme des nanoparticules est un paramètre important qu'il faut considérer dans la conception de ces nanovecteurs. Pour cette raison, le développement de nanoparticules auto-assemblées constituées de copolymères à bloc entièrement biocompatibles, biodégradables et aux propriétés de libération contrôlée est recommandé. Dans cette perspective, nous avons étudié les propriétés d'auto-organisation de copolymères greffés amphiphiles de type chitooligosaccharide-grafted-polycaprolactone. Le premier chapitre révèle l'utilisation de l'aniline et de son dérivé alcyne comme un outil efficace pour l'amination réductrice de chitooligosaccharides. Dans le second chapitre, différentes familles de polycaprolactone avec des fonctions azide latérales sont décrites. Le troisième chapitre traite du couplage par chimie " click " de chaque bloc ainsi que de la caractérisation physico-chimique des nanoparticules en solution aqueuse. La réticulation de ses particules a permis d'obtenir les nanogels finaux. Pour conclure, des tests d'encapsulation et de libération contrôlée de la Doxorubicine (avec ou sans ajout de glutathion) ont été effectués

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La fonctionnalisation de liaisons C-H non-activées est un défi pour la chimie organique. Dans cette thèse, l'amination intramoléculaire, via l'insertion catalytique de nitrènes sur ces positions réputées inertes, a été effectuée sur des glycomimétiques de type C-glycoside. A l'inverse de leurs analogues 1- carbamoyloxyméthyle, cette réaction s'est montrée fortement stéréo-dépendante de la configuration du carbone pseudo-anomérique dans le cas des dérivés 1-sulfamoyloxyméthyle. L'insertion régiosélective en position pseudo-anomérique conduit à des composés spiraniques dont la fonction N,O-acétal peut être fonctionnalisée pour aboutir à des glycomimétiques originaux. Une étude sur des dérivés pipéridinique a permis d'évaluer l'influence de l'hétéroatome endocyclique sur la réaction d'insertion. L'amination intramoléculaire de ces dérivés nous a permis d'observer une régiosélectivité complètement différente de celle observée précédemment avec la formation inédite d'un cycle à sept membres. La combinaison d'effets stéréoélectroniques et conformationnels décisifs nous a permis de rationaliser ce résultat inattendu. Nous avons exploité ce résultat par la mise au point d'une stratégie de synthèse générale de 4-amino-imino-Cglycosides. En nous appuyant sur l'utilisation séquentielle du groupe 1-sulfamoyloxymethyle comme "bras moléculaire activateur", nous sommes parvenus à fonctionnaliser toutes les positions d'une pipéridine monosubstituée. La synthèse totale de divers iminosucres originaux a permis d'illustrer l'intérêt de cette stratégie et ouvre ainsi l'accès à la découverte de nouveaux composés d'intérêt thérapeutique.

First part is focused on finding suitable reaction conditions for organocatalytic domino Michael/Michael reaction of ethyl (E)-3-(2-thiophenyl)acrylate with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Second part deals with the preparation of pyrazolone derivatives from commercially available compounds and describes effects of various substituents in α-position on chemical efficiency and stereoselectivity of amination with azodicarboxylate catalyzed by quinine.

Compostos heterociclos estão muito presentes em nossas vidas, desde processos biológicos até em fármacos. Dentre esses compostos, os carbazóis, vem ultimamente se mostrando promissores como alternativa terapêutica para diversas doenças, principalmente para o câncer. Muitos carbazóis são produtos naturais, como é o caso das Claurailas A-D. Baseando-se na estrutura da Clauraila A, esse trabalho propôs o desenvolvimento de uma biblioteca de análogos desse alcaloide a fim de prospecção biológica. Para a síntese da Clauraila A foram estudadas condições ideais da ciclodeidrogenação da diarilamina precursora desse alcaloide, através da reação de Åkermark-Knölker. Para a obtenção dessa diarilamina, foi realizado uma otimização da reação de aminação de Buchwald-Hartwig. Com o processo otimizado, foram obtidos diversos carbazóis, com diferentes padrões de substituição, em rendimentos bons à moderados, entre eles estão os produtos naturais 6-metoximurraianine e Clausenal. O rendimento global obtido na síntese desses produtos naturais e da Clauraila A são semelhantes aos previamente descritos na literatura, no entanto, em nosso trabalho foi realizada a síntese deste alcaloide em número reduzido de etapas. Durante o processo de otimização da reação de Åkermark-Knölker foi demonstrado, pela primeira vez, o uso de acetilacetonato de paládio como fonte de paládio II alternativa ao acetato de paládio. Além disso, com esses resultados foi possível inferir o possível mecanismo dessa reação. Adicionalmente, após tentativas por diversas alternativas sintéticas, foram obtidos compostos dimetilcromenos a partir de aminofenóis utilizando prenal e ácido fenilborônico, que podem ser úteis na síntese de outros carbazóis, como a Clauraila B. / Heterocyclic molecules are very important class of compounds in biological processes and drugs designing. Among all of them, carbazoles show great applicability for treatment of several diseases, especially against cancer. Many carbazoles are natural products, and one of our interests is Clauraila A. This work is based on the Clauraila A structure to development of a library of carbazoles for biological applications. The optimal conditions of the Åkermark-Knölker cyclodehydrogenation of diarylamine was studied to obtaind the carbazole core. The diarylamines were obtained by the optimized Buchwald-Hartwig amination reaction. This synthetic strategy was used to obtain the range of carbazoles, with different substituents in good and moderate yields, including natural products 6-methoxymurrayanine and Clausenal. The overall yield obtained in the synthesis of the natural products were similar to those previously described in the literature, however, unlike the literature our synthesis involved a reduced number of steps to obtain the desired product. In the optimization step of Åkermark-Knölker reaction, we first applied palladium (II) acetylacetonate instead of palladium (II) acetate. Moreover, with the achieved results the possible mechanism of this reaction was proposed. Additionally, after several attempts, dimethylchromenos were obtained from aminophenols using prenal and phenylboronic acid, which will be useful in the synthesis of other carbazoles, such as Clauraila B.

The search for alternatives to the fossil-based products has dramatically surged during past few decades primarily due to the problems associated with the scarcity of these sources and global environmental concerns. Among those many alternatives, exploitation of cellulose, as a raw material to develop novel products has been a constant attempt since it has never lost its both economic and industrial impact. Cellulose is known for its significant contribution as a raw material and as a fascinating sustainable macromolecule, which exhibits wide availability and versatile chemical reactivity to discover novel derivatives for broad range of applications. Conversion of cellulose C2/C3 secondary hydroxyl groups to dialdehyde groups in the presence of periodate is an extremely useful method for regioselective oxidation of cellulose and to activate the polymer for further derivatization. This thesis is primarily focused on synthesis and characterization of wide range of cellulose derivatives exploiting facile periodate oxidation methodology. The first study investigated the use of periodate oxidation as a potential method to synthesize a novel water soluble derivative of cellulose from bleached hardwood Kraft pulp. The work focused on the effect of periodate oxidation and sulfonation reaction on water solubility, morphology and structure of cellulose fibers. The results showed a significant increase in water solubility (2.85 -28.5 g/L) and complete change in surface morphology of the fibers due to the introduction of sulfonic acid groups. In the second study, the same reaction scheme was employed on bead cellulose to prepare anionic 2,3-disulfonated beads. Due to the presence of negatively charged sulfonic acid groups, the beads were found to be agglomerated in presence of cationic starch, exhibiting their future application in chromatographic separation. In the third study, model primary amine compounds such as methyl and butyl amines were grafted to nanowhisker surfaces following periodate oxidation and reductive amination. Then, based on the grafting procedure, in the following study, gamma aminobutyric acid (spacer) and syringyl alcohol (linker) was attached to periodate oxidized nanowhiskers to synthesize a novel drug delivery system. The final study investigated the application of periodate oxidized nanowhiskers as chemical cross-linkers to stabilize gelatin gels. It was concluded that the chemical cross-linking has a significant effect on relative increase in percentage of rigid protons, reduced water uptake ability and reduced pore size of the gels. Not only did the chemical cross-linking improve the storage modulus of the gels (150%) and but it also increased the thermal resistance until 50 oC.

Chapter I deals with novel approaches for α-amino acids. This chapter has been divided into three sections. Section A describes the synthesis of α-amino acids via the Beckmann rearrangement of carboxyl-protected β-keto acid oximes. The synthesis of α-amino acids using the Beckmann rearrangement involves the preparation of the Z-oxime and efficient protection of the carboxyl group. Various 2-substituted benzoylacetic acids were synthesized, in which the carboxyl function was masked as a 2,4,10-trioxaadamantane unit (an orthoacetate), and were converted to their oximes (Scheme 1).1 The oximes were converted to the their mesylates, which underwent the Beckmann rearrangement with basic Al2O3 in refluxing CHCl3. The corresponding 2-substituted-N-benzoyl-α-amino orthoacetates were obtained in excellent overall yields. In Section B, the synthesis of α-amino acids via the Hofmann rearrangement of carboxyl-protected malonamic acids is described. The Hofmann rearrangement involves the migration of the alkyl moiety of the amide onto the N-centre. Various 2-substituted malonamic acids (malonic acid mono amides) were synthesized with the carboxyl group masked as a 2,4,10¬trioxaadamantane unit (an orthoacetate). These underwent the Hofmann rearrangement with phenyliodoso acetate and KOH/MeOH (Scheme 2). The resulting (N-methoxycarbonyl)¬trioxaadmantylmethylamines (carbamates) were formed in yields > 90%, and are α-amino acids with both carboxyl and amino protection.2 In Section C, an approach to chiral amino acids via the reductive amination of ketones, involving the hydride reduction of 1-(S)-phenethyl amine derived Schiff bases of C-protected α¬keto acids is described. An efficient synthesis of α-amino acids has thus been developed in high diastereoselectivity. Various 1-acyl-2,4,10-trioxaadamantanes were prepared from the corresponding 1-methoxycarbonyl derivatives, via conversion to the N-acylpiperidine derivative followed by reaction with a Grignard reagent in refluxing THF (Scheme 3). These α-keto orthoformates were converted to corresponding imines with 1-(S)-phenethyl amine (TiCl4/Et3N/toluene/reflux), the Schiff bases being reduced with NaBH4 (MeOH/0 °C) to the corresponding 1-(S)-phenethyl N-alkylamines (diastereomeric excess by NMR ~ 90:10).3 Hydrogenolysis of the phenethyl group (Pd-C/H2/MeOH) finally led to the (aminoalkyl)trioxaadamantanes, which are chiral C-protected α-amino acids, in excellent overall yields. Here a mild, inexpensive and efficient hydride reducing agent for the reductive amination of α-keto acids has been developed. Chapter II deals with the enantioselective synthesis of piperidines and its applications in the synthesis of piperidine alkaloids.4 This chapter has been divided into two sections. In Section A, the enantioselective synthesis of 2-substituted piperidines and its applications in the synthesis of (R)-(-)-coniine and (R)-(+)-anatabine are described. Various N-tert-butylsulfinyl imines were synthesized, which upon allyl Grignard addition followed by N-allylation gave the diallyl compound with good diastereoselectivity (Scheme 4). The diallyl compound underwent ring closing metathesis with Grubbs’ first generation catalyst and subsequent reduction of the double bond with H2-Pd/C, furnished N-sulfinyl-2-susbstituted piperidines. Using this methodology (R)¬(-)-coniine hydrochloride and (R)-(+)-anatabine were synthesized. In Section B, the enantioselective synthesis of (S)-tert-butyl 2-(2¬hydroxyethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate and its elaboration to the synthesis of (S)-(+)-δ-coniceine and (S)-(+)-pelletierine are described. The (S)-tert-butyl 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-1¬carboxylate is a synthon used for the synthesis of various 2-substituted piperidine natural products. Using the above methodology (S)-tert-butyl 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-1¬carboxylate was synthesized starting from (S)-(+)-2-methyl-2-propanesulfinamide and 3¬(benzyloxy)propanal (Scheme 5). This alcohol was further elaborated to furnish two piperidine alkaloids (S)-(+)-pelletierine and (S)-(+)-δ-coniceine. Scheme 5. Enantioselective synthesis of (S)-tert-butyl 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-1¬carboxylate, (S)-(+)-pelletierine and (S)-(+)-δ-coniceine. Chapter III deals with the formation of barbituric acid in an aprotic medium and related mechanistic studies. The generally accepted mechanism for the formation of barbituric acid involves the nucleophilic attack of urea anion on diethyl malonate.5 This is debatable for at least two reasons: (1) the normally employed base, sodium ethoxide, is too weak to deprotonate urea and (2) diethyl malonate is more acidic than urea, so the initial deprotonation by base has to be from diethyl malonate. When diethyl malonate (DEM) enolate was treated with urea in DMF, barbituric acid was formed in 61% yield. The reaction was also extended to several 2-substituted DEM derivatives, the corresponding substituted barbituric acids being formed in reasonable yields. The reaction between diethyl 2-(ethoxycarbonyl)malonate and urea, with potassium carbonate in refluxing ethanol, led to the formation of barbituric acid. This is apparently facilitated by hydrogen bonding involving the enolate oxygen atom, which renders one of the carbonyl groups relatively electrophilic (Scheme 6). Meldrum’s acid failed to react with urea, despite its greater acidity, indicating that the reaction requires the formation of the E from of the s-trans enolate ion, in which the hydrogen bonding interaction and nucleophilic attack can occur in concert. Scheme 6. Proposed transition state for formation of Barbituric acid. Chapter IV deals with an improved Erlenmeyer synthesis with 5-thiazolone and catalytic manganese (II) acetate for aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. A serious limitation to the classical Erlenmeyer reaction is that it generally fails in the case of aliphatic aldehydes. This chapter describes a convenient approach to this problem that extends the scope of the Erlenmeyer synthesis. The present study was aimed at developing milder conditions for the synthesis of 4¬arylidene and alkylidenethioazlactones. Thus, N-(thiobenzoyl)glycine was treated with DCC in DCM at room temperature for 10 min., according to a reported procedure, to form the thioazlactone.6 The same reaction mixture was treated with catalytic Mn(II) acetate and an equivalent of an aromatic aldehyde, to furnish the corresponding 4-arylidenethioazlactones in good yields. The scope of the reaction was extended to alphatic aldehydes also under similar reaction conditions, to obtain the 4-alkylidene thioazlactones in good to moderate yields (Scheme 7). Scheme 7. The Erlenmeyer synthesis with 5-thiazolone and manganese acetate. (for figures & structural formula pl refer pdf file)

Compostos heterociclos estão muito presentes em nossas vidas, desde processos biológicos até em fármacos. Dentre esses compostos, os carbazóis, vem ultimamente se mostrando promissores como alternativa terapêutica para diversas doenças, principalmente para o câncer. Muitos carbazóis são produtos naturais, como é o caso das Claurailas A-D. Baseando-se na estrutura da Clauraila A, esse trabalho propôs o desenvolvimento de uma biblioteca de análogos desse alcaloide a fim de prospecção biológica. Para a síntese da Clauraila A foram estudadas condições ideais da ciclodeidrogenação da diarilamina precursora desse alcaloide, através da reação de Åkermark-Knölker. Para a obtenção dessa diarilamina, foi realizado uma otimização da reação de aminação de Buchwald-Hartwig. Com o processo otimizado, foram obtidos diversos carbazóis, com diferentes padrões de substituição, em rendimentos bons à moderados, entre eles estão os produtos naturais 6-metoximurraianine e Clausenal. O rendimento global obtido na síntese desses produtos naturais e da Clauraila A são semelhantes aos previamente descritos na literatura, no entanto, em nosso trabalho foi realizada a síntese deste alcaloide em número reduzido de etapas. Durante o processo de otimização da reação de Åkermark-Knölker foi demonstrado, pela primeira vez, o uso de acetilacetonato de paládio como fonte de paládio II alternativa ao acetato de paládio. Além disso, com esses resultados foi possível inferir o possível mecanismo dessa reação. Adicionalmente, após tentativas por diversas alternativas sintéticas, foram obtidos compostos dimetilcromenos a partir de aminofenóis utilizando prenal e ácido fenilborônico, que podem ser úteis na síntese de outros carbazóis, como a Clauraila B. / Heterocyclic molecules are very important class of compounds in biological processes and drugs designing. Among all of them, carbazoles show great applicability for treatment of several diseases, especially against cancer. Many carbazoles are natural products, and one of our interests is Clauraila A. This work is based on the Clauraila A structure to development of a library of carbazoles for biological applications. The optimal conditions of the Åkermark-Knölker cyclodehydrogenation of diarylamine was studied to obtaind the carbazole core. The diarylamines were obtained by the optimized Buchwald-Hartwig amination reaction. This synthetic strategy was used to obtain the range of carbazoles, with different substituents in good and moderate yields, including natural products 6-methoxymurrayanine and Clausenal. The overall yield obtained in the synthesis of the natural products were similar to those previously described in the literature, however, unlike the literature our synthesis involved a reduced number of steps to obtain the desired product. In the optimization step of Åkermark-Knölker reaction, we first applied palladium (II) acetylacetonate instead of palladium (II) acetate. Moreover, with the achieved results the possible mechanism of this reaction was proposed. Additionally, after several attempts, dimethylchromenos were obtained from aminophenols using prenal and phenylboronic acid, which will be useful in the synthesis of other carbazoles, such as Clauraila B.

Synthesis of monosubstituted β-cyclodextrin derivatives for medicinal applications Abstract This thesis is focused on preparation of a set of β-cyclodextrin derivatives with potential use as scaffolds for a construction of novel MRI contrast agents. Firstly, the skeleton of native β-CD was selectively persubstituted at possitions 6 and equipped with azide functions. Per-6-azido-β-CD was then monosubstituted on secondary face of the macrocycle. (E)-cinnamylbromide and propargylbromide were chosen as suitable reagents. The monosubstitution reaction afforded two types of regioisomers, substituted at position 2I -O- or 3I -O-. These regioisomers were sucessfully separated via preparative column chromatography after peracetylation of all free hydroxyl groups. 2I -O-, 3I -O-formylmethyl- and 3I -O- karboxymethyl- analogues were prepared by oxidative transformation of cinnamyl group. Finally the usability of the formylmethyl- derivative for covalent binding with suitable substrate via reductive amination was confirmed. Keywords: cyclodextrins, monosubstitution, cinnamyl, propargyl, formylmethyl, carboxymethyl, reductive amination, MRI, contrast agents

Les sulfilimines et sulfoximines sont des analogues monoazotés des sulfoxydes et des sulfones. Ces motifs ont récemment connu un regain d’intérêt considérable, notamment dû à leurs présences dans plusieurs molécules d’intérêt pour l’industrie pharmaceutique et pour l’agrochimie. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit visent à développer de nouvelles stratégies de synthèse pour accéder à ces composés. Ces méthodes sont basées sur l’amination de thioéthers et de sulfoxydes via un intermédiaire nitrène métallique. Au cours des dernières années, notre groupe de recherche a mis au point un précurseur de nitrènes stable et facile à manipuler, les N-mésyloxycarbamates. Leur association avec des dimères de rhodium a permis de développer des réactions d’amination variées telles que l’insertion dans un lien C-H, l’aziridination de styrènes ou encore l’amination de thioéthers ou sulfoxydes pour former des sulfilimines et sulfoximines. Dans la perspective d’utiliser un métal de transition moins toxique et coûteux, il a été choisi d’étudier les complexes de fer. Dans un premier temps, une réaction d’amination photochimique de thioéthers en flux continu a été développée. Cette stratégie repose sur l’utilisation du Fe(acac)3 comme catalyseur et de la lumière UVA pour générer un nitrène métallique à partir de N-mésyloxycarbamates. Le choix d’un solvant biphasique constitué d’acétate d’éthyle et d’eau a permis de solubiliser le sous-produit de la réaction, à savoir le mésylate de sodium. Par la suite, une nouvelle méthode d’amination de thioéthers et de sulfoxydes, basée sur la formation in situ d’un complexe Fe butylimidazole a été mise au point. L’utilisation du butylimidazole comme base a permis d’obtenir des conditions homogènes grâce à la formation d’un liquide ionique comme sous-produit de la réaction. Cette méthodologie donne accès à plusieurs sulfilimines et sulfoximines avec d’excellents rendements, en batch ou en flux continu. Enfin, la réaction d’amination stéréosélective de thioéthers a été étudiée. Un système catalytique constitué d’un catalyseur de fer (II) et d’un ligand Pyox a permis d’obtenir des résultats prometteurs. / Sulfilimines and sulfoximines are aza-analogues of sulfoxides and sulfones. In recent years, these motifs have received considerable attention as they can be found in an array of biologically relevant molecules, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. In the present thesis, we have developed new strategies to access these compounds. The methods are based on the amination of sulfides and sulfoxides via a metal nitrene species. Our research group has developed stable and easy to handle nitrene precursors, namely N-mesyloxycarbamates. We have performed various amination reactions such as C-H insertion, aziridination or sulfimidation in the presence of a rhodium dimer catalyst. As an alternative to rhodium, we have decided to study iron catalysts because of their low toxicity and wide availability. First, a photochemical amination reaction of sulfides was developed in continuous flow. The strategy relies on the use of Fe(acac)3 as a catalyst and UVA light to generate a metal nitrene from N-mesyloxycarbamates. A biphasic mixture was used as it allowed the solubilization of the by-product, namely sodium mesylate. Then, a novel amination reaction was also developed. The use of 1-butylimidazole as a base proved instrumental in enabling a homogenous reaction mixture. The methodology allowed the access to a wide range of sulfilimines and sulfoximines with excellent yields, in batch or in continuous flow. Finally, the stereoselective amination of thioanisole was studied. A catalytic system consisting of iron (II) catalyst and a Pyox ligand showed promising results.