The excitatory, ionotropic glutamatergic AMPA receptor is the most common membrane-bound receptor in the central nervous system. AMPARs and the NMDA receptors are central to synaptic plasticity, memory, and mechanisms of neurodegeneration. The AMPAR is an obligate heterotetramer, composed of subunits GluA1-4. Subunit permutation determines ion conductance, trafficking and other functional characteristics. Few available antibodies are subunit-specific, disabling researchers from accurately visualizing differential AMPAR subunit distribution in the nervous system. This study sought to visualize a novel monoclonal GluA1/2/3 antibody with functional avidity for three of four receptor subunits and to characterize the ultrastructural localization of these receptors using confocal and electron microscopy.

During the critical period of CNS development, dendritic architecture is shaped, in part, by activity-dependent stabilization and elimination of branches. This restructuring is partly dependent on the subunit composition of glutamate receptors in a manner that is both regionally specific and temporally regulated. We used primary cultures of rodent hippocampal neurons to investigate the consequences for hippocampal dendrite development when the glutamate ?-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid receptor (AMPAR) subunit composition was altered. Overexpression of the AMPAR subunits GluR1 or GluR2 differentially modified hippocampal dendrite architecture. We investigated signaling pathways known to be involved in activity-dependent circuit development as possible downstream effectors of AMPA-mediated morphogenesis. We identified extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 as a potential candidate of GluR1-mediated dendrite outgrowth. We found that levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and a DHA-derived bioactive metabolite, neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) are differentially regulated by GluR1 and GluR2. DHA, but not NPD1, induced extensive dendritic branching and outgrowth. Overexpression of 15 lipoxygenase 1 (15LOX1), the enzyme responsible for conversion of DHA to NPD1, interrupted outgrowth mediated by GluR1 overexpression. In order to investigate molecular mechanisms that regulated neural circuitry outside of the critical period of CNS development, we examined dendrite morphology across the CNS in response to chronic variable stress (CVS). We found wide-spread changes in circuits implicated in neurocognitive dysfunctions associated with chronic stress, and observed substantial dendritic plasticity in the adult brain. / acase@tulane.edu

Homeostatic synaptic plasticity (HSP) regulates synaptic strength in response to changing neuronal firing patterns. This form of plasticity is defined by neurons’ ability to sense and over time integrate their level of firing activity, and to actively maintain it within a defined range. For instance, a compensatory increase in synaptic strength occurs when neuronal activity is chronically attenuated. However, the underpinning cellular mechanisms of this fundamental neural process remain poorly understood. We previously found that during activity deprivation, HSP leads to an increase in α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic (AMPA) receptor function as well as a shift in subunit composition from Ca2+-impermeable GluA2-containing AMPA receptors to Ca2+-permeable GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors not only at synapses, but also at extrasynaptic sites. Neurons therefore appear to be actively enhancing Ca2+ entry, possibly as a compensatory mechanism in response to a prolonged Ca2+ deficit. To test whether the homeostatic response may, at least in part, be mediated by internal Ca2+ stores, we depleted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores by using the Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPases (SERCA) pump blocker cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) for a prolonged period. Interestingly, we have found that prolonged Ca2+-store depletion leads not only to an increase in synaptic strength per se, but also a cell-wide increase in synaptic Ca2+-permeable GluA2-lacking AMPARs. This increase in Ca2+ influx following periods of inactivity is conceptually highly reminiscent of a store-operated response, whereby cells re-establish their calcium levels following Ca2+ store depletion using cell surface Ca2+ channels. Our results suggest that neurons use synaptic receptors as means to regulate store Ca2+ levels, thus significantly expanding our understanding of the repertoire used by neurons to modulate cellular excitability.

Recent literature has shown that AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors lacking the GluR2 subunit (thus calcium permeable) are widely expressed in the CNS, especially in interneurons and glia, where they contribute to synaptic transmission and plasticity. Studies have also indicated that calcium permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs) are expressed and participate in synaptic regulation in principal neurons, including hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Furthermore, CP-AMPARs and their resultant calcium influx are implicated in various pathophysiological conditions such as ischemia and seizures. However, the synaptic events activated by calcium influx through CP-AMPARs remain unknown. I took advantage of genetically altered mice without (GluR2-/-) or with reduced GluR2 (GluR2+/-), thus allowing the expression and detailed analysis of synaptic CP-AMPARs in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Utilizing electrophysiological techniques, I demonstrated that these receptors were capable of inducing numerous forms of long-term potentiation (referred to as CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP) through a number of different induction protocols, including high-frequency stimulation (HFS) and theta-burst stimulation (TBS). This included a previously undemonstrated form of protein-synthesis dependent late-LTP (L-LTP) at CA1 synapses that is NMDA-receptor (NMDAR) independent. This form of plasticity was completely blocked by the selective CP-AMPAR inhibitor IEM-1460. Surprisingly, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), the key protein kinase that is indispensable for NMDAR-dependent LTP at CA1 synapses appeared to be not required for the induction of CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP due to the lack of effect of two separate pharmacological inhibitors (KN-62 and staurosporine) on this form of potentiation. Both KN-62 and staurosporine strongly inhibited NMDAR dependent LTP in control studies. In contrast, inhibitors for the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) cascade (PD98059 and U0126) significantly attenuated this CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP. Additional studies with knockout mice revealed that the ERK/MAPK signalling cascade is likely acting through p-21 activated kinase 1 (or PAK1, a Rho-GTPase associated kinase) dependent mechanisms. These results suggest that distinct synaptic signalling underlies GluR2-lacking CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP, and reinforces the recent notions that CP-AMPARs are important facilitators of synaptic plasticity in the brain.

Recent literature has shown that AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors lacking the GluR2 subunit (thus calcium permeable) are widely expressed in the CNS, especially in interneurons and glia, where they contribute to synaptic transmission and plasticity. Studies have also indicated that calcium permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs) are expressed and participate in synaptic regulation in principal neurons, including hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Furthermore, CP-AMPARs and their resultant calcium influx are implicated in various pathophysiological conditions such as ischemia and seizures. However, the synaptic events activated by calcium influx through CP-AMPARs remain unknown. I took advantage of genetically altered mice without (GluR2-/-) or with reduced GluR2 (GluR2+/-), thus allowing the expression and detailed analysis of synaptic CP-AMPARs in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Utilizing electrophysiological techniques, I demonstrated that these receptors were capable of inducing numerous forms of long-term potentiation (referred to as CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP) through a number of different induction protocols, including high-frequency stimulation (HFS) and theta-burst stimulation (TBS). This included a previously undemonstrated form of protein-synthesis dependent late-LTP (L-LTP) at CA1 synapses that is NMDA-receptor (NMDAR) independent. This form of plasticity was completely blocked by the selective CP-AMPAR inhibitor IEM-1460. Surprisingly, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), the key protein kinase that is indispensable for NMDAR-dependent LTP at CA1 synapses appeared to be not required for the induction of CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP due to the lack of effect of two separate pharmacological inhibitors (KN-62 and staurosporine) on this form of potentiation. Both KN-62 and staurosporine strongly inhibited NMDAR dependent LTP in control studies. In contrast, inhibitors for the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) cascade (PD98059 and U0126) significantly attenuated this CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP. Additional studies with knockout mice revealed that the ERK/MAPK signalling cascade is likely acting through p-21 activated kinase 1 (or PAK1, a Rho-GTPase associated kinase) dependent mechanisms. These results suggest that distinct synaptic signalling underlies GluR2-lacking CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP, and reinforces the recent notions that CP-AMPARs are important facilitators of synaptic plasticity in the brain.

The IEM 1460 is a potential age-specific anticonvulsant and an indicator of the distribution of AMPA receptor subtypes among rat brain cells. It is a derivative of adamantane, that was tested in previous studies on models of human myoclonic and generalized tonic-clonic seizures with promising results. In this thesis we evaluated its effect on the motor activity of rat offspring in the age of 12, 18 and 25 days, we used 90 animals in total . The effect was evaluated 30 minutes after intraperitoneal administration of IEM 1460 in two doses, 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg, and was compared to the control animals with physiological solution applied intraperitoneally in amount of 20 mg/kg. To test the animals we used Open field test, righting reflex, negative geotaxis, horizontal bar test, rope climbing test, regular and irregular horizontal ladder test. The tests were applied to animals in mentioned order. There were found significant changes influencing motor behaviour, primarily in the 12 days old animals with the dose of 20 mg/kg IEM 1460 and in the 25 days old animals with both doses of IEM 1460, 10 and 20 mg/kg. In the 18 days old animals the results were less significant. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Tem sido demonstrado o envolvimento do glutamato, através de diferentes receptores, nos mecanismos excitotóxicos que levam à morte neuronal na maioria das doenças neurodegenerativas do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC). Adicionalmente, a Parawixina 10 (Pwx 10) tem sido demonstrada possuir efeito neuroprotetor em modelos de lesão atuando sobre o transporte de glutamato. Os objetivos gerais deste trabalho foram: i) estudar, em um curso temporal (24h, 1, 2 e 4 semanas), as alterações na expressão dos receptores AMPA no hipocampo de ratos induzidas pela injeção local de NMDA e ii) estudar o efeito neuroprotetor da Pwx 10 neste modelo. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos, submetidos à cirurgia estereotáxica para a microinjeção de salina ou NMDA no hipocampo dorsal. Alguns grupos de animais foram tratados com Pwx 10 a partir de 1h ou 24h após NMDA. O teste comportamental no labirinto aquático de Morris (LAM) e a coloração de Nissl foram realizados para verificar a extensão e eficácia da lesão por NMDA e o efeito neuroprotetor da Pwx 10. A expressão dos receptores foi estudada através do método de imunoistoquímica. Foram também realizados experimentos de imunofluorescência para GFAP e NeuN para avaliação da gliose e presença de neurônios na área lesada. Foi observado comprometimento das funções de aprendizado e memória no LAM, além de intensa perda de células neuronais e proliferação glial na região do CA1 que recebeu o NMDA, comprovando a eficiência da lesão pelo agonista. Observamos um curso temporal de diferentes alterações na expressão das subunidades GluR1 e GluR2 dos receptors AMPA no hipocampo, que podem ser relacionadas ao complexo mecanismo que ocorre em resposta à microinjeção de NMDA resultando em uma lesão local e na ativação da plasticidade neuronal. O tratamento com Pwx 10 apresentou efeito neuroprotetor, sendo este mais pronunciado quando a toxina foi administrada a partir de 1h após o agonista. / It has been shown the involvement of glutamate, through different receptors, on the excitotoxic mechanisms which result on the neuronal death reported in most neurodegenerative disorders of the CNS. In addition, Parawixina 10 (Pwx 10) has been demonstrated to act as neuroprotective in models of injury regulating the glutamatergic neurotransmission through glutamate transporters. The aims of this work were: i) to study, in a time course (24h, 1, 2 and 4 weeks), the changes on the expression of AMPA receptors in rat hippocampus induced by NMDA intrahippocampal injection, and ii) to study the neuroprotective effect of Pwx 10 in this moldel. Male Wistar rats has been used, submitted to stereotaxic surgery for saline or NMDA microinjection into dorsal hippocampus. Some groups of animals were treated with Pwx 10 from 1h or 24h after NMDA. The behavioral test on Morris water maze (MWM) and the Nissl staining were performed for evaluating the extension and efficacy of the NMDA injury and the neuroprotective effect of the Pwx 10 . The expression of the receptors was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The expression of GFAP and NeuN on the lesioned area has also been investigated by immunofluorescency. It was observed the impaiment of learning and memory functions in the MWM, and intense loss of neuronal cells and glial proliferation in CA1 that received the NMDA, confirming the efficiency of the injury by the agonist. We observed a time course of distinct changes on the expression of GluR1 and GluR2 subunits of AMPA receptors in hippocampus, which may be related to the complex mechanism triggered in response to NMDA injection resulting in a local injury and on the activation of neuronal plasticity. The treatment with Pwx 10 showed neuroprotective effect, being most pronounced when the toxin was administrated from 1h after NMDA.

Tem sido demonstrado o envolvimento do glutamato, através de diferentes receptores, nos mecanismos excitotóxicos que levam à morte neuronal na maioria das doenças neurodegenerativas do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC). Adicionalmente, a Parawixina 10 (Pwx 10) tem sido demonstrada possuir efeito neuroprotetor em modelos de lesão atuando sobre o transporte de glutamato. Os objetivos gerais deste trabalho foram: i) estudar, em um curso temporal (24h, 1, 2 e 4 semanas), as alterações na expressão dos receptores AMPA no hipocampo de ratos induzidas pela injeção local de NMDA e ii) estudar o efeito neuroprotetor da Pwx 10 neste modelo. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos, submetidos à cirurgia estereotáxica para a microinjeção de salina ou NMDA no hipocampo dorsal. Alguns grupos de animais foram tratados com Pwx 10 a partir de 1h ou 24h após NMDA. O teste comportamental no labirinto aquático de Morris (LAM) e a coloração de Nissl foram realizados para verificar a extensão e eficácia da lesão por NMDA e o efeito neuroprotetor da Pwx 10. A expressão dos receptores foi estudada através do método de imunoistoquímica. Foram também realizados experimentos de imunofluorescência para GFAP e NeuN para avaliação da gliose e presença de neurônios na área lesada. Foi observado comprometimento das funções de aprendizado e memória no LAM, além de intensa perda de células neuronais e proliferação glial na região do CA1 que recebeu o NMDA, comprovando a eficiência da lesão pelo agonista. Observamos um curso temporal de diferentes alterações na expressão das subunidades GluR1 e GluR2 dos receptors AMPA no hipocampo, que podem ser relacionadas ao complexo mecanismo que ocorre em resposta à microinjeção de NMDA resultando em uma lesão local e na ativação da plasticidade neuronal. O tratamento com Pwx 10 apresentou efeito neuroprotetor, sendo este mais pronunciado quando a toxina foi administrada a partir de 1h após o agonista. / It has been shown the involvement of glutamate, through different receptors, on the excitotoxic mechanisms which result on the neuronal death reported in most neurodegenerative disorders of the CNS. In addition, Parawixina 10 (Pwx 10) has been demonstrated to act as neuroprotective in models of injury regulating the glutamatergic neurotransmission through glutamate transporters. The aims of this work were: i) to study, in a time course (24h, 1, 2 and 4 weeks), the changes on the expression of AMPA receptors in rat hippocampus induced by NMDA intrahippocampal injection, and ii) to study the neuroprotective effect of Pwx 10 in this moldel. Male Wistar rats has been used, submitted to stereotaxic surgery for saline or NMDA microinjection into dorsal hippocampus. Some groups of animals were treated with Pwx 10 from 1h or 24h after NMDA. The behavioral test on Morris water maze (MWM) and the Nissl staining were performed for evaluating the extension and efficacy of the NMDA injury and the neuroprotective effect of the Pwx 10 . The expression of the receptors was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The expression of GFAP and NeuN on the lesioned area has also been investigated by immunofluorescency. It was observed the impaiment of learning and memory functions in the MWM, and intense loss of neuronal cells and glial proliferation in CA1 that received the NMDA, confirming the efficiency of the injury by the agonist. We observed a time course of distinct changes on the expression of GluR1 and GluR2 subunits of AMPA receptors in hippocampus, which may be related to the complex mechanism triggered in response to NMDA injection resulting in a local injury and on the activation of neuronal plasticity. The treatment with Pwx 10 showed neuroprotective effect, being most pronounced when the toxin was administrated from 1h after NMDA.

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the leading cause of inherited intellectual disability. The disorder is caused by a trinucleotide expansion that silences the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (Fmr1) gene resulting in the loss of its protein product, the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP). FXS patients show broad clinical phenotypes including intellectual disability, as well as a number of cognitive and behavioral problems. The lack of FMRP is believed to be the direct cause of the deficits seen in FXS patients. FMRP is an RNA-binding protein that is expressed in the brain and testes. This protein is believed to form a messenger ribonucleoprotein complex with mRNAs in the nucleus and subsequently export them to polyribosomes in the cytoplasm, therefore influencing translation of its bound mRNAs. Importantly, FMRP has long been suspected to be involved in synaptic plasticity due to its ability to bind several mRNAs that encode for proteins important in synaptic plasticity. Such proteins include the GluN1, GluN2A and GluN2B subunits of the N-methyl-D- aspartate receptor (NMDAR). FMRP is expressed in the hippocampus, a region of the brain involved in learning and memory processes. Recently, impaired NMDAR functioning in the dentate gyrus (DG) subregion of the hippocampus has been observed in Fmr1 knockout (-/y) mice. This impairment also resulted in reduction in long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic efficacy, two biological models of learning and memory. In the present study, I focused on the levels of the NMDAR GluN1, GluN2B and Glu2B subunits in order to determine the synaptic plasticity alterations seen in the DG of Fmr1-/y mice. Using Western blotting, I found that there is a decrease in the GluN1, GluN2A and GluN2B subunits in the DG of young adult Fmr1-/y mice, indicating that these mice have significantly lower amounts of total NMDARs. These results could explain the altered LTP and LTD seen in Fmr1-/y mice at the molecular level and might contribute to the intellectual impairments seen in these KO mice. NMDARs appear to be important in the development and maturation of synapses. The GluN2A and GluN2B subunits are developmentally regulated, where GluN2B is predominantly expressed early in development and GluN2A in the adult brain. A dysregulation of GluN2A and GluN2B subunits has been proposed to affect the maturation and formation of synapses. Intriguingly, FMRP is also believed to play a functional role in early brain development. Thus, this study also focused on the developmental expression of the GluN1, GluN2A and GluN2B subunits in the DG, Cornu Ammonis, prefrontal cortex and cerebellum of Fmr1-/y mice, all of which are brain regions implicated in FXS. We found that the developmental expression of these subunits is altered in Fmr1-/y mice in specific brain regions. Together, these results demonstrate that the loss of FMRP differentially affects GluN1, GluN2A and GluN2B subunit expression both developmentally and spatially, further implicating NMDARs in the pathophysiology of FXS. / Graduate

Ο νεογνικός χειρισμός, ένα πειραματικό μοντέλο πρώιμων εμπειριών, είναι γνωστό οτι επηρεάζει τη λειτουργία του άξονα υποθαλάμου-υπόφυσης-επινεφριδίων, βελτιώνοντας έτσι την προσαρμοστικότητα, την αντιμετώπιση του στρες, τις διανοητικές ικανότητες και γενικά τις διεργασίες του εγκεφάλου που σχετίζονται με την πλαστικότητα. Προηγούμενη μελέτη έχει δείξει οτι ο νεογνικός χειρισμός παρουσιάζει εκλεκτικές επιδράσεις στους υποδοχείς του N-μεθυλο-D-ασπαρτικού οξέος (NMDA) του διεγερτικού νευροδιαβιβαστή γλουταμινικό στον εγκέφαλο των επίμυων. Οι υποδοχείς του γλουταμινικού που διαμεσολαβούν την ταχεία συναπτική νευροδιαβίβαση στις διεγερτικές συνάψεις του κεντρικού νευρικού συστήματος είναι οι υποδοχείς του α-αμινο-3-υδροξυ-5-μεθυλο-ισοξαζολο-προπιονικού οξέος (AMPA) και είναι κρίσιμοι κατά τη νευρωνική ανάπτυξη, τη συναπτική πλαστικότητα και τη δομική αναδιαμόρφωση του εγκεφάλου. Συντίθενται από τέσσερις υπομονάδες, τις GluRA, GluRB, GluRC και GluRD, οι οποίες συνδυάζονται για να σχηματίσουν τετραμερή. Οι περισσότεροι υποδοχείς AMPA είναι ετεροτετραμερή, αποτελούμενα από τουλάχιστον δύο από τις αναφερθείσες υπομονάδες. Οι υποδοχείς AMPA που είναι διαβατοί στο ασβέστιο δεν περιέχουν την υπομονάδα GluRB, ενώ τόσο η υπομονάδα GluRA, όσο και η GluRB, παίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στη συναπτική διακίνηση των υποδοχέων AMPA. Ο σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν να ερευνηθεί κατά πόσο ο νεογνικός χειρισμός μπορεί να επιδρά στους υποδοχείς AMPA, εφόσον έχει δειχθεί οτι η σύνθεση των υπομονάδων και κατά συνέπεια και οι ιδιότητες των υποδοχέων AMPA στη σύναψη μεταβάλλονται από την αισθητική εμπειρία και κατά πόσο αυτή η επίδραση είναι εξαρτώμενη από το φύλο. Σύμφωνα με το παρόν πρωτόκολλο νεογνικού χειρισμού, κάθε νεογνό απομακρυνόταν από τη φωλιά για 15 λεπτά καθημερινά από την πρώτη μεταγεννητική ημέρα μέχρι τον απογαλακτισμό του τρεις εβδομάδες μετά. Η τεχνική του in situ υβριδισμού χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την εντόπιση και ποσοτικοποίηση της έκφρασης του mRNA της κάθε υπομονάδας. Η έκφραση των υπομονάδων του υποδοχέα AMPA μελετήθηκε σε συγκεκριμένες εγκεφαλικές περιοχές που εμπλέκονται στο συναίσθημα, στη μάθηση, στη μνήμη και στην αισθητική αντίληψη, όπως ο ιππόκαμπος, η αμυγδαλή και ο εγκεφαλικός φλοιός ενήλικων αρσενικών και θηλυκών επίμυων. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας έδειξαν οτι ο νεογνικός χειρισμός προκάλεσε διαφορετικές και σε κάποιες περιπτώσεις φυλετικά διμορφικές μεταβολές στην έκφραση των υπομονάδων του υποδοχέα AMPA, με τρόπο ειδικό ανά υπομονάδα και περιοχή. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, τα ζώα που είχαν υποστεί νεογνικό χειρισμό, αρσενικά και θηλυκά, είχαν μειωμένα επίπεδα mRNA της GluRB και της GluRC στο ραχιαίο ιππόκαμπο και στο σωματαισθητικό φλοιό, συγκριτικά με τα ζώα χωρίς χειρισμό. Επιπλέον, τα επίπεδα mRNA της GluRC ήταν μειωμένα στην αμυγδαλή και στον προμετωπιαίο φλοιό και τα επίπεδα mRNA της GluRD ήταν μειωμένα στον κοιλιακό ιππόκαμπο αρσενικών και θηλυκών ζώων που είχαν υποστεί χειρισμό. Επιπροσθέτως, ο νεογνικός χειρισμός είχε φυλετικά διμορφικές επιδράσεις, αυξάνοντας τα επίπεδα mRNA της GluRA στο ραχιαίο ιππόκαμπο των αρσενικών ζώων και μειώνοντάς τα στα θηλυκά, καθώς και μειώνοντας τα επίπεδα mRNA της GluRΒ στον κοιλιακό ιππόκαμπο και στην αμυγδαλή μόνο των θηλυκών επίμυων. Οι μεταβολές στο mRNA των υποδοχέων AMPA θεωρούμε οτι συντελούνται μέσω επιγενετικής ρύθμισης λόγω του νεογνικού χειρισμού. Τα αποτελέσματα μας στο ραχιαίο ιππόκαμπο υποδεικνύουν ότι ο νεογνικός χειρισμός είναι πιθανό να προκαλεί επαγόμενη από την εμπειρία συναπτική ενδυνάμωση και αποδυνάμωση αρσενικών και θηλυκών ζώων αντίστοιχα, δεδομένων των αντίθετων μεταβολών που παρατηρούνται στα επίπεδα του mRNA της υπομονάδας GluRA στα δύο φύλα. Επιπλέον, η παρατηρούμενη μείωση της έκφρασης του mRNA της GluRB πιθανόν να οδηγεί σε μειωμένο αριθμό αδιάβατων στο ασβέστιο υποδοχέων AMPA που περιέχουν την υπομονάδα GluRB, οπότε ο νεογνικός χειρισμός μπορεί να προκαλεί μεταβολή στο φαινότυπο του υποδοχέα AMPA από αδιάβατο σε διαβατό στο ασβέστιο και τελικά αύξηση της πλαστικότητας της σύναψης στις περιοχές όπου παρατηρούνται οι μεταβολές. Συμπερασματικά, στην παρούσα μελέτη δείξαμε οτι οι υπομονάδες του υποδοχέα AMPA μεταβάλλονται από το νεογνικό χειρισμό, ένα μοντέλο πρώιμης εμπειρίας, στον εγκέφαλο ενήλικων επίμυων, με τρόπο ειδικό ανά υπομονάδα και ανά περιοχή και σε κάποιες περιπτώσεις φυλετικά διμορφικό. Αυτό σημαίνει οτι η γλουταμινεργική νευροδιαβίβαση μεταβάλλεται από μια πρώιμη εμπειρία. Αυτή η επίδραση του νεογνικού χειρισμού μπορεί να είναι ένας από τους παράγοντες που υπόκεινται της αυξημένης πλαστικότητας του εγκεφάλου των ζώων που έχουν υποστεί νεογνικό χειρισμό, η οποία εκδηλώνεται τόσο σε κυτταρικό επίπεδο όσο και στο συμπεριφορικό επίπεδο. / Neonatal handling, an experimental model of early life experiences, is known to affect the hypo¬thalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function, thus increasing adaptability, coping with stress, cognitive abilities and in general brain plasticity-related pro¬cesses. Previous study has shown selective effects of neonatal handling on rat brain NMDA receptors. AMPA receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast synaptic trans¬mission at excitatory synapses in the CNS and are crucial during neuro¬nal development, synaptic plasticity and structural remodeling. AMPARs are composed of four types of subunits, designated as GluRA, GluRB, GluRC and GluRD, which combine to form tetramers. Most AMPARs are heterotetramerics, made of at least two of the four pro¬per subunits GluRA-D. AMPA receptors that are permeable to Ca2+ lack the GluRB subunit, while both GluRA and GluRB subunits have an important role in AMPAR trafficking towards the synapse. The present study addressed the question of whether neonatal handling might have an effect on AMRARs, since it has been shown that the subunit composition and thus the synaptic properties of AMPARs, changes in response to sensory experience, and whether this effect is gender-specific. According to the current neonatal handling pro¬tocol, each pup of a litter was removed from the nest for 15 min daily from the first postnatal day 1 (PND1) until weaning (PND22). In situ hybridization was used in order to localize and quantify subunit mRNA expression, with specific cDNA oligo¬nucleotides. AMPAR subunit expression was studied in specific brain regions that are involved in emotions, learning, memory and sensory perception, such as the hippo¬campus, cerebral cortex and amydgala of adult male and female rats. We found that neonatal handling caused differential and in cases sexually dimorphic changes in AMPA receptor subunit expression, depending on the brain region and the subunit. More specifically, neonatally handled animals, both males and females, had lower GluRB and GluRC mRNA levels in the dorsal hippocampus and the somatosensory cortex, compared to the non-handled. Moreover, GluRC mRNA levels were decreased in the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex and GluRD mRNA levels were decreased in the ventral hippocampus of handled animals of both sexes. Furthermore, neonatal handling had sexually dimorphic effects, increasing GluRA mRNA levels in the dorsal hippocampus of males while decreasing them in females, as well as decreasing GluRB mRNA levels in the ventral hippocampus and the amygdala only of the females. The observed changes in AMPA receptor mRNA levels are thought to occur via epigenetic regulation in response to neonatal handling. Our results in dorsal hippocampus suggest that neonatal handling may induce experience-dependent synaptic strengthening in males and weakening in females, due to the opposite changes observed in GluRA mRNA levels of the two sexes. Moreover, the observed decrease in GluRB mRNA expression most likely leads to reduced GluRB-containing calcium-impermeable AMPA receptors, therefore neonatal handling may cause a switch in AMPA receptor phenotype from calcium-impermeable to calcium-permeable AMPA receptors, and thus induce a higher synaptic plasticity in the regions where the changes are observed. In the present study we show that neonatal handling, an experimental model of early life experiences, induces changes in the AMPA receptor subunits expression in the adult rat brain that are region- and subunit-specific and in cases sexually dimorphic. These results demonstrate that glutamatergic transmission changes in response to an early experience. This effect of handling could be one of the factors underlying the increased plasticity of the brain of neonatally handled animals, which is manifested both at the cellular and at the behavioural/systemic level.