In an automated manual transmission it is desired to have zero torque in the transmission when disengaging a gear. This minimizes the oscillations in the driveline which increases the comfort and makes the speed synchronization easier. The automated manual transmission system in a Scania truck, called Opticruise, uses engine torque control to achieve zero torque in the transmission.In this thesis different control strategies for engine torque control are proposed in order to minimize the oscillations in the driveline and increase the comfort during a gear shift. A model of the driveline is developed in order to evaluate the control strategies. The main focus was to develop controllers that are easy to implement and that are robust enough to be used in different driveline configurations. This means that model dependent control strategies are not considered.A control strategy with a combination of a feedback from the speed difference between the output shaft speed and the wheel speed, and a feedforward with a linear ramp, showed very good performance in both simulations and tests in trucks. The amplitude of the oscillations in the output shaft speed after neutralengagement are halved compared to the results from the existing method in Scania trucks. The new concept is also more robust against initial conditions and time delay estimations.

Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) is a fast-growing, economically important tree species. P. trichocarpa was the first tree to have its genome fully sequenced and is considered the model organism for genomic research in trees. Of the macronutrients in plants, Nitrogen (N) is required in the greatest amounts and is generally the limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems. Inorganic N-transport is performed by four families of transporter proteins, AMT1 and AMT2 for ammonium (NH4+) and NRT1 and NRT2 for nitrate (NO3-). I have created phylogenetic reconstructions of each of these transporter families in 22 members of Viridiplantae whose genomes have been fully sequenced. Based on these phylogenies, I have introduced a new classification system for the transporter families that better represents the evolutionary and functional relatedness of the proteins. These phylogenies were supplemented with topology predictions, subcellular localization predictions, and in silico expression profiling in order to suggest functional characterization of the groups. This facilitated candidate gene selection for NH4+ and NO3- uptake transporters from P. trichocarpa. Expression profiling was performed on two of these candidates. Results suggest that PtAMT1-1 may be a high-affinity, root-localized NH4+ transporter. In contrast, PtNRT2-6 is a high-affinity NO3- transporter localized to the dormant bud, but its physiological functions remain largely enigmatic. Flux profiles of NH4+, NO3-, and H+ in the first 1.4 cm of root tips of three-week-old P. trichocarpa seedlings and cuttings were measured using the Microelectrode Ion Flux mEasurement (MIFE) system to demonstrate the activity of AMTs and NRTs under nutrient-abundant and nutrient-deficient conditions. I found mainly N-efflux from roots of cuttings while seedling roots exhibited N-uptake. This is the first report of such a difference. This highlights an unexpected but clear physiological difference between seedling and cutting roots, which are frequently used in experimental setups. / Graduate / 0817 / 0369 / 0715 / neilvonw@gmail.com

The shallow subsurface of the earth is an extremely important geological zone that yields much of our water resources, supports our agriculture and ecosystems. Safe and effective management of our natural resources is a major challenge, that is, not to overexploit and pollute the aquifer systems. The hydrogeophysics discipline has emerged in recent years to investigate the potential that geophysical methods hold for providing quantitative information about subsurface hydrogeological parameters and processes. Water is essential for life. It has been and will continue to be a hot topic in both the political and scientific fields for years to come.Chapter two, Hydrogeophysics, aims to review the actual state of the hydrogeophysical discipline showing the paramount perspectives of the geophysical methods applied to the hydrogeology discipline. Hydrogeophysical importance relies on its multidisciplinarity. That is, the joint interpretation of geophysical and hydrogeological data to get better approach and more constrained/reliable hydrogeologic models. The principal geophysical methods that have actually been applied to hydrogeology problems are reviewed, as well as their challenges, limitations and concerns. Electric and electromagnetic methods that provide electrical resistivity models have been examined in detail. The electrical resistivity is considered, given that this property is highly controlled by the hydrogeological properties of the media (lithology, porous structure, water content and quality). However, the complexity of the property contribution of the geophysical response made the transfer step from geophysical model to hydrological properties a complex issue. Chapter three, Audiomagnetotelluric method (AMT), presents further insights of the AMT frequency domain method. Firstly, theoretical basics of the AMT method, investigation depth and magnetotelluric family methods (frequency recording capability) are reviewed. Further on, the determinant mode modelling process is discussed in order to obtain a reasonable approach of three-dimensional media along two-dimensional profiles. This chapter demonstrates in detail Stratagem EH4 equipment, in particular, source effects, optimal transmitter receiver distance, and signal improvement of controlled electromagnetic source.Part II is composed of three different hydrogeophysical case studies at different scales where AMT plays a key role on the approach to each aquifer system.Chapter four, Tordera deltaic aquifer, Spain, is a hydrogeophysical application carried out on a porous aquifer media extensively affected by seawater intrusion. This chapter presents a multidisciplinary approach to a fluviodeltaic aquifer system. Hydrogeological information, AMT, seismic reflection and velocity tomography models have been evaluated together to provide spatially continuous information about aquifer properties processes and boundaries. Two and three-dimensional inverse models have been obtained and validated with hydrogeological data. In addition, an AMT monitoring experiment has been performed every four months to monitor seasonal seawater changes along the main seawater intrusion path. Chapter five, La Soutte, Vosges, France is based on the AMT study on "La Soutte", natural hydrogeophysical laboratory. In this case, 3D AMT forward model look into a small scale catchment area, aimed to provide a mesoscale framework for other geophysical applications carried out on the site. Combined use of AMT and DC surface resistivity has been also used to image different resolution and work scale of each method. Chapter six, Spring Valley, Nevada, USA presents the AMT study out on Spring Valley, a 110 km long valley on the Nevada Desert aimed to provide a structural framework for water resources exploration and hydrological modelling. Five 2D AMT profiles along the valley, together with gravity and magnetometry data have been analysed to map the aquifer bounding structure and sediment infill in a typical Basin and Range setting. Faults, stratigraphy, and estimates of depth to basement are valuable information for assessing groundwater potential.

Issued also as thesis, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen. / Bibliography: p. 388-394.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Bonn, 1991/92. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [195]-213) and indexes.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Bonn, 1991/92. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [195]-213) and indexes.

The ability of cancer cells to adopt various invasive modes (the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness) represents a significant obstacle in the treatment of cancer metastasis. Cancer invasiveness involves various modes of migration. Cells can move together (with the preserved intercellular junctions; collective invasiveness) or individually. Within individual invasiveness, we distinguish two principal invasive modes - mesenchymal and amoeboid. The mesenchymal mode of migration is characterized by an elongated shape, proteolytic degradation of the fibres of the extracellular matrix, and the formation of strong contacts with the extracellular matrix. The amoeboid mode of migration is not dependent on proteolytic activity, the cells are characterized by a round shape and increased contractility, which they use to squeeze themselves through the pores of the extracellular matrix. This thesis deals with the analysis of the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness, specifically the transitions between individual amoeboid and mesenchymal migration modes, in the 3D environment of the collagen gel as a model of extracellular matrix. The work presents models of mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition (MAT), which include BLM, HT1080 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, in which MAT is induced by the expression of...

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Dass Frauen in der Politik unterrepräsentiert sind, bedeutet einen erheblichen Perspektivverlust. Ihre spezifischen Lebenserfahrungen, Fähigkeiten und Ideen werden nicht gehört, nicht eingebracht. So manifestiert sich im Zeitverlauf ein Ungleichgewicht: Frauen repräsentieren zwar die Hälfte der Gesellschaft und sind von Entscheidungsprozessen betroffen, doch ihr Blick auf die Welt, ihr Wissen und ihre Lösungsvorschläge spiegeln sich in der praktischen Politik unzureichend wider. Dabei sollte es doch vor allem darum gehen, die Lebenslagen von Menschen zu kennen, diese angemessen zu berücksichtigen und zu vertreten. Auch strukturelle Bedingungen, die den Zugang zu politischen Ämtern für Frauen einschränken, müssen kritisch reflektiert werden. Ziel des vorliegenden Maßnahmenkataloges ist es daher, diesen Defiziten konstruktiv zu begegnen. Redaktionsschluss: 07.06.2022

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