Orientador: Jorge Stolfi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T21:27:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zampieri_CarlosEliasArminio_M.pdf: 4003666 bytes, checksum: a730c8935e9f68bc9c1cd9a6e9d68c8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Neste trabalho apresentamos um método geral para busca de imagem por conteúdo (BIPC, CBIR) em grandes coleções de imagens, usando estimação intervalar multiescala de distância. Consideramos especificamente buscas por exemplo, em que o objetivo é encontrar a imagem da coleção que é mais próxima a uma imagem dada, segundo alguma função de distância de imagens. Neste trabalho não procuramos desenvolver métricas que melhor atendem as intenções do usuário; em vez disso, supondo que a métrica está escolhida, apresentamos um algoritmo genérico (que denominamos MuSIS, de Multiscale Image Search) para realizar a busca de maneira eficiente usando aritmética intervalar. Estimativas intervalares das distâncias entre imagens são usadas para eliminar rapidamente imagens candidatas, considerando apenas versões reduzidas das mesmas, de maneira semelhante ao paradigma de otimização branch-and-bound. Como parte deste trabalho, desenvolvemos estimadores intervalares eficazes para distância euclidiana e algumas variantes da mesma, incluindo métricas sensíveis ao gradiente em escalas variadas. Experimentos indicaram que o método promove significativa redução de custos em relação à busca exaustiva. Apesar de menos eficiente do que outros métodos comumente usados para BIPC, o algoritmo MuSIS sempre retorna a resposta exata - isto é, a imagem mais próxima na métrica escolhida - e não apenas uma aproximação. A abordagem MuSIS é compatível com uma ampla variedade de funções de distância, sem a necessidade de pré-calcular ou armazenar descritores específicos para cada função / Abstract: We present a general method for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) in large image collections, using multiscale interval distance estimation. We consider specifically queries by example, where the goal is to find the image in the collection that is closest to a given image, according to some image distance function. In this work we do not aim to develop metrics that best meet the user's intentions; instead, assuming that the metric is chosen, we describe an algorithm (wich we call MuSIS, for MultiScale Image Search) to perform the search efficiently using interval arithmetic. Interval estimates of the image distances are used to quickly discard candidate images after examining only small versions of them, in a manner similar to the branch-and-bound optimization paradigm. As part of this work, we developed effective interval estimators for the Euclidean distance and for some variations of it, including metrics that are sensitive to the gradient at various scales. Experiments indicate that the method yields significant cost savings over exhaustive search. Although less efficient than other methods commonly used for CBIR, the MuSIS algorithm always returns the exact answer - that is, the nearest image in metric chosen - and not just an approximation thereof. The MuSIS approach is compatible with a wide variety of distance functions without the need to pre-compute or store specific descriptors for each function / Mestrado / Processamento de Imagens / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Orientador: Sônia Maria Gomes, Philippe Remy Bernard Devloo, Igor Mozolevski / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T03:23:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_JoaoLuis_D.pdf: 15054031 bytes, checksum: 23ef9ef75ca5a7ae7455135fc552a678 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, estudamos indicadores a posteriori para o erro na aproximação de funcionais das soluções das equações biharmônica e de Poisson obtidas pelo método de Galerkin descontínuo. A metodologia usada na obtenção dos indicadores é baseada no problema dual associado ao funcional, que é conhecida por gerar os indicadores mais eficazes. Os dois principais indicadores de erro com base no problema dual já obtidos, apresentados para problemas de segunda ordem, são estendidos neste trabalho para problemas de quarta ordem. Também propomos um terceiro indicador para problemas de segunda e quarta ordem. Estudamos as características dos diferentes indicadores na localização dos elementos com as maiores contribuições do erro, na caracterização da regularidade das soluções, bem como suas consequências na eficiência dos indicadores. Estabelecemos uma estratégia hp-adaptativa específica para os indicadores de erro em funcionais. Os experimentos numéricos realizados mostram que a estratégia hp-adaptativa funciona adequadamente e que o uso de espaços de aproximação hp-adaptados resulta ser eficiente para a redução do erro em funcionais com menor úmero de graus de liberdade. Além disso, nos exemplos estudados, a qualidade dos resultados varia entre os indicadores, dependendo do tipo de singularidade e da equação tratada, mostrando a importância de dispormos de uma maior diversidade de indicadores / Abstract: In this work we study goal-oriented a posteriori error indicators for approximations by the discontinuous Galerkin method for the biharmonic and Poisson equations. The methodology used for the indicators is based on the dual problem associated with the functional, which is known to generate the most effective indicators. The two main error indicators based on the dual problem, obtained for second order problems, are extended to fourth order problems. We also propose a third indicator for second and fourth order problems. The characteristics of the different indicators are studied for the localization of the elements with the greatest contributions of the error, and for the characterization of the regularity of the solutions, as well as their consequences on indicators efficiency. We propose an hp-adaptive strategy specific for goal-oriented error indicators. The performed numerical experiments show that the hp-adaptive strategy works properly, and that the use of hp-adapted approximation spaces turns out to be efficient to reduce the error with a lower number of degrees of freedom. Moreover, in the examples studied, a comparison of the quality of results for the different indicators shows that it may depend on the type of singularity and of the equation treated, showing the importance of having a wider range of indicators / Doutorado / Matematica Aplicada / Doutor em Matemática Aplicada

Ce manuscrit est dédié à la résolution du problème de localisation dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil mobiles. Les méthodes développées se basent principalement sur des caractéristiques de fingerprints ainsi que sur des informations de mobilité. Les premières s'attaquent aux valeurs de RSSI entre capteurs tandis que les deuxièmes prennent en considération la mobilité des capteurs mesurée à l'aide d'accéléromètres et de gyroscopes. La combinaison des données collectées est effectuée dans le cadre de l'analyse par intervalles, ou bien du filtrage de Kalman. Les travaux proposés introduisent des modèles de mobilité d'ordres un, deux ou trois, permettant d'approximer au mieux les trajectoires des capteurs à l'aide des accélérations mesurées. Ceux-là sont couplés à l'algorithme des K plus proches voisins, d'abord dans un système centralisé. Ensuite, les modèles de mobilités sont améliorés pour prendre en compte les rotations des nœuds. Une méthode de localisation décentralisée est également proposée dans ce qui suit, s'adaptant au mécanisme fonctionnel des réseaux de capteurs de grande échelle. Enfin, ce manuscrit propose une méthode de zonage visant à déterminer les zones dans lesquelles les capteurs résident. La méthode proposée aborde le problème de zonage en utilisant à la fois la théorie des fonctions de croyance et l'analyse par intervalles / This thesis is dedicated to solve the localization problem in mobile wireless sensor networks. It works mainly with fingerprints features and inertial movements information. The former tackles the RSSIs values between sensors while the latter deals with the objets movement attitude by using accelerometer and gyroscope. The combination of both information is performed in terms of interval analysis, or Kalman filtering. The proposed work introduces three orders mobility models to approximate nodes trajectories using accelerations, combined then to the weighted K nearest neighbors algorithm in a centralized scheme. Then the mobility models are extended up to the inertial information taking into consideration the rotations of the nodes. A decentralized localization method is also proposed in the following in view of the working mechanism of large scale sensor networks. Finally, this thesis proposes a zoning localization method aiming at determining the zones in which the nodes reside. The proposed method addresses the zoning problem by using both the belief functions theory and the interval analysis

This study aims to investigate the relationship between private saving and investment for South Africa using a Vector Error Correction Framework. Saving and investment are considered to be important factors for sustainable economic growth in the country, particularly as these variables have been recorded at significantly lower levels than those of other developing nations. By examining the direction of causality between saving and investment, the most suitable policy measures can be used in stimulating either savings or investment, and as a result aggregate growth. The study found a positive two-way causality to exist between these two variables, proving that both saving and investment-led policies are necessary in raising saving and investment levels. With the inclusion of credit extension as the third variable used to remove any variable bias, the study not only found credit extension to Granger cause private saving, but the reverse relationship was found to be present as well. This relationship was however found to be negative, confirming that lower borrowing constraints may have a negative effect on saving levels. The negative relationship between credit supply and private saving (substitution effect) proves that credit supply will only yield a positive result for savings if channelled through investment expenditure.

Traditional latent class analysis (LCA) considers entropy R2 as the only measure of effect size. However, entropy may not always be reliable, a low boundary is not agreed upon, and good separation is limited to values of greater than .80. As applications of LCA grow in popularity, it is imperative to use additional sources to quantify LCA classification accuracy. Greater classification accuracy helps to ensure that the profile of the latent classes reflect the profile of the true underlying subgroups. This Monte Carlo study compared the quantification of classification accuracy and confidence intervals of three effect sizes, entropy R2, I-index, and Cohen’s d. Study conditions included total sample size, number of dichotomous indicators, latent class membership probabilities (γ), conditional item-response probabilities (ρ), variance ratio, sample size ratio, and distribution types for a 2-class model. Overall, entropy R2 and I-index showed the best accuracy and standard error, along with the smallest confidence interval widths. Results showed that I-index only performed well for a few cases.

It is argued that the geometric dual of a noncommutative operator algebra represents a notion of quantum state space which differs from existing notions by representing observables as maps from states to outcomes rather than from states to distributions on outcomes. A program of solving for an explicitly geometric manifestation of quantum state space by adapting the spectral presheaf, a construction meant to analyze contextuality in quantum mechanics, to derive simple reconstructions of noncommutative topological tools from their topological prototypes is presented. We associate to each unital C*-algebra A a geometric object--a diagram of topological spaces representing quotient spaces of the noncommutative space underlying A—meant to serve the role of a generalized Gel'fand spectrum. After showing that any functor F from compact Hausdorff spaces to a suitable target category C can be applied directly to these geometric objects to automatically yield an extension F^∼ which acts on all unital C*-algebras, we compare a novel formulation of the operator K₀ functor to the extension K^∼ of the topological K-functor. We then conjecture that the extension of the functor assigning a topological space its topological lattice assigns a unital C*-algebra the topological lattice of its primary ideal spectrum and prove the von Neumann algebraic analogue of this conjecture.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are event based systems that rely on the collective effort of densely deployed sensor nodes continuously observing a physical phenomenon. The spatio-temporal correlation between the sensor observations and the cross-layer design advantages are significant and unique to the design of WSN. Due to the high density in the network topology, sensor observations are highly correlated in the space domain. Furthermore, the nature of the energy-radiating physical phenomenon constitutes the temporal correlation between each consecutive observation of a sensor node. This unique characteristic of WSN can be exploited through a cross-layer design of communication functionalities to improve energy efficiency of the network. In this thesis, several key elements are investigated to capture and exploit the correlation in the WSN for the realization of advanced efficient communication protocols. A theoretical framework is developed to capture the spatial and temporal correlations in WSN and to enable the development of efficient communication protocols. Based on this framework, spatial Correlation-based Collaborative Medium Access Control (CC-MAC) protocol is described, which exploits the spatial correlation in the WSN in order to achieve efficient medium access. Furthermore, the cross-layer module (XLM), which melts common protocol layer functionalities into a cross-layer module for resource-constrained sensor nodes, is developed. The cross-layer analysis of error control in WSN is then presented to enable a comprehensive comparison of error control schemes for WSN. Finally, the cross-layer packet size optimization framework is described.

O presente estudo consiste em analisar se o sistema atual de calibração das bombas de um determinado fabricante, baseado na entrada de parâmetros externos e consequente readequação interna por software é adequado para a correção dos volumes infundidos. A literatura carece de estudos sobre bombas de infusão peristálticas lineares, principalmente estudos metrológicos relacionados aos volumes infundidos. Esta carência relaciona-se entre outros fatores, pelos elevados custos das bombas de infusão, bem como à grande quantidade de horas de ensaios necessárias. Para isso, foram analisados os volumes infundidos em taxas mínima, intermediária e máxima de três bombas de infusão peristálticas lineares retiradas aleatoriamente de um hospital no estado do Paraná, que não passavam por manutenção havia exatos doze meses e estavam em uso contínuo no estabelecimento. Foram realizados ensaios em taxa fixa de 25 ml/h em 5 volumes diferentes ao longo da faixa habitual de uso. Também foram feitos ensaios em volume fixo de 10 ml variando-se a taxa de infusão entre 1 ml/h, 25 ml/h e 100 ml/h. Para análise estatística dos resultados, foi feito um teste de normalidade de Anderson-Darling, como a maioria dos resultados não apresentaram características de normalidade, foi feito uma análise do intervalo de confiança das medianas para análise dos resultados. Também foi necessário fazer uma ANOVA para verificação da influência das bombas e das taxas no volume infundido, seguido por uma análise de curva de erros e uma planilha para o cálculo de incertezas das medições. Foi possível verificar que os volumes infundidos pelas bombas deste fabricante, em sua maioria apresentaram mudanças significativas após o processo de calibração, com diminuição na variância e melhora na exatidão dos volumes programados. / This study examined whether the current system calibration of the pumps from a particular manufacturer, based on the input of external parameters and consequent internal readjustment by software, is suitable for the correction of infused volumes. The literature lacks studies on linear peristaltic pump infusion, especially metrological studies related to the infused volume. This deficiency relates among other factors, the high costs of infusion pumps as well as the large amount of hours required for testing. Therefore, the volumes were analyzed by infusing at minimum, intermediate and maximum rates of three linear peristaltic infusion pumps randomly taken from a hospital in the state of Paraná, which had not have maintenance in the latest 12 months and were in continuous use at the hospital. Assays were performed in flat rate of 25 ml / h in 5 different volumes over the usual range of use. Tests at a fixed volume of 10 ml varying the infusion rate at 1 ml/h, 25 ml/h and 100 ml/h were also made. For statistical analysis, an Anderson-Darling normality test was done, as most of the results did not show normal characteristics, an analysis of the confidence interval of the median for analysis of results was done. It was also necessary to do an ANOVA to check the influence of pumps and rates of infused volume, followed by a curve error analysis and a spreadsheet to calculate the measurements uncertainties. It was possible to verify that the volumes infused by the bombs from this manufacturer, at most, showed significant changes after the calibration process, decreasing variance and improving the accuracy of programmed volumes.

CAPES / O ensino tradicional da matemática leva os estudantes a resolverem problemas a partir de algoritmos e fórmulas. Este trabalho apresenta a matemática intervalar como importante ferramenta pedagógica para o desenvolvimento da capacidade de raciocínio dos estudantes. Neste sentido, um questionário sobre matemática intervalar, com exercícios que abordam diferentes áreas da matemática, foi aplicado a estudantes do ensino médio e feito uma análise dos resultados obtidos. / The traditional teaching of mathematics leads students to solve problems from algorithms and formulas. This work present interval mathematics as an important educational tool for the development of thinking ability of students. In this direction, a problem set on interval mathematics, with exercices that address different areas of mathematics, was applied to high school students. The results are analized.

O presente estudo consiste em analisar se o sistema atual de calibração das bombas de um determinado fabricante, baseado na entrada de parâmetros externos e consequente readequação interna por software é adequado para a correção dos volumes infundidos. A literatura carece de estudos sobre bombas de infusão peristálticas lineares, principalmente estudos metrológicos relacionados aos volumes infundidos. Esta carência relaciona-se entre outros fatores, pelos elevados custos das bombas de infusão, bem como à grande quantidade de horas de ensaios necessárias. Para isso, foram analisados os volumes infundidos em taxas mínima, intermediária e máxima de três bombas de infusão peristálticas lineares retiradas aleatoriamente de um hospital no estado do Paraná, que não passavam por manutenção havia exatos doze meses e estavam em uso contínuo no estabelecimento. Foram realizados ensaios em taxa fixa de 25 ml/h em 5 volumes diferentes ao longo da faixa habitual de uso. Também foram feitos ensaios em volume fixo de 10 ml variando-se a taxa de infusão entre 1 ml/h, 25 ml/h e 100 ml/h. Para análise estatística dos resultados, foi feito um teste de normalidade de Anderson-Darling, como a maioria dos resultados não apresentaram características de normalidade, foi feito uma análise do intervalo de confiança das medianas para análise dos resultados. Também foi necessário fazer uma ANOVA para verificação da influência das bombas e das taxas no volume infundido, seguido por uma análise de curva de erros e uma planilha para o cálculo de incertezas das medições. Foi possível verificar que os volumes infundidos pelas bombas deste fabricante, em sua maioria apresentaram mudanças significativas após o processo de calibração, com diminuição na variância e melhora na exatidão dos volumes programados. / This study examined whether the current system calibration of the pumps from a particular manufacturer, based on the input of external parameters and consequent internal readjustment by software, is suitable for the correction of infused volumes. The literature lacks studies on linear peristaltic pump infusion, especially metrological studies related to the infused volume. This deficiency relates among other factors, the high costs of infusion pumps as well as the large amount of hours required for testing. Therefore, the volumes were analyzed by infusing at minimum, intermediate and maximum rates of three linear peristaltic infusion pumps randomly taken from a hospital in the state of Paraná, which had not have maintenance in the latest 12 months and were in continuous use at the hospital. Assays were performed in flat rate of 25 ml / h in 5 different volumes over the usual range of use. Tests at a fixed volume of 10 ml varying the infusion rate at 1 ml/h, 25 ml/h and 100 ml/h were also made. For statistical analysis, an Anderson-Darling normality test was done, as most of the results did not show normal characteristics, an analysis of the confidence interval of the median for analysis of results was done. It was also necessary to do an ANOVA to check the influence of pumps and rates of infused volume, followed by a curve error analysis and a spreadsheet to calculate the measurements uncertainties. It was possible to verify that the volumes infused by the bombs from this manufacturer, at most, showed significant changes after the calibration process, decreasing variance and improving the accuracy of programmed volumes.