O desenvolvimento e validação de métodos analíticos é um procedimento necessário quando um método não normalizado é utilizado por um laboratório de ensaios. A validação de métodos também é um requisito específico da norma ABNT NBR ISO/IEC 17025, que determina os requisitos gerais para a competência dos laboratórios de ensaio e calibração. O objetivo da validação é demonstrar que o método analítico, nas condições em que é executado, produz resultados com a exatidão requerida. O Laboratório de Corrosão, Proteção e Reciclagem de Materiais (LACOR), da UFRGS, tem o ensaio de determinação de metais por fluorescência de raios X, acreditado pelo CGCRE/INMETRO, conforme ABNT NBR ISO/IEC 17025. O ensaio é feito usando o método de espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de energia (EDXRF). Este método, contudo, não é normalizado e, portanto, o mesmo foi validado, neste trabalho de pesquisa, para atender a este requisito. A validação foi feita com base no documento orientativo DOQ-CGCRE-08 e no guia EURACHEM. Os parâmetros de validação, para o ensaio quantitativo por EDXRF, que foram calculados neste trabalho são: seletividade; limite de detecção (LD) e limite de quantificação (LQ); linearidade e faixa de trabalho; veracidade de medição (tendência, erro normalizado, Z-score e comparação com método de referência) e precisão (repetibilidade, precisão intermediária e reprodutibilidade). Além disso, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de cálculo de incerteza de medição para o ensaio por EDXRF Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstram que o método EDXRF, usado na determinação de metais em aços, é um método não normalizado validado e compatível com os resultados obtidos com os métodos de referência: espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de comprimento de onda (WDXRF), fotométricos e espectrometria de absorção atômica (AAS). Inclusive, o WDXRF é um método de referência usado em muitas normas internacionais, que descrevem métodos de análise de aços por fluorescência de raios X, como ASTM E572 ou ASTM E1085. O estudo desenvolvido nesta dissertação permitiu que o LACOR mantivesse sua acreditação no ensaio de determinação de metais por fluorescência de raios X, na avaliação do CGCRE/INMETRO, no presente ano. Outros frutos deste trabalho foram a confecção das curvas de calibração do espectrômetro NITON XL3t GOLDD+ e a revisão do procedimento de ensaio, onde esses novos conhecimentos sobre a técnica EDXRF foram aplicados. Futuramente, este trabalho pode ser usado por outros pesquisadores para desenvolver estudos em outras matrizes metálicas, como cobre, alumínio, titânio ou níquel, e, também, em outras áreas de aplicação como jóias, reciclagem de materiais metálicos ou, até mesmo, para análise elementar de resíduos retidos em membranas de troca iônica. / The development and validation of analytical methods is a required procedure when a non-standard method is used by a testing laboratory. Method validation is also a specific requirement of the ABNT NBR ISO / IEC 17025, which determines the general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. The purpose of validation is to demonstrate that the analytical method, under the conditions in which it is performed, produces results with the required accuracy. The Corrosion, Protection and Recycling Materials Laboratory (LACOR), at UFRGS, has the X-ray fluorescence metal analysis, accredited by CGCRE / INMETRO, according to ABNT NBR ISO / IEC 17025. The test is performed using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry, EDXRF method. This method, however, is not standardized; therefore, it was validated in this research to meet this requirement. The validation was based on the DOQ-CGCRE-08 document and the EURACHEM guide. The method performance calculated in this study for quantitative testing by EDXRF are: selectivity; limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ); linearity and working range; trueness (bias, normalized error, Z-score and comparison with reference method) and precision (repeatability, intermediate precision and reproducibility). In addition, a measurement uncertainty calculation methodology was developed for the EDXRF testing The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the EDXRF method, used in the determination in the chemical analysis of steels, is a validated non-standard method and compatible with the results obtained with the reference methods: Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF), photometric and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). In addition, WDXRF is a reference method used in many international standards, which describes analysis of steels by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry such ASTM E572 or ASTM E1085. The study developed in this dissertation allowed LACOR to maintain its accreditation in the test of metal by X-ray fluorescence analysis, in the CGCRE / INMETRO audit, this year. Other fruits of this work were the preparation of calibration curves of NITON XL3t GOLDD + spectrometer and complete revision of testing procedure, where this new knowledge about the EDXRF technique was applied. In the future, this work can be used by other researchers to develop studies in other base metals such as copper, aluminum, titanium or nickel, and also in other areas of application such as jewelry, recycling of metallic materials or even for analysis elemental residues retained in ion exchange membranes.

This thesis proposes a framework for identifying the root-cause of a voltage disturbance, as well as, its source location (upstream/downstream) from the monitoring place. The framework works with three-phase voltage and current waveforms collected in radial distribution networks without distributed generation. Real-world and synthetic waveforms are used to test it. The framework involves features that are conceived based on electrical principles, and assuming some hypothesis on the analyzed phenomena. Features considered are based on waveforms and timestamp information. Multivariate analysis of variance and rule induction algorithms are applied to assess the amount of meaningful information explained by each feature, according to the root-cause of the disturbance and its source location. The obtained classification rates show that the proposed framework could be used for automatic diagnosis of voltage disturbances collected in radial distribution networks. Furthermore, the diagnostic results can be subsequently used for supporting power network operation, maintenance and planning. / En esta tesis se propone una metodología para la identificación de la localización relativa (aguas arriba/abajo) y la causa de una perturbación eléctrica. La metodología utiliza las ondas trifásicas de tensión y de corriente registradas en redes de distribución radial sin presencia de generación distribuida. La metodología es validada utilizando perturbaciones eléctricas reales y simuladas. La metodología involucra atributos que han sido concebidos basándose en principios eléctricos e hipótesis de acuerdo a cada uno de los fenómenos eléctricos analizados. Se propusieron atributos tanto basados en la forma de onda como en la fecha de ocurrencia de la perturbación. La cantidad de información contenida y/o explicada por cada atributo es valorada mediante la aplicación del análisis multivariante de la varianza y algoritmos de extracción automática de reglas de decisión. Los resultados de clasificación muestran que la metodología propuesta puede ser utilizada para el diagnóstico automático de perturbaciones eléctricas registradas en redes de distribución radial. Los resultados de diagnóstico pueden ser utilizados para apoyar las tareas de operación, mantenimiento y planeamiento de las redes de distribución.

This thesis aimed to investigate generational differences in the frequency and importance of meaningful work in employees based on the 7 facets of the Map of Meaning. Hypotheses were tested through Analysis of Variance of secondary data. 395 participants self-reported levels of meaningful work on the Comprehensive Meaningful Work Scale. Results indicated that Generation Y had significantly lower levels of meaningful work. Generation Y had significantly lower levels of Unity (importance), Serving (frequency and importance), Expressing full potential (frequency), Reality (frequency and importance) and Inspiration (frequency). Significant differences occurred mainly between Generation Y and Baby boomers, with some significant differences between Generation Y and Generation X and no significant differences between Generation X and Baby boomers. Results showed that overall frequency and importance levels were significantly lower for Generation Y. Overall frequency levels were lower than overall importance levels, which suggests that employees’ desire for meaningful work may not be satisfied. In light of this evidence, it is suggested that to improve organisational outcomes such as engagement, retention and performance, managers should provide opportunities for employees to engage in meaningful work with particular focus on Generation Y. Employees themselves should take responsibility to find meaning in their own work and life because engagement in meaningful activities can lead to satisfaction, belonging, fulfilment and a better understanding of one’s purpose in life.

From the Proceedings of the 1971 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 22-23, 1971, Tempe, Arizona / In order to construct a simulation model for ephemeral streamflow and to examine in depth the problem of the worth of data for that model, measurements of the ephemeral streamflow of Rillitto creek, Tucson, were analyzed for the period 1933-1965. The simulation model was based on several hypotheses: (1) flow durations and their succeeding dry periods (time when no flow is present) are independent; (2) the distribution of the lengths of the dry periods and flows is stationary over a certain period of the year (summer); (3) stationary probability distributions for flow durations and for dry period lengths can be derived. A related problem was how to derive a simulation model for the total amount of flow (in acre-ft) within 1 flow period. Three variables were considered: flow duration (minutes), peak intensity of flow (cu ft/sec) and antecedent dry period-minutes (ADP). Because the assumption of variance constancy does not hold, a multiplicative regression model was used. Using an analysis of variance, which is described in detail, the worth of the 3 kinds of data were examined in relation to total flow. It was concluded that there are at least 5 times during the year when the flow intervals differ significantly, and the ADP is not important in determining flow volume because of the poison flow arrival rate in summer. Events occur at random and are not clustered as in summer, indicating that channel moisture does not differ much between flow events.

The variety of middle-class speakers in St. John’s conforms to some degree to mainland Canadian-English pronunciation norms, but in complex and distinctive ways (Clarke, 1985, 1991, 2010; D’Arcy, 2005; Hollett, 2006). One as yet unresolved question is whether speakers of this variety participate in the Canadian Shift (cf. Clarke, 2012; Chambers, 2012), a chain shift of the lax front vowels that has been confirmed for many different regions of Canada (e.g. Roeder and Gardner, 2013, for Thunder Bay and Toronto, Sadlier-Brown and Tamminga, 2008, for Halifax and Vancouver). While acoustic phonetic analyses of St. John’s English are rare, some claims have been made that urban St. John’s speakers do not participate in the shift, based on two or six speakers (Labov, Ash & Boberg, 2006; Boberg 2010). Other researchers with larger data sets suggest that younger St. John’s speakers participate in mainland Canadians innovations to different degrees than mainlanders (e.g. Hollett, 2006). The Canadian Shift has not been uniformly defined, but agreement exists that with the low-back merger in place, BATH/TRAP retracts and consequently DRESS lowers. Clarke et al. (1995), unlike Labov et al. (2006), assert that KIT is subsequently lowered. Boberg (2005, 2010), however, emphasizes retraction of KIT and DRESS and suggests unrelated parallel shifts instead. In this PhD thesis, I demonstrate the presence of the Canadian Shift in St. John’s, NL, conforming to Clarke et al.’s (1995) original proposal. In my stratified randomly-sampled data (approx. 10,000 vowels, 34 interviewees, stratified as to age, gender, socioeconomic status, and “local-ness”), results from Euclidean distance measures, correlation coefficients, and linear, as well as logistic, mixed-effects regression show that (1) young St. John’s speakers clearly participate in the shift; and that (2) age has the strongest and a linear effect. Continuous modeling of age yields even more significant results for participation in a classic chain shift (6% decrease in lowering per added year). My findings also confirm that the change seems to have entered the system via formal styles (cf. Clarke, 1991, 2010, for TRAP in St. John’s). Traditionally, the linguistic homogeneity on a phonetic level of the Canadian middle class has been explained by Canada’s settlement and migration patterns of the North American Loyalists from Ontario to the west (cf. Chambers, 2009). Newfoundland’s settlement is distinct, in that the British and the Irish were the only two relevant sources. If settlement were the only crucial reason for a shared pronunciation of Canada’s middle class from Vancouver to St. John’s, the Canadian Shift should be absent in the latter region. I suggest three reasons for middle-class St. John’s’ participation in the Canadian Shift: 1) Newfoundland’s 300-year-old rural-urban divide as a result of its isolation, through which British/Irish features are attributed to rural und lower social class speakers; 2) the development of the oil industry since the 1990’s, through which social networks changed according to the perception of social distance/closeness; and 3) the importance of the linguistic marketplace, which is high in St. John’s due to 1) and 2).

O desenvolvimento e validação de métodos analíticos é um procedimento necessário quando um método não normalizado é utilizado por um laboratório de ensaios. A validação de métodos também é um requisito específico da norma ABNT NBR ISO/IEC 17025, que determina os requisitos gerais para a competência dos laboratórios de ensaio e calibração. O objetivo da validação é demonstrar que o método analítico, nas condições em que é executado, produz resultados com a exatidão requerida. O Laboratório de Corrosão, Proteção e Reciclagem de Materiais (LACOR), da UFRGS, tem o ensaio de determinação de metais por fluorescência de raios X, acreditado pelo CGCRE/INMETRO, conforme ABNT NBR ISO/IEC 17025. O ensaio é feito usando o método de espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de energia (EDXRF). Este método, contudo, não é normalizado e, portanto, o mesmo foi validado, neste trabalho de pesquisa, para atender a este requisito. A validação foi feita com base no documento orientativo DOQ-CGCRE-08 e no guia EURACHEM. Os parâmetros de validação, para o ensaio quantitativo por EDXRF, que foram calculados neste trabalho são: seletividade; limite de detecção (LD) e limite de quantificação (LQ); linearidade e faixa de trabalho; veracidade de medição (tendência, erro normalizado, Z-score e comparação com método de referência) e precisão (repetibilidade, precisão intermediária e reprodutibilidade). Além disso, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de cálculo de incerteza de medição para o ensaio por EDXRF Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstram que o método EDXRF, usado na determinação de metais em aços, é um método não normalizado validado e compatível com os resultados obtidos com os métodos de referência: espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de comprimento de onda (WDXRF), fotométricos e espectrometria de absorção atômica (AAS). Inclusive, o WDXRF é um método de referência usado em muitas normas internacionais, que descrevem métodos de análise de aços por fluorescência de raios X, como ASTM E572 ou ASTM E1085. O estudo desenvolvido nesta dissertação permitiu que o LACOR mantivesse sua acreditação no ensaio de determinação de metais por fluorescência de raios X, na avaliação do CGCRE/INMETRO, no presente ano. Outros frutos deste trabalho foram a confecção das curvas de calibração do espectrômetro NITON XL3t GOLDD+ e a revisão do procedimento de ensaio, onde esses novos conhecimentos sobre a técnica EDXRF foram aplicados. Futuramente, este trabalho pode ser usado por outros pesquisadores para desenvolver estudos em outras matrizes metálicas, como cobre, alumínio, titânio ou níquel, e, também, em outras áreas de aplicação como jóias, reciclagem de materiais metálicos ou, até mesmo, para análise elementar de resíduos retidos em membranas de troca iônica. / The development and validation of analytical methods is a required procedure when a non-standard method is used by a testing laboratory. Method validation is also a specific requirement of the ABNT NBR ISO / IEC 17025, which determines the general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. The purpose of validation is to demonstrate that the analytical method, under the conditions in which it is performed, produces results with the required accuracy. The Corrosion, Protection and Recycling Materials Laboratory (LACOR), at UFRGS, has the X-ray fluorescence metal analysis, accredited by CGCRE / INMETRO, according to ABNT NBR ISO / IEC 17025. The test is performed using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry, EDXRF method. This method, however, is not standardized; therefore, it was validated in this research to meet this requirement. The validation was based on the DOQ-CGCRE-08 document and the EURACHEM guide. The method performance calculated in this study for quantitative testing by EDXRF are: selectivity; limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ); linearity and working range; trueness (bias, normalized error, Z-score and comparison with reference method) and precision (repeatability, intermediate precision and reproducibility). In addition, a measurement uncertainty calculation methodology was developed for the EDXRF testing The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the EDXRF method, used in the determination in the chemical analysis of steels, is a validated non-standard method and compatible with the results obtained with the reference methods: Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF), photometric and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). In addition, WDXRF is a reference method used in many international standards, which describes analysis of steels by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry such ASTM E572 or ASTM E1085. The study developed in this dissertation allowed LACOR to maintain its accreditation in the test of metal by X-ray fluorescence analysis, in the CGCRE / INMETRO audit, this year. Other fruits of this work were the preparation of calibration curves of NITON XL3t GOLDD + spectrometer and complete revision of testing procedure, where this new knowledge about the EDXRF technique was applied. In the future, this work can be used by other researchers to develop studies in other base metals such as copper, aluminum, titanium or nickel, and also in other areas of application such as jewelry, recycling of metallic materials or even for analysis elemental residues retained in ion exchange membranes.

O desenvolvimento e validação de métodos analíticos é um procedimento necessário quando um método não normalizado é utilizado por um laboratório de ensaios. A validação de métodos também é um requisito específico da norma ABNT NBR ISO/IEC 17025, que determina os requisitos gerais para a competência dos laboratórios de ensaio e calibração. O objetivo da validação é demonstrar que o método analítico, nas condições em que é executado, produz resultados com a exatidão requerida. O Laboratório de Corrosão, Proteção e Reciclagem de Materiais (LACOR), da UFRGS, tem o ensaio de determinação de metais por fluorescência de raios X, acreditado pelo CGCRE/INMETRO, conforme ABNT NBR ISO/IEC 17025. O ensaio é feito usando o método de espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de energia (EDXRF). Este método, contudo, não é normalizado e, portanto, o mesmo foi validado, neste trabalho de pesquisa, para atender a este requisito. A validação foi feita com base no documento orientativo DOQ-CGCRE-08 e no guia EURACHEM. Os parâmetros de validação, para o ensaio quantitativo por EDXRF, que foram calculados neste trabalho são: seletividade; limite de detecção (LD) e limite de quantificação (LQ); linearidade e faixa de trabalho; veracidade de medição (tendência, erro normalizado, Z-score e comparação com método de referência) e precisão (repetibilidade, precisão intermediária e reprodutibilidade). Além disso, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de cálculo de incerteza de medição para o ensaio por EDXRF Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstram que o método EDXRF, usado na determinação de metais em aços, é um método não normalizado validado e compatível com os resultados obtidos com os métodos de referência: espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de comprimento de onda (WDXRF), fotométricos e espectrometria de absorção atômica (AAS). Inclusive, o WDXRF é um método de referência usado em muitas normas internacionais, que descrevem métodos de análise de aços por fluorescência de raios X, como ASTM E572 ou ASTM E1085. O estudo desenvolvido nesta dissertação permitiu que o LACOR mantivesse sua acreditação no ensaio de determinação de metais por fluorescência de raios X, na avaliação do CGCRE/INMETRO, no presente ano. Outros frutos deste trabalho foram a confecção das curvas de calibração do espectrômetro NITON XL3t GOLDD+ e a revisão do procedimento de ensaio, onde esses novos conhecimentos sobre a técnica EDXRF foram aplicados. Futuramente, este trabalho pode ser usado por outros pesquisadores para desenvolver estudos em outras matrizes metálicas, como cobre, alumínio, titânio ou níquel, e, também, em outras áreas de aplicação como jóias, reciclagem de materiais metálicos ou, até mesmo, para análise elementar de resíduos retidos em membranas de troca iônica. / The development and validation of analytical methods is a required procedure when a non-standard method is used by a testing laboratory. Method validation is also a specific requirement of the ABNT NBR ISO / IEC 17025, which determines the general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. The purpose of validation is to demonstrate that the analytical method, under the conditions in which it is performed, produces results with the required accuracy. The Corrosion, Protection and Recycling Materials Laboratory (LACOR), at UFRGS, has the X-ray fluorescence metal analysis, accredited by CGCRE / INMETRO, according to ABNT NBR ISO / IEC 17025. The test is performed using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry, EDXRF method. This method, however, is not standardized; therefore, it was validated in this research to meet this requirement. The validation was based on the DOQ-CGCRE-08 document and the EURACHEM guide. The method performance calculated in this study for quantitative testing by EDXRF are: selectivity; limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ); linearity and working range; trueness (bias, normalized error, Z-score and comparison with reference method) and precision (repeatability, intermediate precision and reproducibility). In addition, a measurement uncertainty calculation methodology was developed for the EDXRF testing The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the EDXRF method, used in the determination in the chemical analysis of steels, is a validated non-standard method and compatible with the results obtained with the reference methods: Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF), photometric and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). In addition, WDXRF is a reference method used in many international standards, which describes analysis of steels by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry such ASTM E572 or ASTM E1085. The study developed in this dissertation allowed LACOR to maintain its accreditation in the test of metal by X-ray fluorescence analysis, in the CGCRE / INMETRO audit, this year. Other fruits of this work were the preparation of calibration curves of NITON XL3t GOLDD + spectrometer and complete revision of testing procedure, where this new knowledge about the EDXRF technique was applied. In the future, this work can be used by other researchers to develop studies in other base metals such as copper, aluminum, titanium or nickel, and also in other areas of application such as jewelry, recycling of metallic materials or even for analysis elemental residues retained in ion exchange membranes.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o atendimento dos pacientes submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica cardiovascular no protocolo de atendimento na via rápida (fast track recovery) em relação ao protocolo convencional, foi comparada a movimentação dos pacientes atendidos em ambos os protocolos nas diferentes unidades hospitalares. O estudo foi realizado em hospital público universitário especializado em cardiologia de 400 leitos, de referência terciária para o Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram estudados 175 pacientes, 107 (61%) homens e 68 (39%) mulheres, de idades entre 2 meses a 81 anos, dos quais 107 operados no protocolo da via rápida e 68 no protocolo convencional. Foram avaliadas variáveis demográficas, clínicas e, para avaliar a movimentação dos pacientes nas diferentes unidades hospitalares, as taxas de alta por unidade de tempo em cada unidade. A análise estatística foi feita por meio de análise exploratória, método de Kaplan Meier e modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox. A análise de variância foi empregada para comparar o faturamento das despesas. A taxa de alta das diferentes unidades hospitalares por unidade de tempo dos portadores de cardiopatia congênita atendidos no protocolo da via rápida em relação ao protocolo da via convencional foi: a) 11,3 vezes a taxa de alta quando assistidos no protocolo na via convencional quanto ao tempo de permanência no centro cirúrgico; b) 6,3 vezes quanto à duração da intervenção cirúrgica; c) 6,8 vezes quanto à duração da anestesia; d) 1,5 vezes quanto à duração da perfusão; e) 2,8 vezes quanto à permanência na unidade de recuperação pós-operatória I; f) 6,7 vezes quanto à duração da hospitalização; g) 2,8 vezes quanto à permanência na unidade de internação pré-operatória; h) 2,1 vezes quanto à permanência na unidade de internação após a alta da unidade de terapia intensiva de recuperação pós-operatória. Para os portadores de cardiopatia isquêmica, as taxas de alta das unidades hospitalares para os protocolos de atendimento no protocolo da via rápida e no protocolo convencional não demonstraram diferença estatisticamente significante. Os valores de faturamento das despesas de internação dos portadores de cardiopatia congênita decorrentes de exames e procedimentos realizados nas fases pré- e pós-operatória e dos exames da fase trans-operatória foram menores quando os pacientes foram assistidos no protocolo da via rápida. Portanto, os portadores de cardiopatias congênita apresentaram menor permanência hospitalar nos recursos médicos hospitalares instalados, quando assistidos no protocolo de atendimento na via rápida, bem como menores despesas nas fases pré- e pós- operatória da internação. / Objective - To evaluate patient assistance in pre, per and postoperative phases of cardiac surgical intervention under fast track recovering protocol compared to the conventional way. Patients - 175 patients were studied, 107 (61%) men and 68 (39%) women. Ages 2 months to 81 years old. Patients included: first surgical intervention, congenital and ischemic cardiopathy without complexity, normal ventricular function and with at least 2 preoperative ambulatory consultations. Patients submitted to emergency surgeries were excluded. Interventions - assistance submitted by fast track and conventional protocol. Statistical analysis (measures) - exploratory, uni-varied (Kaplan Meier) and multi-varied (Cox) of the time in each admission unit. Hospital installations were classified in ambulatory, preoperative admission unit, surgical center, postoperative recovery unit and postoperative admission unit; the expression of this use was the discharge rate by unit of time from the significant interaction observed between assistance protocol and the kind of cardiopathy for the stay in the surgical center, surgical intervention time, stay in postoperative recovery unit, anesthesia time and time between admission and surgery dates. Results - the patients of congenital cardiopathy who underwent the protocol of conventional way recovery in relation to the fast track protocol, in the reliability range of 95% allows one to state that discharge rate by unit of time of the congenital cardiopathy patients assisted by the fast track protocol was: 11.3 times the discharge rate when assisted by the conventional way protocol as to the time of staying in the surgical center; 6.3 times as to the duration of the surgical intervention; 6.8 times as to duration of the anesthesia; 1.5 times as to the duration of the perfusion; 2.8 times as to the stay in the postoperative recovery unit; 6.7 times as to the stay in the hospital (period of time between the admission and the discharge date); 2.8 times as to the stay in the preoperative admission unit ( period of time between the admission date and the surgery date); 2.1 times as to the stay in the postoperative unit (period of time between the date of leaving the postoperative recovery unit and the date of discharge from the hospital). For the ischemia cardiopathy patients the risks concerning the protocols of recovery by the traditional way and the fast track were the same. CONCLUSIONS - The data concerning this study allows one to suggest that the assistance can be more efficient if one takes into consideration some variables studied in the protocol of fast track recovery. The congenital and ischemic cardiopathy patients presented shorter interval of time (concerning hospital stay in doctor-hospital installed facilities) when assisted in the fast track recovery protocol as well as fewer expenses with medical and hospital assistance.

Theory: - Controlling - its function and structure - Costs Analytical part: - Cost variance tracking and evaluation of its monthly prediction - Proposal of best practices for cost variance prediction done on monthly basis

In dieser Dissertation wurde untersucht, inwieweit die Kombination von Mikrofluidik mit elektrophoretischer Formgebung zur additiven Herstellung von Keramikbauteilen genutzt werden kann. Mit Verfahren der Mikrofluidik sollten räumliche Strukturierung und Materialdifferenzierung erfolgen, während die elektrophoretische Abscheidung für die Ausbildung einer homogenen Mikrostruktur sorgt. Es wurde eine Versuchsanlage aufgebaut, die eine kontrollierte elektrophoretische Abscheidung von Keramikpartikeln, die durch eine Hohlelektrode zugeführt werden, auf porösen Membranen ermöglicht. Die Anlage bietet – im Unterschied zu bereits beschriebenen Verfahren – das Potenzial für eine hochgradige Parallelisierung und Multimaterialdruck. Schließlich wurden Finite-Elemente-Modelle zur Feldverteilung und zur Partikelbewegung entwickelt, mit denen die experimentellen Ergebnisse verglichen wurden. Bei den Versuchen traten viele in ihrem Ausmaß nicht erwartete Phänomene auf: elektrohydrodynamische Effekte und nichtelektrisch verursachte Strömungen des Lösungsmittels, die die Ausbeute und Reproduzierbarkeit sowie die Eigenschaften der abgeschiedenen Strukturen verschlechterten, was zusätzlichen Untersuchungen notwendig machte. In Ethanol wurden relevante Abscheideparameter systematisch variiert und die Struktur und das Gefüge der abgeschiedenen Al2O3-Partikel methodisch analysiert. Die Arbeit war Teil eines von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft geförderten Sachbeihilfe-Projekts (KU 1327/10-1 | RA 614/7-1).:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 7 2 Stand der Forschung 8 2.1 Stand der Forschung additive Fertigung keramischer Bauteile 8 2.1.1 Feedstockbasierte additive Fertigungsverfahren 9 2.1.2 Pulverbasierte additive Fertigungsverfahren: 10 2.1.3 Schlickerbasierte additive Fertigungsverfahren 11 2.2 Stand der Forschung elektrophoretische Abscheidung 12 2.3 Stand der Forschung Dielektrophorese 15 2.4 Stand der Forschung EHD-Effekt 16 3 Methodisches Vorgehen 19 3.1 Allgemeiner Aufbau 19 3.2 Elektroden 22 3.3 Lösungsmittel 24 3.4 Abscheidemembranen 25 3.5 Partikel und Suspensionen 27 3.6 Durchführung der Depositionsexperimente 30 3.7 Analyse der abgeschiedenen Strukturen 32 3.7.1 Konfokale 3D Laserscanningmikroskopie (CLSM) 32 3.7.2 Dynamische Differenzkalorimetrie und Thermogravimetrie (DSC/TGA) 33 3.7.3 Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (REM) und Varianzanalyse 33 4 Computersimulationen 35 5 Experimentelle Ergebnisse 41 5.1 Untersuchung des EHD-Effekts 41 5.2 Abscheidung mit verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln und Partikeln 45 5.3 Abscheidung von PEI-Aluminiumoxidpartikeln in Ethanol 51 5.4 DSC-TGA einer bedruckten Membran 60 5.5 Varianzanalyse der Gefügehomogenität elektrophoretisch abgeschiedener Proben 63 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 66 7 Quellenverzeichnis 69 8 Formelverzeichnis 78 9 Tabellenverzeichnis 78 10 Abbildungsverzeichnis 79 11 Anhang 83 / In this dissertation it was examined to what extent the combination of microfluidics with electrophoretic shaping can be used for the additive manufacturing of ceramic components. The spatial structuring and material differentiation should take place using microfluidic methods, while the electrophoretic deposition ensures the formation of a homogeneous microstructure. A test facility was set up that enables controlled electrophoretic deposition of ceramic particles, which are fed through a hollow electrode, onto porous membranes. In contrast to known processes, the system offers the potential for high-quality parallelization and multi-material printing. Finally, finite element models for field distribution and particle movement were developed, with which the experimental results were compared. During the experiments, many phenomena that were not expected occurred: electrohydrodynamic effects and non-electrically induced solvent flows, which reduced the yield and reproducibility as well as the properties of the deposited structures, that made additional studies necessary. We systematically varied relevant deposition parameters in the solvent ethanol and the microstructure of the deposited Al2O3 particles was methodically analyzed. The work was part of a research grant project funded by the German Research Foundation (KU 1327 / 10-1 | RA 614 / 7-1).:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 7 2 Stand der Forschung 8 2.1 Stand der Forschung additive Fertigung keramischer Bauteile 8 2.1.1 Feedstockbasierte additive Fertigungsverfahren 9 2.1.2 Pulverbasierte additive Fertigungsverfahren: 10 2.1.3 Schlickerbasierte additive Fertigungsverfahren 11 2.2 Stand der Forschung elektrophoretische Abscheidung 12 2.3 Stand der Forschung Dielektrophorese 15 2.4 Stand der Forschung EHD-Effekt 16 3 Methodisches Vorgehen 19 3.1 Allgemeiner Aufbau 19 3.2 Elektroden 22 3.3 Lösungsmittel 24 3.4 Abscheidemembranen 25 3.5 Partikel und Suspensionen 27 3.6 Durchführung der Depositionsexperimente 30 3.7 Analyse der abgeschiedenen Strukturen 32 3.7.1 Konfokale 3D Laserscanningmikroskopie (CLSM) 32 3.7.2 Dynamische Differenzkalorimetrie und Thermogravimetrie (DSC/TGA) 33 3.7.3 Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (REM) und Varianzanalyse 33 4 Computersimulationen 35 5 Experimentelle Ergebnisse 41 5.1 Untersuchung des EHD-Effekts 41 5.2 Abscheidung mit verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln und Partikeln 45 5.3 Abscheidung von PEI-Aluminiumoxidpartikeln in Ethanol 51 5.4 DSC-TGA einer bedruckten Membran 60 5.5 Varianzanalyse der Gefügehomogenität elektrophoretisch abgeschiedener Proben 63 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 66 7 Quellenverzeichnis 69 8 Formelverzeichnis 78 9 Tabellenverzeichnis 78 10 Abbildungsverzeichnis 79 11 Anhang 83