This diploma thesis focuses on designing a USB analyzer. First part of this work describes the USB bus and types of USB data transfers. Next part explores existing USB analyzers. After that, FitKIT Minerva is presented as target platform for USB analyzer implementation. Next part of this project is dedicated to design the analyzer architecture and its parts: physical layer circuit, communication interface and user interface. Rest of the work show how the analyzer was implemented and evaluates the results achieved. Final result of this thesis is a working USB analyzer on FitKIT Minerva platform with graphical user interface accesible via web browser.

Genom laborativa försök skulle avvattning och retention av nanocellulosa i en DDA (Dynamic drainage analyzer) undersökas. Detta genom att tillsätta retentionskemikalier i varierande mängder för att se hur det påverkade avvattningen. Uppdragsgivaren var Innventia och laborationerna utfördes på SP:s laboratorium där DDA instrument fanns tillgängligt. DDA instrumentet liknar den maskin som används för papperstillverkning och därför anses det vara möjligt att kunna avvattna nanocellulosa på liknande instrument. Målet med examensarbetet var att få fram en nanocellulosafilm med goda barriärsegenskaper men också se hur tillsats av bärarfibrer påverkar filmens egenskaper. Målet var också att se om retention och avvattningstiden för nanocellulosa hänger ihop och om det går att få fram repeterbara resultat. Två olika viror undersöktes också i de laborativa experimenten i DDA, en som benämns som Albanyviran och en som benämns som Stratexviran. Albanyviran är tätare än Stratexviran och effekten av viratäthet på retention och avvattningstid undersöktes. Nanocellulosa eller Mikrofibrillär cellulosa (MFC) är ett nytt och förnybart material som utvinns ur träfibrer och karakteriseras av sitt geléaktiga utseende[4]. Nanocellulosan lämpar sig utmärkt för en mängd olika produkter t.ex. som barriär, enskilt i form av filmer eller i blandade produkter. Vid tillverkning av nanocellulosa används en homogenisator som sönderdelar cellulosafibrer till fibriller och fibrillaggregat. Detta var tidigare ett problem då fibrerna satte igen homogenisatorn och tillverkningen var mycket energikrävande[4]. När det gäller filmtillverkning av nanocellulosa kvarstår problemet när det kommer till avvattningen. Nanocellulosan späddes till önskad koncentration och innan de laborativa försöken kördes den genom en homogenisator för att dispergera fibrillerna i vätskan efter spädningen. Bärarfibrerna slogs upp i en uppslagare med två liter kranvatten för att sedan tillsättas till den homogeniserade nanocellulosan. Under försöket i DDA varierades mängden och andelen MFC (mikrofibrillär cellulosa) och bärarfibrer (Modorefmassa). Till MFC och bärarfibersuspensionen i DDA:n tillsattes sedan två retentionskemikalier vid varje försök, C-PAM PL-1520 och EKA NP-780 i varierande mängder. Efter avvattningen i DDA:n pressades filmen vid olika tryck och tider för att därefter mäta filmernas ytvikt och syrgasbarriär. Den film som ansågs mest lämplig gällande avvattning i DDA under försöken var vid 0,2 % med 90 % MFC och 10 % bärarfibrer. Filmen gav den högsta retentionen, en god syrgasbarriär och var lätt att hantera. Det som kan ses från resultaten av syrgasbarriären är att vid 0,2 % med 90 % MFC och 10 % bärarfibrer erhölls det lägsta OTR (oxygen transmission rate) -värdet på 0,53 vilket visar på en bra syrgasbarriär. Retentionen för det försöket var det högsta på 87,1 % medan avvattningstiden låg på närmare 250 sekunder. Avvattningstiderna var höga, dock så var det vid denna totalkoncentration ibland svårt att se när avvattningen avslutades då tiden klockades manuellt. Det som kan ses utifrån resultaten är att bärarfibrerna inte påverkar filmerna negativt utan kan gynna både så retentionen och syrgasbarriären blir bättre, dock fås en högre ytvikt och avvattningstiderna blir längre. / Through laboratory experiments, dewatering and retention of nanocellulose in a DDA (Dynamic Drainage Analyzer) were analysed. By adding retention chemicals in varied amounts, the effects on the dewatering was shown. The Job initiator was Innventia and the laboratory work were made at SP's laboratory where the DDA instrument was available. The DDA instrument is similar to the machine that is used for paper manufacturing in a large scale and therefore, it could be possible to dewater nanocellulose on a similar instrument. The goal of the thesis was to develop a nanocellulose film with good barrier properties but also to see how adding carrier fibers effect the properties of the film. The goal was also to see if the retention and dewatering time of nanocellulose are connected and whether it is possible to obtain repeatable results. Two different wires were also examined in the laboratory experiments in a DDA, the Albanywire and the Stratexwire. The Albany wire was denser than the Stratex wire and the effect that the density caused on retention and dewatering time was examined. Nanocellulose or Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) is a new and renewable material that is made from wood fibers and is characterized by its gelatinous appearance. [4] Nanocellulose is suited for a variety of products, such as barriers, alone in the form of films or mixed in products. In the manufacture of nanocellulose a homogenizer is used which decomposes cellulose fibers to fibrils fibril aggregate. This was previously a problem while the fibers clogged the homogenizer and the production had a high energy consumption. [4] When it comes to making a nanocellulose film the problems with dewatering remains. The nanocellulose was diluted to the desired concentration and before the laboratory experiments it was run through a homogenizer, to disperse the fibrils in the liquid after the dilution. The carrier fibers was prepared in a blender with two liters of tap water before it was added to the homogenized nanocellulose. During the experiment in the DDA the amount and proportion of the MFC (microfibrillar cellulose) and carrier fibers (Modorefmassa) was varied. To the MFC and carrier fiber suspension in the DDA two retention chemicals were added in each experiment, C- PAM PL -1520 and EKA NP- 780 in varying amounts. After the dewatering of nanocellulose in the DDA the films were pressed at different pressures and times, thereafter the oxygen permeability was analyzed. The film that was considered the most suitable referring to dewatering in the DDA during the attempts was at 0.2 % with 90 % MFC and 10 % carrier fibers. The film gave the highest retention, a good oxygen barrier and was easy to handle. What can be seen from the results of the oxygen barrier measurement is that at 0.2 % with 90 % MFC and 10% carrier fibers obtained the lowest value OTR (oxygen transmission rate), which indicates on a good oxygen barrier. Retention at this concentration was the highest at 87.1 %, while the drainage time was nearly 250 seconds. The dewatering time was high, however during this concentration it’s sometimes difficult to see when the dewatering ended while the time was clocked manually. Conclusions from the results are that the carrier fibers doesn’t have a negatively effect on the films, rather they can benefit both the retention and oxygen barrier, however a higher paper weight was obtained and the dewatering time became longer.

We propose an original analog method to perform instantaneous and quantitative spectral analysis of microwave signals. An ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers held in a diamond plate is pumped by a 532 nm laser. Its photoluminescence is imaged through an optical microscope and monitored by a digital camera. An incoming microwave signal is converted into a microwave field in the area of the NV centers by a loop shaped antenna. The resonances induced by the magnetic component of that field are detected through a decrease of the NV centers photoluminescence. A magnetic field gradient induces a Zeeman shift of the resonances and transforms the frequency information into spatial information, which allows for the simultaneous analysis of the microwave signal in the entire frequency bandwidth of the device. The time dependent spectral analysis of an amplitude modulated microwave signal is demonstrated over a bandwidth of 600 MHz, associated to a frequency resolution of 7MHz , and a refresh rate of 4 ms. With such integration time, a field of a few hundreds of lW can be detected. Since the optical properties of NV centers can be maintained even in high magnetic field, we estimate that an optimized device could allow frequency analysis in a range of 30 GHz, only limited by the amplitude of the magnetic field gradient. In addition, an increase of the NV centers quantity could lead both to an increase of the microwave sensitivity and to a decrease of the minimum refresh rate down to a few ls.

Universal Semantic Language (USL) is a semi-formalized approach for the description of knowledge (a knowledge representation tool). The idea of USL was introduced by Vladimir Smetacek in the system called SEMAN which was used for keyword extraction tasks in the former Information centre of the Czechoslovak Republic. However due to the dissolution of the centre in early 90's, the system has been lost. This thesis reintroduces the idea of USL in a new context of quantitative content analysis. First we introduce the historical background and the problems of semantics and knowledge representation, semes, semantic fields, semantic primes and universals. The basic methodology of content analysis studies is illustrated on the example of three content analysis tools and we describe the architecture of a new system. The application was built specifically for USL discovery but it can work also in the context of classical content analysis. It contains Natural Language Processing (NLP) components and employs the algorithm for collocation discovery adapted for the case of cooccurences search between semantic annotations. The software is evaluated by comparing its pattern matching mechanism against another existing and established extractor. The semantic translation mechanism is evaluated in the task of...

A suitable microtome sampling technique was used to sample cheese for analysis using FTIR spectroscopy. Well-separated fat- and protein-related bands were obtained in the spectra of Cheddar and Mozzarella cheese samples using this method. The absorbance intensity of the spectra was proportional to the thickness of the sample. The intensity of absorbance and fat- and protein-related bands increased with an increase in the fat and protein content in the sample. Strong and well-separated bands at 1744, 1450, 1240, 1170, and 1115 cm-1 arising mainly from fat content were observed using this method. Bands observed at 1650 and 1540 cm-1 were attributed to the protein present in the cheese. Bands at 1615-1639, 1640-1648, 1650-1658, and 1660-1688 cm-1 corresponding to β-sheet, random coil, helix, and the turns/sheet portion of the secondary structure were observed int he range of the amide I band. Characteristics of spectra for full-fat (FFCC) and reduced-fat Cheddar cheese (RFCC) during ripening were investigated. The absorbance of bands at 1116-1240 from C-C, C-O, C-N stretch, 1461 cm-1 from C-N bend (scissoring), 1744 cm-1 from ester carbonyl groups (fat A), 2850-2930 cm-1 from C-H stretch (fat B), 1650 and 1540 cm-1 from protein amide I and II varied druing cheese aging. Bands at 1116 and1240 cm-1 arising from C-O, C-N, and C-C stretch changed slightly during cheese aging. A correlation coefficient of 0.97 for bands between 1744 and 1167 cm-1 arising from fat, and that of 0.93 at 1650 and 1540 cm-1 arising from protein, respectively, showed that one of these fat or protein groups was highly related to the other. A correlation coefficient of greater than 0.80 among the bands of fat and protein groups indicated a strong interaction in those bands. Correlation of ripening time and absorbance at bands corresponding to each function group was analyzed. A ripening index model was obtained by correlating ripening time with predominant reactive group absorbance peaks. An R2 of 0.83 and 0.59 was obtained for full-fat and reduced fat Cheddar cheese, respectively. Texture development and its correlation with FTIR spectra data for FFCC and RFCC during aging were also studied. RFCC had a higher value of hardness, gumminess, and chewiness than its full-fat counterpart. The values decreased during the early stages of ripening and then increased with time. The change in hardness, adhesiveness, and springiness was expressed as a function of the change in absorbance of the FTIR spectra using multiple regression analysis. An R2 value of 0.67, 0.54, and 0.75 was obtained for full-fat Cheddar cheese, and a value of 0.51, 0.59, and 0.54 was obtained for reduced-fat Cheddar cheese for the respective texture parameters.

No description available.

Tryptophan, 5-methyl tryptophan, glucosamine, and galactosamine can be separated from each other and hydrolysis products including lysinoalanine by chromatography on a 6 × 260-mm column of W-3H resin. The column is developed at 70°C for 20 min with pH 3.95 (0.4 m Na+) buffer, followed by pH 6.4 (1 m Na+) buffer for 55 min using a Beckman 119 CL amino acid analyzer. The recovery of the internal standards, 5-methyl tryptophan and galactosamine, can then be used to correct for tryptophan and glucosamine losses, respectively. The procedure uses the column and buffers normally employed for protein hydrolysate analysis and does not require additional resin columns, special buffers, or flow rate changes.

Electrochemical measurements are utilized in various fields, including healthcare (e.g., potentiometric measurements for electrolytes in blood and blood gas, amperometric biosensing of glucose as in blood glucose meters), water quality (e.g., pH measurement, voltammetric analyses for heavy metals), and energy. Much of the appeal of electrochemical analyses can be attributed to the relative simplicity, low cost and lack of maintenance associated with electrochemical instruments, along with techniques that can exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity, wide linear dynamic range, and low limits of detection for many analytes. While commercial electrochemical analyzers are less expensive than many other instruments for chemical analyses and are available from various manufacturers, versatility and performance often coincide with added expense. Recently, the development of low-cost, adaptable, open-source chemical instruments, including electrochemical analyzers, has emerged as a topic of great interest in the scientific community. In contrast to commercial instruments, for which schematics and underlying operation details are often obscured – severely limiting modifications and improvements, creators of open-source instruments release all the necessary information for reproduction of the hardware and software. As a result, open-source instruments not only serve as excellent teaching tools for novices to gain experience in electronics and programming, but also present opportunity to design and develop low-cost, portable instruments, which have particular significance for point-of-care sensing applications, use in resource-limited settings, and the rapidly developing field of on-body sensors. In this work, we report the design of a low-cost, compact electrochemical analyzer based on an open-source Arduino microcontroller. The instrument is capable of performing electrochemical analyses such as cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry with an operating range of ± 138 ��A and ± 1.65 V. Performance of the platform is investigated with low-cost pencil graphite electrodes and results compared to commercial potentiostats.

This thesis combines Keysight’s SystemVue software with a Vector Signal Analyzer (VSA) and Vector Signal Generator (VSG) to test receiver equalization schemes over physical channels. The testing setup, “Equalization Verification,” is intended to be able to evaluate any equalization scheme over any physical channel, and a decision-directed feed-forward LMS equalizer is used as an example. The decision-directed feed-forward LMS equalizer is shown to decrease the BER from 10-2 to 10-3 (average of all trials) over a CAT7 and CAT6A cable, both simulated and physical, for 1GHz and 2GHz carrier, and 80MHz data rate. A wireless channel, 2.4GHz Dipole Antenna, is also tested to show that the addition of the equalization scheme decreases BER from 10-5 to less than 10-5. Then the simulation and equalization parameters (LMS step size, PRBS, etc.) are changed to further verify the equalization scheme. The simulated channel BER results do not always match the physical channel BER results, but the equalization scheme does decrease BER for both wired and wireless channels. Then transistor-based equalization model is created using both HDL SystemVue components and blocks easily implemented by transistors. The model is then verified using HDL, Spice, and SystemVue simulation. Overall this thesis accomplishes its goal of creating a testing setup, Equalization Verification, to show that adding a given simulated equalization scheme in SystemVue can improve the quality of the link, by decreasing BER by at least an order of magnitude, over a specific physical channel.

Fat intra-body communication is a newly proven concept that is built on using human fat tissues as a communication channel for electromagnetic waves inside the body. This allows for two implanted external devices to connect through an intra-body closed-loop communication channel. This concept utilizes the fact that the fat tissues have low dielectric properties and are located between two tissue layers, skin and muscle, which have high dielectric permittivity and high loss tangent so that the signal propagates and confines with lower losses within the fat tissue. In this study, the eligibility of using monkey fat tissues as a communication channel for intra-body communication is being investigated. This comes as a first step in a long process of testing implementing medical devices, mainly prosthetic limbs, on non-human primates using fat-IBC at microwave frequencies. To be able to do that, an experimental characterization of ex-vivo monkey fat, skin, and muscle tissues to explore their dielectric properties compared to those of humans is being carried out. This study of the dielectric properties of monkey tissues is the first of its kind to be carried out on two samples of ex-vivo monkey tissues. Calf tissues have also been investigated in the study to get an insight on the potential differences between human and non-human body tissues in general before doing measurements on monkey tissues. For the measurements, an RF network analyzer and an open-ended coaxial probe method have been implemented. Phantoms that mimic the human tissues have been fabricated to be used as a reference point. The initial investigation demonstrates that calf fat tissues have much higher dielectric properties than human fat tissues. Monkey fat, muscle, and skin tissues showed many similarities to human tissues regarding their dielectric properties. This indicates that monkey tissues can be used for fat intra-body communication. Future numerical and analytical modeling of the monkey tissues needs to be conducted to confirm and strengthen this finding.