The stainless steel industry is an industry which manufactures one of the most used ma-terials in the world. Even though the vast size of the industry many might not reflect werethe steel comes from when buying their IKEAcutlery etc. But in fact this industry is moreintricate and complex than one might think.During the manufacturing process, the steelgoes through several processes. One of thoseprocesses is done by treating the steel withstrong acid. This chemical process is calledpickling. The pickling process is what createsthe characteristic smooth and shiny surface ofa product made in stainless steel.This thesis is about the development of a testunit that is able to effectively test the ASRA(Acid Sludge Removal Apparatus) filter cloths.The ASRA is a filtration system developed by Scanacon in Stockholm that filtrates and puri-fies acid that is used during the pickling pro-cess of a steel manufacture process. Today, it is complicated, time consuming and dangerous totest and evaluate different filter cloths in orderto find the cloth that provides the best result,since the tests has to be conducted on the realsystems. The aim of this thesis was therefore tosolve these problems. Scanacon wanted to findan alternative solution, that would not includeinteraction with the real filtration system. Theyalso wanted a portable and safe solution. To solve the problem a iterative design pro-cess called RDCD which stands for research, design, create & delivery was developed. Theprocesses was heavily influenced by the CDIO process (Conceive, Design, Implement & Ope-rate). After the research phase was conducted it was decided that a small filter analysis productwould be the best way to solve the problem. The product was then developed one com-ponent at a time. During the project several prototypes and test was created and conductedin order to validate the design.The result is a small filtration unit speciallydesigned to simulate the ASRA system. Theproduct is able to rapidly test various filtercloths in an easy way, without putting the user in harm’s way. After the tests has been perfor-med can the user can identify which cloth that worked the best. The product is small enoughto be possible to be carried in a hard case bag,which in turn affords portability. / Stålindustrin är en industri som tillverkar ettav de mest använda materialen i världen. Trotsindustrins enorma storlek är det kanske intemånga som reflekterar varifrån stålet kommerifrån när man köper exempelvis IKEA bestick.Men faktum är att den här industrin är mycketmer invecklad och komplex än vad man kan tro. Under tillverkningsprocessen går stålet ige-nom flera processer. En av de här processerna genomförs genom att behandla stålet med starksyra. Den kemiska processen kallas för betningoch är det som ger en produkt tillverkad i stålden karaktäristiska lena och glänsande ytan. Den här examensrapporten handlar om ut-vecklandet av en test enhet som effektivt kan testa filter dukarna till ASRA (Acid SludgeRemoval Apparatus) systemet. ASRA systemetär ett filtreringssystem utvecklat av Scanaconi Stockholm som filtrerar och renar syran som används under betningsprocessen vid stål-tillverkning. Idag är det komplicerat, tidskrä-vande och farligt att testa och utvärdera olika filterdukar för att ta reda på vilken duk somger bäst resultat, eftersom att testerna måstegenomföras på de riktiga systemen. Målet fördet här examensarbetet var därför att lösa dehär problemen. Scanacon ville ha en alternativlösning som inte kräver interaktion med deriktiga systemen. De ville också ha en portabeloch säker lösning. För att lösa problemet utvecklades en itera-tiv designprocess kallad RDCD som står för research, design, create & delivery. Processen var tungt influerat av CDIO (Conceive, De-sign, Implement & Operate) processen. Efter att researchfasen var genomförd bestämdesdet att en liten filteranalysatorprodukt var detbästa sättet att lösa problemet på. Produktenutvecklades sedan en komponent i taget. Underprojektets gång har flera prototyper byggts och flera tester genomförts för att validera designen. Resultatet är en liten filtreringsenhet som är specialdesignad för att simulera ASRA syste-met. Produkten kan snabbt testa oliak filterdu-kar på ett enkelt sätt, utan utsätta användaren för fara. Efter att testerna genomförts kananvändaren identifiera vilken duk som funkatbäst. Produkten är tillräckligt liten för att fåplats i en hårdplast väska, vilket ger produktenden efterfrågade portabiliteten.

A construção de um analisador virtual é sustentada basicamente por três pilares: o modelo, as variáveis que integram o modelo e a estratégia de correção/atualização do modelo. Os modelos matemáticos são classificados quanto ao nível de conhecimento do processo contido nele, indo de modelos complexos baseados em relações fundamentais e leis físico-químicas, denominados white-box, até modelos obtidos através de técnicas de análise multivariável, como técnicas de regressão multiváriavel e redes neurais, referenciados como black box. O presente trabalho objetiva uma análise de dois dos pilares: os modelos, focando em modelos obtidos através das técnicas de redução de dimensionalidade do tipo PLS, e metodologias de seleção de variáveis para a construção dessa classe de modelos. Primeiramente é realizada uma revisão das principais variantes lineares e não lineares da metodologia PLS, compreendendo desde o seu desenvolvimento até a sua combinação com redes neurais. Posteriormente são apresentadas algumas das técnicas popularmente utilizadas para a seleção de variáveis em modelos do tipo black-box, técnicas de validação cruzada e técnicas de seleção de dados para calibração e validação de modelos. São propostas novas abordagens para os procedimentos de seleção de variáveis, originadas da combinação das técnicas de seleção de dados com duas metodologias de seleção de variáveis. Os resultados produzidos por essas novas abordagens são comparados com o método clássico através de casos lineares e não lineares. A viabilidade das técnicas analisadas e desenvolvidas é verificada através da aplicação das mesmas no desenvolvimento de um analisador virtual para uma coluna de destilação simulada através do simulador dinâmico Aspen Dynamics®. Por fim são apresentadas as etapas e desafios da implementação de um analisador virtual baseados em técnicas PLS em uma Torre Depropanizadora de uma central de matérias primas de um pólo petroquímico. / The construction of a virtual analyzer is sustained basically by three pillars: the model, the variables that integrate the model and the updating strategy of the model. The mathematical models are classified with relationship at the level of the process knowledge within it, going from complex models, based on fundamental relationships and physical-chemistries laws, called white-box, until models obtained through multivariable analysis techniques, as multiple linear regression and neural networks, also called as black box. The focus of the present work is the analysis of two of the pillars: the models, specially the ones obtained by dimension reduction techniques, like PLS, and methodologies used in the development of this class of models. Initially, a revision of the main linear and non linear variants of the PLS methodology is done, embracing since its development to its combination with neural networks. Later on, some popularly variables selection techniques for black-box models are explained, as well as some cross validation techniques and strategies for data selection for calibration and validation of models. New approaches for variables selection procedures are proposed, originated by the combination of data selection strategies and two variables selection techniques. The results produced by those new approaches are compared with the classic method through linear and non linear case studies. The viability of the analyzed and developed techniques is verified through the application of the same ones in the development of a virtual analyzer for a distillation column, simulated by the dynamic simulator Aspen Dynamics®. The steps and challenges faced in the implementation of a virtual analyzer based on PLS technical for a Depropanizer Unit are finally presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 2086522 bytes, checksum: 2ef050c11d468211827e7bc3b2bd65d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, it is proposed a digital image-based chemiluminescent (DIB-CL) method that employs a flow-batch analyzer (FBA) for the determination of Cr (VI) in water. The proposed DIB-CL-FBA (Digital Image-Based Chemiluminescent Flow-Batch Analyser) system uses a webcam with CCD sensor for acquisition of digital images generated according to the RGB (Red-Green-Blue) colour system. In Cr (VI)determination, this specie is quantitatively reduced to Cr (III) by using hydrogen peroxide in acid medium. After, the produced chromium (III) actuates as catalyst effect on oxidation of the luminol by hydrogen peroxide in alkaline medium, yielding chemiluminescence radiation. The emitted light is captured by webcam generating a digital image, in which a region is delimited in order to retrieve the values of the R, G and B individual components of each pixel. These values are used to define a position vector in RGB three-dimensional space. The vector norm is adopted as the RGB-based value (analytical response), which is linearly related o the analyte concentration. A linear response range for implementing the Cr (VI) determination was from 7.36 to 150.00 μg L−1.The linear analytical curve was validated through ANOVA, F-test for lack of fit and graphical analysis of the residue left by the model. The limits of detection and quantification estimated were 2.20 and 7.36 μg L-1, respectively, and sampling rate was found as 40 h-1. The results of applying the DIBFBA- CL method were compared with those obtained using a spectrophotometric method used as reference. It was verified that there is no statistically significant systematic difference between the results by applying the paired t-test at a confidence level of 95%. / Neste trabalho, propõe-se um método quimiluminescente baseado em imagem digital que utiliza um analisador em fluxo-batelada para determinação de Cr(VI) em águas. O sistema QL-FB-BID (sistema quimiluminescente em fluxo batelada baseado em imagens digitais) proposto usa uma webcam com sensor CCD(dispositivo de carga acoplada) para aquisição das imagens digitais geradas de acordo com o sistema de cor RGB (Red-Green-Blue). A determinação de Cr (VI) é baseada em sua redução quantitativa para Cr (III) por peróxido de hidrogênio em meio ácido. Em seguida, o Cr (III) atua como catalisador na reação de oxidação do luminol por peróxido de hidrogênio em meio alcalino, produzindo radiação quimiluminescente. A luz emitida é capturada pela webcam gerando uma imagem digital, na qual uma região é delimitada para a decomposição dos pixels nos valores dos componentes R, G e B. Estes valores são usados para definir um vetor posição no espaço tridimensional RGB. A norma do vetor é adotada como sendo a resposta analítica, a qual se relaciona linearmente com a concentração do analito. A faixa linear da resposta obtida para a determinação de Cr (VI) estendeu-se de 7,36 até 150,00 μg L−1. O modelo linear de curva analítica foi validado por intermédio de ANOVA, teste-F para falta de ajuste e da análise gráfica dos resíduos deixados pelo modelo. Os valores estimados dos limites de detecção e quantificação foram, respectivamente, 2,20 e 7,36 μg L-1. A frequência analítica alcançada foi de 40 h−1. Aplicando-se o teste t-emparelhado aos resultados obtidos pelo método proposto em comparação com o método espectrofotométrico de referência, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas ao nível de confiança de 95%.

A construção de um analisador virtual é sustentada basicamente por três pilares: o modelo, as variáveis que integram o modelo e a estratégia de correção/atualização do modelo. Os modelos matemáticos são classificados quanto ao nível de conhecimento do processo contido nele, indo de modelos complexos baseados em relações fundamentais e leis físico-químicas, denominados white-box, até modelos obtidos através de técnicas de análise multivariável, como técnicas de regressão multiváriavel e redes neurais, referenciados como black box. O presente trabalho objetiva uma análise de dois dos pilares: os modelos, focando em modelos obtidos através das técnicas de redução de dimensionalidade do tipo PLS, e metodologias de seleção de variáveis para a construção dessa classe de modelos. Primeiramente é realizada uma revisão das principais variantes lineares e não lineares da metodologia PLS, compreendendo desde o seu desenvolvimento até a sua combinação com redes neurais. Posteriormente são apresentadas algumas das técnicas popularmente utilizadas para a seleção de variáveis em modelos do tipo black-box, técnicas de validação cruzada e técnicas de seleção de dados para calibração e validação de modelos. São propostas novas abordagens para os procedimentos de seleção de variáveis, originadas da combinação das técnicas de seleção de dados com duas metodologias de seleção de variáveis. Os resultados produzidos por essas novas abordagens são comparados com o método clássico através de casos lineares e não lineares. A viabilidade das técnicas analisadas e desenvolvidas é verificada através da aplicação das mesmas no desenvolvimento de um analisador virtual para uma coluna de destilação simulada através do simulador dinâmico Aspen Dynamics®. Por fim são apresentadas as etapas e desafios da implementação de um analisador virtual baseados em técnicas PLS em uma Torre Depropanizadora de uma central de matérias primas de um pólo petroquímico. / The construction of a virtual analyzer is sustained basically by three pillars: the model, the variables that integrate the model and the updating strategy of the model. The mathematical models are classified with relationship at the level of the process knowledge within it, going from complex models, based on fundamental relationships and physical-chemistries laws, called white-box, until models obtained through multivariable analysis techniques, as multiple linear regression and neural networks, also called as black box. The focus of the present work is the analysis of two of the pillars: the models, specially the ones obtained by dimension reduction techniques, like PLS, and methodologies used in the development of this class of models. Initially, a revision of the main linear and non linear variants of the PLS methodology is done, embracing since its development to its combination with neural networks. Later on, some popularly variables selection techniques for black-box models are explained, as well as some cross validation techniques and strategies for data selection for calibration and validation of models. New approaches for variables selection procedures are proposed, originated by the combination of data selection strategies and two variables selection techniques. The results produced by those new approaches are compared with the classic method through linear and non linear case studies. The viability of the analyzed and developed techniques is verified through the application of the same ones in the development of a virtual analyzer for a distillation column, simulated by the dynamic simulator Aspen Dynamics®. The steps and challenges faced in the implementation of a virtual analyzer based on PLS technical for a Depropanizer Unit are finally presented.

Oats is a crop that contains a high amount of fiber, protein and fat, but like all other crops it contains mostly starch. In this study the focus has been oat flours and brans with different b-glucan content. The health benefits of b-glucan, a soluble fiber are well documented and a correlation between intake of b-glucan with high molecular weight and a low glycemic response has been observed. Food with a low glycemic index can lower the risk for diseases like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and obesity. Also a connection between intake of b-glucan with high molecular weight and a reduction of LDL-cholesterol has been observed. b-glucans from oat absorb water and build a viscous gel, which make them an interesting component when developing new products, as a fat replacer in for example meat products and pastries. To optimize the use of flours and brans with a modified b-glucan content in new applications, the water absorption was measured with a method called Solvent Retention Capacity and the viscosity with a Rapid Viscosity Analyzer (RVA). The results showed that a higher amount of b-glucan in the flour or bran, a higher water holding capacity (WHC) was observed. The WHC for oat flour with a b-glucan content at 2% was calculated to 73±7%, while the WHC for oat bran with a b-glucan content at 28%, was calculated to a WHC of 880±45%. A comparison of different flours and brans indicates that dietary fiber, where b-glucan have the greatest impact on the WHC. The result from the RVA indicates that a flour with a combination of a high b-glucan content (0.24g) and high starch content (3.72g) leads to a high viscosity 12700 cP, compared to other flours or brans with either a lower b-glucan content (0.12g) or lower starch content (0.12g) gives lower final viscosity, 5390 and 780 cP. The result also indicates that other factors such as a smaller particle size and a higher temperature during the heating step (95°C instead of 64°C) might give a higher viscosity.

Este trabalho tem como fulcro o desenvolvimento de um gerador de analisadores sintáticos do tipo top-down para gramáticas LL(1) com entrada gráfica da gramática, bem como uma comparação do mesmo com outros geradores em uso no mercado. Como resultado foi obtido um gerador totalmente funcional, e foi mostrado como ele é superior aos outros analisadores. São descritos detalhes da implementação e foi elaborado um manual de uso do sistema implementado em Java independente de ambientes de programação. / This thesis has as its main goal the development a parser generator using top-down syntax analysis for LL(1) grammars. Its input is a graph grammar. A comparison with available parser generators is also presented. As a result a fully executable generator, and the fact that it is superior to the other generators was demonstrated. This work contains details of the implementation, and presents a users manual of the system, which was implemented in Java. The system is independent of programming environments.

Syftet med denna valideringsstudie är att värdera lämpligheten att överföra den manuella analysen av aktuell infektion av Varicella Zoster Virus (aVZV IgM) och Herpes Simplex Virus (aHSV IgM) med SIEMENS Enzygnost® till en av de automatiserade analysinstrumenten EUROIMMUN Analyzer I (ELISA) eller DiaSorin LIAISON® XL. Arbetet utfördes på Klinisk Mikrobiologi i Lund. Konsekutiva serumprover för VZV IgM (n=108) och för HSV IgM (n=116) från det vardagliga flödet analyserades, tillsammans med 10 PCR- eller serokonversion-konfirmerade positiva serumprover av primär infektion VZV och HSV samt 10 positiva för reaktiverad infektion av VZV och HSV. Utöver det användes 10 serumprover konfirmerade positiva för Cytomegalovirus (CMV) respektive 10 för Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) för att testa korsreaktionen metoderna emellan. Resultatet från VZV-valideringen i Analyzer I samt LIAISON® XL gav en överensstämmelse på 93% respektive 94% av de konsekutiva proverna, 71% respektive 86% av de primärinfekterade proverna och 75% respektive 58% av de reaktiverade proverna, samt en korsreaktivitet (positiva och gränsvärden) på totalt 33% respektive 20% av proverna. Resultatet från HSV-valideringen i Analyzer I samt LIAISON® XL gav en överensstämmelse på 84% respektive 87% av de konsekutiva proverna, 82% respektive 18% av de primärinfekterade proverna och 40% respektive 10% av de reaktiverade proverna, samt en korsreaktivitet (positiva och gränsvärden) på totalt 67% respektive 47% av proverna. Enligt rekommendation efter utförandet av denna studie så bör analysen av HSV IgM uteslutas från båda automatiserade metoder medan VZV IgM bör kontrolleras något ytterligare i Analyzer I, med förhoppning om att denna metod kan vara känsligare. / The approach of this validation study is to evaluate the adequacy for transferring the manual analysis method of ongoing infection of Varicella Zoster Virus (aVZV IgM) and Herpes Simplex Virus (aHSV IgM) with SIEMENS Enzygnost® to one of the automated instruments EUROIMMUN Analyzer I (ELISA) or DiaSorin LIAISON® XL. The study was carried out at Clinical Microbiology in Lund. Consecutive serum samples for VZV IgM (n=108) and HSV IgM (n=116) from the daily local flow of tests were analyzed, along with 10 positive for primary infection of VZV and HSV, confirmed by PCR or seroconversion, and 10 with reactivated infection of VZV and HSV. Beyond those, 10 serum samples confirmed positive for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) respectively 10 for Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) to test the cross-reaction between the three methods. The results from the validation of VZV in Analyzer I and LIAISON® XL gave an agreement of 93% and 94% respectively in the consecutive tests, 71% and 86% respectively in the primary infected tests and 75% and 58% respectively in the reactivated tests, and also a cross-reactivity (both positive and in between-values) at a total of 33% respectively 20% of the tests. The results from the validation of HSV in Analyzer I and LIAISON® XL gave an agreement of 84% and 87% respectively in the consecutive tests, 82% and 18% respectively in the primary infected tests and 40% and 10% respectively in the reactivated tests, and also a cross-reactivity (both positive and in between-values) at a total of 67% respectively 47% of the tests. According recommendations after the performance of this study, the analysis of HSV IgM should be excluded from both of the automated methods while VZV IgM should be controlled further in Analyzer I, with hopes that this new method could be more sensitive.

No description available.

This master thesis deals with the design and implementation of dynamic analyzer of parametrized contracts . In the first part of the thesis , the problematics of testing of parallel programs are discussed and issues when dealing with parallelism are described . Further , methods how to reveal concurrency bugs via dynamic analysis are described , in particular FastTrack and Contract validator. The second part of the thesis proposes an extension for RoadRunner framework and SearchBestie platform for contract validator with parameters.

This thesis targets on design of portable device for impedance measurement. Theoretical knowledge related to the construction of a portable impedance analyzer is summarized in a separate chapter. This section also compares some commercially available impedance analyzers. In addition, this thesis contains a description of the principle of operation of the impedance analyzer, which is divided into individual function blocks and supplemented by control circuits. A large part of the work focuses on the design of the analog measurement circuit, where suitable measuring methods are also presented. The functionality of the analog blocks of the device was verified by circuit simulation in the PSpice program and by experimental tests. Selection of some components is mentioned in the relevant chapters, where the essential parameters from datasheets are listed. The output of the work deals with a designed prototype of the device, which was tested. Based on the findings some modifications of the device were proposed for practical usability. The attachment of the thesis contains final version of designed printed circuit board.