Orientador: Jose Luiz Moraes Vasconcelos / Banca: Ky Garrett Pohler / Banca: Gustavo Resende Siqueira / Banca: Ocilon Gomes de Sá Filho / Resumo: Os hormônios metabólicos IGF-1, GH e leptina são alterados de acordo com o status nutricional dos animais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar as concentrações desses hormônios em vacas paridas e novilhas Nelore entre 12 e 16 meses de idade e seus efeitos na reprodução nos experimentos do Capítulo 2. No Capítulo 3, vacas primíparas, multíparas e novilhas Nelore de dois anos foram suplementadas ou não com milho moído durante o protocolo de IATF até o diagnóstico de gestação com o intuito de avaliar a alteração nos hormônios metabólicos e seus impactos na reprodução. No Capítulo 4, multíparas Nelore de duas fazendas foram suplementadas ou não com virginiamicina adicionada ao sal mineral. Em todos os experimentos as fêmeas foram submetidas a protocolos de IATF e colocadas com touro até o fim da estação de monta, sendo que apenas nos experimentos do Capítulo 3, as fêmeas receberam segunda IATF caso estivessem vazias antes da entrada dos touros. No experimento 1 do Capítulo 2 e no experimento 1 do Capítulo 3 houve efeito linear positivo da concentração de IGF-1 no dia da inseminação na probabilidade de prenhez a IATF. Em todos os experimentos realizados, também houve efeito linear positivo da concentração de IGF-1 no dia da inseminação na probabilidade de prenhez ao final da estação de monta, exceto no experimento 2 do capítulo 2. A concentração de IGF-1 no diagnóstico de gestação apresentou efeito linear negativo na probabilidade de prenhez em quatro estudos. O efeito do GH ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The metabolic hormones IGF-1, GH and leptin change according to nutritional managmentof the herd. The aim of these trials was to measure the concentration of these metabolic hormones in 12-16 months old Nellore heifers and multiparous cows and associate with the reproduction performance in experiments of Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, 2-years old heifers, primiparous and multiparous Nellore cows received or not ground corn starting in the begginning of TAI protocol until pregnancy check on day 30 to associate with metabolic hormones and reproduction. In Chapter 4, multiparous Nellore cows of two farms were supplemented or not with virginiamycin in mineral salt and the association with metabolic hormores and reproduction was evaluated. In all studies TAI was performed and bulls stayed from 7 days after TAI until the end of breeding season, except on trials of Chapter 3, which second TAI was performed in open cows before being exposed to bulls. In experiment 1 of Chapter 2 and experiment 1 of chapter 3 there was a linear positive effect of IGF-1 concentration on day of insemination on TAI pregnancy rate. In all trials, IGF-1 concentrations on insemination had a linear positive effect on pregnancy rate in the end of breeding season, except in experiment 2 of chapter 2. The IGF-1 concentrations on pregnancy rate had a linear negative association with TAI pregnancy rate in 4 studies. Concentraions of GH and leptin had no consistent association with reproduction rates. Corn supplementation did not alter TAI pregnancy rate, but tended to improve pregnancy rate on second AI and increased final pregnancy rate in primiparous cows, reduced final pregnancy rate in multiparous cows and increased weaning rate of primiparous calves supplemented with corn. Virginiamycin supplementation did not increase TAI and... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The objective of the experiments conducted for this dissertation was to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in a variety of feed ingredients for broiler chickens and pigs. The effects of casein in experimental diets on the SID of AA in corn distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to pigs were evaluated. The SID of AA in feed ingredients, which include full-fat soybean (FFSB), two soybean meals (SBM), peanut flour (PNF), full-fat canola seeds (FFCS), canola meal (CM), canola expellers (CE), hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), flash dried poultry protein (FDPP), poultry meal (PM), and meat and bone meal (MBM), were compared in broiler chickens and pigs. One of the studies determined the ileal digestibility of AA in casein by regression analysis and investigated the effects of 60 g/kg casein in experimental diets on the SID of AA in DDGS. The ileal digestibility of AA in casein were close to 100%, ranging from 95.5% (SE = 9.10) for Cys to 103.1% (SE = 4.40) for Arg. In addition, the SID of Lys and Phe in DDGS determined by pigs fed the diet containing DDGS and casein were greater (<i>P</i> < 0.05) than the values determined by pigs fed the diet containing DDGS without casein. Based on the results of this experiment, two additional experiments were conducted to determine the effects of graded concentrations of casein from 55 to 165 g/kg in experimental diets on the SID of AA in DDGS and to determine the effects of dietary DDGS concentrations (i.e., 155.6 or 466.8 g/kg) and addition of casein in experimental diets on the SID of AA in DDGS. The SID of indispensable AA, except for Arg and Lys, linearly decreased (<i>P</i> < 0.05) as the concentration of casein in experimental diets increased. Moreover, pigs fed the diets containing 155.6 g/kg DDGS had less (<i>P</i> < 0.05) SID of indispensable AA, except for Trp, in DDGS than those fed the diets containing 466.8 g/kg DDGS regardless of the addition of casein in experimental diets. Therefore, it may be concluded that the addition of casein improves the SID of AA in DDGS, but reduced DDGS concentration in experimental diets decreases the SID of AA in DDGS. In one pair of experiments conducted to compare the SID of AA in FFSB, SBM containing 430 g/kg crude protein, SBM containing 470 g/kg crude protein, and PNF between broiler chickens and pigs, the SID of AA, except for Trp, Ala, and Glu, in test ingredients for pigs were greater (<i>P</i> < 0.05) than the values for broiler chickens. In addition, in both broiler chickens and pigs, the SID of Ile, Leu, and Val in FFSB were less (<i>P</i> < 0.05) than in the other test ingredients. In another pair of experiments conducted to compare the SID of AA in FFCS, CM, and CE between broiler chickens and pigs, interactions (<i>P</i> < 0.05) between experimental diets and species were observed in the SID of AA, except for Lys, Gly, Pro, and Ser. The SID of AA in FFCS for broiler chickens were greater (<i>P</i> < 0.05) than pigs; however, there was no difference in the SID of AA in CM or CE between broiler chickens and pigs. The objective of a third pair of experiments was to compare the SID of AA in HFM, FDPP, PM, and MBM fed to broiler chickens and pigs. There were interactions (<i>P</i> < 0.05) between experimental diets and species in the SID of His, Thr, Trp, and Val. In broiler chickens, the SID of His, Thr, and Trp in FDPP and PM were greater (<i>P</i> < 0.05) than in HFM but were less (<i>P</i> < 0.05) than MBM; however, difference in SID of His, Thr, and Trp among FDPP, PM, and MBM was not observed in pigs. Based on the results of three pairs of studies, it was revealed that differences in SID of AA in common feed ingredients for both broiler chickens and pigs were affected by species. Therefore, it may be concluded that the effects of feed ingredient-specific factors on the SID of AA are different between broiler chickens and pigs.

<p>Fat supplementation has potential to improve reproductive performance and increase pregnancy rates in cattle by increasing the energy density of the diet. However, some of the positive effects of fat seem to be influenced by the type of fatty acid fed. Supplementation of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids increase uptake of n-3 fatty acids into tissue phospholipids and can mitigate immune and inflammatory responses in favor of pregnancy maintenance in cattle. However, n-3 fatty acid supplementation in ruminants has been associated with a decrease in circulating PGF_2α, which may delay CL regression, extend an animal’s time in diestrus, and prevent ovulation. Prostaglandin F_2α is a series 2 prostaglandin, synthesized from omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids, which is inhibited by production of series 3 prostaglandins from n-3 fatty acids. Docosohexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) are long-chain n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that have important biological effects on reproduction through their involvement in hormone and series 3 prostaglandin synthesis. Ruminant tissues are naturally almost devoid of n-3 long-chain PUFA, specifically EPA and DHA. Fish oil is the most common ration additive used to provide very long chain n-3 fatty acids to ruminants. However, marine fish do not synthesize n-3 fatty acids; they consume microscopic algae or other algae-consuming fish to obtain n-3 fatty acids. Algae biomass provides a consistent source of DHA and EPA that could be fed to alter hormonal profiles and improve reproduction of beef heifers. Eighty-eight Angus × Simmental heifers (427 ± 1.8 kg) were blocked by BW and allotted to 2 treatments (44/treatment, 4 pens/treatment, 11 heifers/pen). Control heifers were fed a diet that contained (DM basis) 52.8% mixed grass silage, 32% corn silage, and 15.2% concentrate. DHAgold™ (49% fat; 21.8% DHA; DSM Inc.) was included in the algae diet at 1.65% of DM, replacing equal parts of corn and DDGS. Diets were formulated to contain 12% CP and 0.79 Mcal/kg NEg. Heifers were fed treatment diets from 54 d prior to the breeding season through the first trimester. Follicular fluid was collected on day 47 for hormonal analysis. Artificial insemination (AI) was from d 55 to 98, after which open heifers were removed to 1 control and 1 algae pen and placed with a bull. The study ended on d 180. Performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure and conception data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Dominant follicle diameter and follicular estrogen concentration were unaffected by treatment (<i>P</i>≥0.12). Follicular insulin-like growth factor-1 was greater in algae compared to control heifers (<i>P</i>=0.03). During the pre-breeding period, algae supplemented heifers had lesser DMI (<i>P</i>=0.006), and greater ADG (<i>P</i>=0.03) during the breeding period, while BW tended to be greater compared to control heifers on d 98 and 180 (<i>P</i>≤0.07). First service conception rate did not differ between treatments (<i>P</i>=0.67); however, second service tended (<i>P</i>=0.08) and overall conception was (<i>P</i>=0.03) lesser in algae compared to control heifers. These data suggest supplementing DHA-rich algae improved growth, but decreased conception rates of primiparous beef females.</p>

In recent years, U.S. swine producers have received pressure from consumers to reduce antibiotic usage. With the increased consumer pressure, pork producers have sought out other technologies, including feed additives, to reduce antibiotic usage in commercial pork production. Therefore, the objective of Chapter 2 was to determine whether supplementing L-glutamine at cost-effective levels can replace dietary antibiotics to improve pig welfare and productivity following weaning and transport. Based on previous research, we hypothesized that withholding dietary antibiotics would negatively affect pigs while diet supplementation with 0.20% L-glutamine (GLN) would have similar effects on pig performance and health as antibiotics. Mixed sex pigs (N = 480; 5.62 ± 0.06 kg BW) were weaned (18.4 ± 0.2d of age) and transported for 12 h in central Indiana, for two replicates, during the summer of 2016 and the spring of 2017. Pigs were blocked by BW and allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments [n = 10 pens/dietary treatment/replicate (8 pigs/pen)]; antibiotics [A; chlortetracycline (441 ppm) + tiamulin (38.6 ppm)], no antibiotics (NA), or GLN fed for14 d. On d 15 to 34, pigs were provided common antibiotic free diets in two phases. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Day 14 BW and d 0 to 14 ADG weregreater (P = 0.01) for A (5.6% and 18.5%, respectively) and GLN pigs (3.8% and 11.4%, respectively) compared to NA pigs, with no differences between A and GLN pigs. Day 0 to 14 ADFI increased for A (P < 0.04; 9.3%) compared to NA pigs; however, no differences were detectedcomparing GLN to A and NA pigs. Once dietary treatments ceased, no differences (P > 0.05) in growth performance amongdietary treatments were detected. On d 13, plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was reduced (P = 0.02) in A (36.7 ± 6.9 pg/ml) and GLN pigs (40.9 ± 6.9 pg/ml) versus NA pigs (63.2 ± 6.9 pg/ml). Aggressive behavior tended to be reduced overall (P = 0.09; 26.4%) in GLN compared to A pigs, but no differences were observed between A andGLN versus NA pigs. Huddling, active, and eating/drinking behaviors were increased overall (P < 0.02; 179, 37, and 29%, respectively) in the spring replicate compared to the summer replicate. A subset of pigs from Chapter 2 were utilized, in Chapter 3, toevaluate the dietary treatment effects on intestinal morphology and gene expression. On d 33, mast cells/mm2were increased (P= 0.05) in GLN and NA pigs vs. A pigs (22.2% and 19.7%, respectively). On d 33, villus height:crypt depth tended to be increased(P= 0.07; 7.0%) in GLN and A pigs vs. NA pigs.On d 33, glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2)mRNA abundance was decreased (P= 0.01; 50.3%) in GLN and NA pigs vs. A pigs.Crypt depth was increased (P= 0.01; 16.2%) and villus height:crypt depthratiowas reduced (P= 0.01; 9.6%)during the spring replicate compared to the summer replicate on d 33. On d 13, TNF-α and occludin mRNA abundance wereincreased (P≤0.04; 45.9%and 106.5%, respectively)andzonula occludens-1(ZO-1)mRNA abundance tended to be increased (P= 0.10; 19.2%) in the spring replicate compared to the summer replicate. Previous research and the results of Chapter 2 indicates that supplementing nursery diets with 0.20% GLN provides similar growth and health benefits as dietary antibiotics, but it is unknown whether greater inclusion levels will provide additional benefits. Therefore, the objectiveof Chapter 4 was to evaluate the impact of replacing dietary antibiotics with increasing levels ofGLNon growth performance, health status, and production costs in pigs following weaning and transport. We hypothesized that diet supplementation with 0.20% to 1.00% GLNwould incrementally improvepig health and productivity compared to dietary antibiotics. Mixed sex pigs (N = 308; 5.64 ± 0.06 kg BW) were weaned (19.1 ± 0.2 d of age) and transported in central Indiana during the autumn of 2017. Pigs were blocked by BW and allotted to 1 of 7 dietary treatments (n = 8 pens/dietary treatment); A[chlortetracycline (441 ppm)+ tiamulin (38.6 ppm)], NA, 0.20% GLN, 0.40% GLN, 0.60% GLN, 0.80% GLN, or 1.00% GLNfed for 14 d. On d 15 to 35, pigs were provided NA diets in two phases. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Overall, ADG (P= 0.04; 6.4%) and ADFI (P= 0.04; 6.9%) were reduced in NA pigs vs. 0.40% GLN or A pigs. Increasing GLN in the diet tended to increase (linear;P= 0.10) ADG. Overall, increasing GLN in the diet tended to increase (linear; P= 0.08) d 35 BW. Day 35 BW was greater (P= 0.01) in 0.80%GLN and A pigs compared to NA, 0.20% GLN, and 0.60% GLN pigs, but no BW differences were detected between 0.80% GLN and A and 0.40% GLN and 1.00% GLN pigs. In addition, d 35 BW was greater (P= 0.01) for 0.40% GLN and 1.00% GLN compared to 0.20% GLN. Overall income over feed and therapeutic injectable antibiotics cost for enteric and unthrifty challenges was greater (P= 0.02) in 0.80% GLN pigs compared to NA, 0.20% GLN, and 0.60% GLN pigs, but no income over feed and therapeutic injectable antibiotics cost for enteric and unthrifty challenges differences were detected between 0.80% GLN pigs and 0.40% GLN, 1.00% GLN, and A pigs. Health challenges in swine herds negatively impact swine growth rate and performance. Therefore,utilizing the pigs from Chapter 2, the study objective for Chapter 5 was to quantifythe impact of differences in rearing conditions through post hoc analysis on growth performance, tissue accretion rates, and production economics in pigs during different replicates(summer or spring). We hypothesized that pigs reared under health challenged conditions would have decreased growth performance and tissue accretion rates resulting in increased production costs compared to pigs reared with less health challenges. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED and PROC NLMIXED in SAS 9.4. Therapeutic injectable antibiotics cost was reduced(P= 0.01; 246.7%) in the spring replicate compared to the summer replicate. Income over feed and therapeutic injectable antibiotics cost was greater (P= 0.01; 23.1%; $16.62/pig) in the spring replicate compared to the summer replicate.Predicted ADG was greater (P≤ 0.05) in spring replicate barrows compared to thesummer replicate barrows during the ranges of 22 to 38 and 119 to 177 days of age, respectively. Spring replicate gilts had greater ADG (P≤ 0.05) compared to summer replicate gilts during the ranges of 22 to 47 and 112 to 177 days of age, respectively. The maximum predicted empty body protein accretion rate for the summer replicate gilts and the spring replicate gilts is 145 and 156 g/d, respectively. In conclusion, GLN supplementation improved pig performance and health after weaning and transport similarly to A across studies and GLN shows promise as an antibiotic alternativewith 0.40% GLN appearing to be the optimal level. Health challenges in pigs can have profound negative impacts on tissue accretion ratesand key economic drivers for pork producers such as poorer feed efficiency and reduced hot carcass weight. The adverse health effects resulting in reduced growth performance, increased production costs($16.62/pig), and negatively impact producer profitability.<p> </p>

Heat stress (HS) is one of the consequential important problems facing the swine industry. The negative effects of HS include reduced growth performance, reproductive efficiency, and carcass quality as well as increased morbidity and mortality. Although, the swine industry has developed several abatement strategies (i.e., fans, cooling pads, sprinklers, etc.), these approaches may be ineffective in the future as global temperatures continue to rise and the frequency of more severe heat waves increases in regions where animal agriculture is prevalent. These extreme heat events put pigs (especially those approaching market weight) at risk for acute hyperthermia that can lead to death unless body temperature is rapidly returned to euthermia and thermoregulatory function is restored.Therefore, evaluating mitigation strategies to promote recovery from acute hyperthermia is of utmost importance for improving pigs’ health and well-being and ensuring profitability and food security. In four experiments, the existence of microclimates in grow-finish barns during late summer was ascertained and a rapid cooling technique using cold water dousing and feed removal to promote recovery from acute hyperthermia in pigs was evaluated. In the first study, it was determined that microclimates exist in grow-finish barns and that pigs raised in pens that were not located directly below air inlets and ventilation fans had greater body temperature and reduced feed efficiency despite similarities in the in-barn ambient temperature and relative humidity. These data exemplifythe importance of adequate ventilation systems in swine barns and the impact of microclimates on pigs’ health and productivity during warm summer months. In the second study, grow-finish pigs that did not have feed access were exposed to acute HS and then rapidly or gradually cooled. Following the acute HS and recovery phase, all pigs were maintained under thermoneutral conditions and then euthanized over three days to determine the temporal effects of the cooling treatment on body temperature and intestinal integrity. The results showed that rapid cooling following acute hyperthermia in pigswas effective in returning body temperature to euthermia more rapidly compared to gradual cooling and rapid cooling prevented further intestinal damage. Based on these results, it was hypothesized that feed removal may have played a role in the effectiveness of rapid cooling. Therefore, a third experiment was conducted in which grow-finish pigs with or without access to feed were exposed to an acute HS challenge and then rapidly cooled. This study concluded that feed access was a determinant factor in the cooling outcome, as the gastrointestinal temperature returned to euthermia during the rapid cooling period more rapidly when feed was removed. Finally, a fourth study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feed removal in the absence of rapid cooling on the systemic inflammatory response and short-term growth performance of grow-finish pigs. However, it was determined that feed removal alone did not reduce the inflammatory response as expected. Overall, these studies demonstrate the risk forgrow-finish pigs during summer heat events and the potential use of rapid cooling in combination with feed removal for promoting recovery from acute hyperthermia in pigs.

Orientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de duas variedades de sorgo, processadas diferentemente, na palatabilidade, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, produtos de fermentação fecal e microbiota em gatos adultos. Quatro dietas com composições similares foram formuladas com milho (Mi), arroz integral (AI), sorgo vermelho (SV) ou sorgo branco (SB) como principal fonte de carboidrato. As dietas Mi e AI foram moídas apenas com peneira de 1,0 mm (média), enquanto que as dietas SV e SB foram moídas com peneiras de 0,8 mm (fina), 1,0 mm e 1,6 mm (grossa), totalizando oito dietas. O experimento foi delineado em blocos casualizados, com quatro blocos de 16 gatos, dois gatos por dieta em cada bloco, totalizando oito repetições por tratamento e 64 unidades experimentais. Após o período de adaptação, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi calculada pelo método de coleta fecal total e o escore fecal foi avaliado. Amostras fecais frescas foram coletadas para análise dos produtos de fermentação, medição do pH, aminas biogênicas e microbiota. Valores de P <0,05 foram considerados significativos. A palatabilidade foi maior nas dietas SV e SB na moagem média do que nas dietas Mi e AI (P <0,01), e a dieta SB apresentou maior consumo que SV (P <0,05). Para a dieta SV, a maior granulometria apresentou melhor consumo do que a menor granulometria (P <0,05). Não houve diferença significativa na digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes entre as dietas, exceto uma redução na digestibilidade da matéria s... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two sorghum varieties, processed differently, on palatability, nutrient digestibility and fecal fermentation products in adult cats. Four diets with similar compositions were formulated with corn (C), brown rice (BR), red sorghum (RS) or white sorghum (WS) as the main carbohydrate source. The C and BR diets were ground with 1.0 mm (medium) screen sieve; RS and WS were ground with sieve sizes of 0.5 mm (fine), 1.0 mm and 1.6 mm (coarse) each, totaling eight diets. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four blocks of 16 cats, two cats per diet in each block, totaling eight replicates per treatment and 64 experimental units. After the adaptation period the nutrient digestibility was calculated by the total fecal collection method and the fecal score was evaluated. Fresh fecal samples were collected for analysis of fermentation products, pH measurement, biogenic amines and microbiota. Values of P <0.05 were considered significant. Palatability was higher for RS and WS diets at medium particle size than C and BR diets (P <0.01) and WS presented higher intake than RS (P <0.05). For RS, bigger particle size had better consumption than small particle size (P <0.05). There were no differences in apparent digestibility of the nutrients between the diets, except lower DM for WS with bigger particle size (P = 0.007). Fecal production, score and ammonia were similar between diets (P> 0.05). Fecal pH was lower a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Carlos Ducatti / Coorientador: Juliana Célia Denadai / Banca: José Paes de Almeida Nogueira Pinto / Banca: Maria Márcia Pereira Sartori / Resumo: A rastreabilidade da cama de aviário na dieta de vacas leiteiras foi realizada pela análise dos isótopos estáveis de carbono (δ13C), nitrogênio (δ15N), oxigênio (δ18O) e deutério (δ2H) no leite e suas frações (gordura, soro do leite, e proteína). Os valores de δ13C e δ15N do leite e suas frações foram maiores nos animais alimentados com a dieta contendo cama de aviário em comparação aos da dieta vegetal, enquanto os valores de δ18O e δ2H foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. As análises de componentes principais do leite e suas frações proteína e soro permitiram distinguir o grupo alimentado com cama de aviário dos grupos alimentados com a dieta vegetal, sendo os isótopos de δ13C e δ15N os mais representativos. No entanto, a rastreabilidade não foi possível na gordura extraída do leite. Os resultados demonstraram a possibilidade de rastrear a presença da cama de aviário na dieta de bovinos leiteiros pela análise isotópica do leite e suas frações proteína e soro, surgindo como nova ferramenta na fiscalização e controle de qualidade deste alimento / Abstract: Traceability of poultry litter in dairy cow diet was performed by analysis of stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N), oxygen (δ18O) and deuterium (δ2H) in milk and its fractions (fat, whey, and protein). The values of δ13C and δ15N were higher in milk and fractions of animals fed diet containing poultry litter than those fed with vegetable diet, while the values of δ18O and δ2H remained similar. The principal component analysis of milk and fractions (protein and water) differed among the group which diet contained poultry litter from those fed vegetable diet, where the stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen were more representative. However, by stable isotopes in the fat was not possible to differentiate between treatments. The results demonstrate the capacity to track the presence of poultry litter in dairy cow diet by isotopic analysis of milk and its components (protein and whey), emerging as a new tool in the supervision and quality control of this food / Mestre

<p>Providing wholesome pork products to consumers involves raising healthy pigs to grow well and be feed efficient from birth to market. Raising these pigs starts with ensuring the sow is healthy and provided good nutrition in gestation and lactation. Therefore, this dissertation primarily focuses on research of gut modifying feed additives fed to sows in gestation and lactation (and to their progeny in Chapter 3) to enhance reproductive performance and litter growth to weaning (and in the nursery). In Chapter 2, a total of 606 sows and their progeny were used to determine if feeding gestating and lactating sows a proprietary strain of Pichia guilliermondi as a whole-cell inactivated yeast product (WCY; CitriStim, ADM Animal Nutrition, Quincy, IL) improves sow and litter performance in a commercial production system. Sows were fed a control (CON) diet or control diet fortified with 0.15% of the WCY from d 35 of gestation through lactation. Sows supplemented with WCY in gestation and lactation had a greater number of total born piglets by 0.45 pigs (P < 0.04), piglets born alive (P < 0.04), heavier born alive litter weights (P < 0.001), and greater post cross-foster litter size (P < 0.001) compared to CON fed sows. Litter size at weaning was increased by 0.54 pigs when sows were fed WCY compared to CON (P < 0.001). However, litter weaning weights and 21-day adjusted litter weaning weights were similar (P > 0.158) with the 21-day adjusted litter weaning weights being numerically greater for the WCY sows. The average piglet weaning weights from CON fed sows were heavier by 0.35 kg compared to WCY (P < 0.001). This increase in body weight of piglets from CON fed sows is partially explained by their 0.93 days longer lactation (P < 0.001) and may also be due to the smaller litter size nursed throughout lactation. The percent of litters treated for scours decreased from 38.3% to 14.2% when sows were fed WCY (P < 0.001). The distribution of birth and weaning weights was not different (P > 0.2461) between treatments.</p><p>Chapter 3 encompasses a sow experiment where progeny were followed onto the nursery for a 28-d study. Forty-seven sows and their progeny were used to determine if feeding gestating and lactating sows a Bacillus licheniformis direct-fed microbial (DFM), an organic acid blend of medium and short-chain fatty acids (OA), or in combination improves sow lactation feed and water intake, litter growth, and subsequent reproductive performance. At weaning, offspring were fed a positive control diet (PC), negative control diet (NC), or a diet representative of their dam’s treatment to determine if there is an additive benefit to also feeding DFM and/or OA to nursery pigs in addition to their dams. On approximately d 80 of gestation, sows were fed one of four diets in a 2  2 factorial design: 1) gestation control (CON), 2) CON with DFM (1.6x109 CFU/kg of complete feed), 3) CON with 0.4% OA, 4) CON with both DFM and OA. Dietary treatments were also fed throughout lactation. Sows fed the OA diets had fewer mummies per litter (P < 0.010) compared to diets not containing OA. Sows fed diets with the DFM gave birth to lighter pigs born alive (1.5 vs. 1.7 kg; P < 0.003) compared to non-DFM fed sows, and a tendency for an interaction (P < 0.092) existed where feeding DFM+OA lessened the decrease in born alive BW. There was a tendency (P < 0.093) for pigs from DFM fed sows to also be lighter at weaning (5.8 vs. 6.2 kg) compared to pigs from sows not fed DFM, with no differences in litter sizes at weaning (P < 0.815). There was a tendency (P < 0.079) for the DFM to decrease the amount of sow BW loss in lactation compared to sows not fed the DFM (approximately 6 vs. 8% BW loss, respectively). The maintained BW in lactation was likely related to DFM sows numerically (P < 0.124) consuming 8.4% more feed during d 7-14 of lactation and 6.4% more feed (P < 0.234) from d 1 of lactation to weaning. The interaction was approaching a trend (P < 0.133) where sows fed DFM returned to estrus 1.0 day sooner than CON, but only 0.4 days sooner when sows were fed the DFM+OA diet.</p><p>Progeny weaned from these sows (n = 384, Initial BW = 6.15 kg) were blocked by initial BW and sex and allotted (6 pigs/pen, 8 pens/treatment) to one of 8 nursery treatments. Pigs from CON sows were fed a negative (NC; no antibiotics, no pharmacological Zn or Cu) or positive (PC; neomycin-oxytetracycline in phases 1 and 2 (827 and 551 ppm) and carbadox in phases 3 and 4 (55 ppm)) control diet. Pigs from sows fed DFM, OA, or DFM+OA were fed the NC diet or a diet representative of their dam’s treatment. Diets with DFM contained 1.6x109 CFU/kg of complete feed and diets with OA contained 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.0% OA in phases 1-4, respectively. Weaning weight was used as a covariate for nursery performance due to the DFM offspring being significantly lighter at weaning. For all phases and overall, PC fed pigs had greater ADG (P < 0.003) and ADFI (P < 0.059) than NC pigs. PC fed pigs had greater G:F (P < 0.010) than NC pigs for all phases and overall except d 21-28 (P < 0.532). Feeding DFM or OA in sow diets improved (interaction; P < 0.049) nursery pig G:F, but DFM+OA offspring had similar G:F compared to NC pigs from CON fed sows for d 7-14, 0-14, 0-21, and 0-28. Feeding DFM or OA to sows and their progeny decreased ADFI (interaction; P < 0.042) but improved G:F (interaction; P < 0.028) for d 7-14 and 0-14 with DFM+OA having similar performance to NC. For d 14-21 and 0-21, feeding DFM or OA to sows and their progeny decreased ADFI whereas DFM+OA increased ADFI above NC (interaction; P < 0.019). Overall, d 0-28, feeding DFM or OA to sows and their progeny improved G:F (interaction; P < 0.001) with DFM+OA having poorer G:F compared to NC. When the DFM was fed to sows and nursery pigs, progeny harvested on d 6 post-weaning had a decreased ratio of villus height to crypt depth (P < 0.035) compared to sows and pigs not consuming the DFM (average 1.34 vs. 1.67). Comparing pigs fed PC vs. NC from CON fed sows, expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10) was greater (0.51-fold increase; P < 0.046) for NC pigs than PC pigs. Expression of occludin (OCLN) was lower (P < 0.010) when OA was fed to the sows and pigs compared to when OA was not fed to the sows and pigs (0.78 vs. 1.00, respectively).</p><p>Chapter 4 is the only chapter that does not include maternal nutrition. In this chapter, maternal line gilts (Topigs Norsvin TN70) were bred with frozen semen from Duroc boars born from 2000 to 2017 divided into two genetic groups: semen from boars born in 2000 to 2005 and 2011 to 2017. These genetic groups had vastly different terminal sire indexes (TSI) of 88.2 and 112.0 for 2000 to 2005 and 2011 to 2017, respectively. A total of 155 pigs were weaned into 44 pens in a wean-to-finish facility to determine if genetics from two decades of sires and sex of the progeny impact progeny growth performance and carcass characteristics. The expected large growth performance differences indicated by the TSI’s of the two genetic groups were not observed. However, barrows had greater feed intake (P < 0.031) and fatter carcasses (P < 0.004) than the more feed efficient (P < 0.006) and leaner (P < 0.015) gilts in this study. Modern swine genetics have been selected to be leaner and results from this study agree, although the differences in live scan and carcass measurements were not as large as expected. The lack of differences between genetic groups could possibly be due to environmental differences including nutrition and rearing conditions from when these sires were alive compared to what was experienced by these progeny.</p><p>In conclusion, feeding gestating and lactating sows a proprietary strain of Pichia guilliermondi as a whole-cell inactivated yeast product increased the number of piglets born and weaned as well as decreased the prevalence of scours during lactation. Feeding a Bacillus licheniformis DFM to sows may decrease pig born alive weight and subsequent weaning weight but reduce sow BW loss through 6.4% more lactation feed intake, quickening the return to estrus. Other than decreasing the number of mummies per litter, feeding the OA alone or in combination did not improve sow reproductive or litter growth performance in this study. Feeding DFM or OA to sows or their offspring may improve nursery feed efficiency but did not result in a difference in ADG or final BW in this study. Feeding the combination diet (DFM+OA) to the sow and nursery pigs tended to increase ADFI. Feeding antibiotics post-weaning continued to improve pig growth performance resulting in 2.7 kg heavier pigs at the end of the 28-d nursery period. Lastly, the expected large growth performance differences indicated by the TSI’s of two genetic groups created by using frozen semen from boars born in 2000 to 2005 and 2011 to 2017 were not observed.</p>

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20446号 / 農博第2231号 / 新制||農||1050(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5067(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 廣岡 博之, 教授 松井 徹, 教授 久米 新一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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