This thesis set out to examine the effect of maternal undernutrition and exposure to stressors between pregnancy day 50 to 100 and 100 to 147 of pregnancy on the ewe and her lamb. The long-term effects of these stressors during pregnancy on lamb growth, plasma cortisol response to a stressor, metabolism, behaviour and future reproductive success were examined. Mid-pregnancy shearing The component of mid-pregnancy shearing that causes the increase in lamb birth weight is unknown. It was hypothesised that the increase in lamb birth weight was due to the stress response of the ewe to shearing. This work examined the effect of a range of stressors at approximately day 80 of pregnancy. These stressors included yarding, crutching and sham-shearing that may be components of the shearing procedure that produce a stress response. In addition, repeated stressors between day 74 and 106 of pregnancy including isolation, sham-shearing and exogenous cortisol injection were used to examine the role of a longer-term stress response on lamb birth weight. Mid-pregnancy shearing has consistently resulted in an increase in lamb birth weight, however all the other stressors investigated had no effect. Therefore, the hormonal stress response of ewes to shearing was unlikely to be the cause of the increase in lamb birth weight. Mid-pregnancy shearing also resulted in minor changes in ewe and lamb behaviour 12 to 24 h after birth. Shearing during pregnancy had no effect on the cortisol response of ram lambs to handling or castration however differences were observed between singleton- and twin-born lambs. Ewe nutrition during pregnancy Ewes mildly undernourished in between days 70 and 107 of pregnancy that were then provided with adequate nutrition between days 108-145 of pregnancy gave birth to lambs with similar birth weights as ewes well-fed during both periods. Therefore the effects of undernutrition on lamb birth weight can be minimised if undernutrition can be limited to the earlier period (day 70-107 and 108-147 of pregnancy). Mild undernutrition in both periods (day 70 – 145 of pregnancy), resulted in lambs that were lighter and that exhibited behaviours associated with a greater ‘drive’ to maintain contact with their dam than lambs born to ewes well-fed during the same period. This suggests that even mild undernutrition in both mid- and late- pregnancy should be avoided. The effect of maternal nutrition and lamb litter size on the behaviour of female offspring was examined at 1 and 2 years of age. Litter size had no effect on ewe behaviour at 1 year of age however at 2 years of age twin-born ewes had higher maternal behaviour scores than triplet-born ewe lambs. Nutrition of the maternal grand dam during pregnancy had only a minor effect on the behaviour of female offspring at 1 year of age and no effect on maternal behaviour at 2 years of age.

This thesis set out to examine the effect of maternal undernutrition and exposure to stressors between pregnancy day 50 to 100 and 100 to 147 of pregnancy on the ewe and her lamb. The long-term effects of these stressors during pregnancy on lamb growth, plasma cortisol response to a stressor, metabolism, behaviour and future reproductive success were examined. Mid-pregnancy shearing The component of mid-pregnancy shearing that causes the increase in lamb birth weight is unknown. It was hypothesised that the increase in lamb birth weight was due to the stress response of the ewe to shearing. This work examined the effect of a range of stressors at approximately day 80 of pregnancy. These stressors included yarding, crutching and sham-shearing that may be components of the shearing procedure that produce a stress response. In addition, repeated stressors between day 74 and 106 of pregnancy including isolation, sham-shearing and exogenous cortisol injection were used to examine the role of a longer-term stress response on lamb birth weight. Mid-pregnancy shearing has consistently resulted in an increase in lamb birth weight, however all the other stressors investigated had no effect. Therefore, the hormonal stress response of ewes to shearing was unlikely to be the cause of the increase in lamb birth weight. Mid-pregnancy shearing also resulted in minor changes in ewe and lamb behaviour 12 to 24 h after birth. Shearing during pregnancy had no effect on the cortisol response of ram lambs to handling or castration however differences were observed between singleton- and twin-born lambs. Ewe nutrition during pregnancy Ewes mildly undernourished in between days 70 and 107 of pregnancy that were then provided with adequate nutrition between days 108-145 of pregnancy gave birth to lambs with similar birth weights as ewes well-fed during both periods. Therefore the effects of undernutrition on lamb birth weight can be minimised if undernutrition can be limited to the earlier period (day 70-107 and 108-147 of pregnancy). Mild undernutrition in both periods (day 70 – 145 of pregnancy), resulted in lambs that were lighter and that exhibited behaviours associated with a greater ‘drive’ to maintain contact with their dam than lambs born to ewes well-fed during the same period. This suggests that even mild undernutrition in both mid- and late- pregnancy should be avoided. The effect of maternal nutrition and lamb litter size on the behaviour of female offspring was examined at 1 and 2 years of age. Litter size had no effect on ewe behaviour at 1 year of age however at 2 years of age twin-born ewes had higher maternal behaviour scores than triplet-born ewe lambs. Nutrition of the maternal grand dam during pregnancy had only a minor effect on the behaviour of female offspring at 1 year of age and no effect on maternal behaviour at 2 years of age.

In this experiment, the effects of (1) lipid type (soy bean oil, tallow and fish oil), (2) the period the fish oil was provided and (3) a dietary supplement containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), selenium (Se), vitamin E and vitamin C on pig performance and pork quality were studied. Forty-eight female pigs (PIC hybrids, with a mean live weight of 16.19 kg ± 1.56 SD) were obtained from a single commercial operation in the North Island of New Zealand. The pigs were rank ordered by weight and assigned to one of six dietary treatment groups. The diet base was either a combination of animal and plant feedstuffs (AT and PTS), plant feedstuffs only (PO, POS) or plant feedstuffs combined with fish oil (PFSe and PFSl). The diets also differed depending on the presence or absence of the nutritional supplement SanoviteTM and a vitamin C supplement. SanoviteTM is a trademarked dietary supplement containing CLA (BASF, Auckland, New Zealand), organic Selenium (Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) and vitamin E (Morel et al., 2008). Diets POS, PTS, PFSe, PFSl contained SanoviteTM and a vitamin C supplement. Diets PO and POS were used to establish the effect of the supplementation with SanoviteTM and the vitamin C supplement. Pigs fed diet PFSe received plant feedstuffs and fish oil with supplement between days 1 and 35 and then diet POS up to day 84. Pigs fed diet PFSl received diet POS between days 1 and 35; plant feedstuffs and fish oil with supplement between days 36 and 56 and then diet POS up to day 84. Pigs in group PFSe and PFSl both received the same total amount of fish oil per pig (2.52 l/ 2.31 kg). Between days 1 and 56 of the experiment grower diets were fed, and finisher diets were fed between days 57 and 84 of the experiment. The pigs were kept in pens of six, but fed individually twice daily (at approximately 8 am and 3.30 pm) according to a fixed feeding schedule. Water was available at all times. Individual feed intakes were measured daily and live weight recorded weekly. Faeces were collected once a day during two days in week five of the trail for digestibility determination. Carcass quality characteristics determined at the abattoir included carcass weight and back fat thickness as measured at the end of the slaughter line. Meat quality assessments were performed on the Semimembranosus muscle (SM) from one of the topside cuts of each pig. Measurements of fatty acid profile (loin and backfat) and the Se content (lean meat) were conducted in Singapore by Mrs. J. Leong (MSc). In this study plant or animal feedstuffs, lipid type, SanoviteTM and vitamin C supplementation had no significant effects on growth performance and carcass quality. There were no differences in apparent faecal digestibility characteristics for dry matter (DDM) and organic matter (DOM) in the un-supplemented animal (AT) and plant based (PO) diets. Lipid type had a significant effect on the digestibility of ash (DA), and an increased ratio of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid resulted in increases in DDM and DOM. DDM and DOM increased when soybean and linseed oil (POS) were used instead of tallow (PTS) or fish oil (PFS). The main differences in DDM, DOM and DA were observed between diets PO and POS. A positive effect of selenium, vitamin E and CLA supplementation is suggested. Increased cooking temperatures reduced tenderness (higher mean, peak force, yield force and peak force – yield force) and increased cooking loss. There was a significant negative relationship between ultimate pH and relative lightness (L*). There were highly significant positive correlations between all three measurements of expressed juice, and there was a significant positive correlation between cooking loss at 60 and 70oC (P<0.01) but correlations between expressed juice values and cooking loss were not significant. The P-values for the contrasts for cooking loss at 70 0C were significant for all contrasts except for AT vs PO and PFSe vs PFSl. For all other contrasts, the P-values for cooking loss at 70 0C were significantly higher in group POS than for groups PO, PTS and PFSe+PFSl. The P-value for (Peak force – Yield force) at 70°C was significantly higher in samples from group PFSe than for samples from group PFSl. The P-value for the myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) was significantly higher for group AT in contrast to group PO. Group POS had a significantly higher P-value for MFI in contrast to groups PO, PTS and PFSe and PFSl. Group POS had a lower P-value for sarcomere length in contrast to groups PFSe and PFSl. Group PFSe had a significantly higher P-value for sarcomere length in contrast to group PFSl. Group PFSe had a significantly higher P-value for expressed juice percentage loss in weight in contrast to group PFSl. Supplementing with SanoviteTM increased the Se content (P = 0.002) in lean meat as analysed by J. Leong (2010, personal communication). In general it was concluded that an increase in the ratio of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid (U/S) in the diet resulted in higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids in loin and backfat. The fatty acid profile in the diet reflected the fatty acid profile of pork. Backfat of pigs fed diets including soybean and linseed oil contained higher levels of linoleic and α-linolenic acids. Diets PO and POS were used to establish the effect of the supplementation of CLA. The backfat of pigs fed diet POS contained higher levels of CLA (C18:2-trans-10, cis-12) and α-linolenic acid than pigs fed diet PO. The loin of pigs fed diet POS contained higher levels of palmitoleic and linoleic acid and CLA (C18:2-cis-9, trans-11) and lower levels of oleic acid than pigs fed diet PO. The use of fish-oil as a lipid type resulted in the highest levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in loin and backfat. The loin and backfat of pigs fed fish-oil in the second part of the grower phase (PFSl) contained higher levels of EPA, DPA and DHA than pigs fed fish-oil in the first part of the grower phase (PFSe). By enriching the swine diet with long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) it was possible to increase the EPA, DPA and DHA content of pork. Enriching pork with LC n-3 PUFA will contribute to achieving standards for adequate intake (AI), but might not be suitable to reach suggested dietary targets (SDT). In conclusion, it was possible to change the pork composition by dietary manipulation without compromising pig performance and meat quality. There were a few significant effects from treatments on meat quality characteristics, but differences reported in this study were small and relatively unimportant. A negative influence of the dietary regime on palatability and meat processing was expected, but these issues are beyond the scope of this experiment.

The Kahne rumen sensor (bolus) is a device developed to measure temperature, pressure and pH in non-fistulated animals. This bolus allows real-time monitoring of the rumen environment, which could help preventing health problems such as rumen acidosis in cows. It is less invasive to use boluses compared to other technologies that measure the ruminal pH (e.g. rumenocentesis). Kahne boluses and transceivers are commercially available in the market. Several studies on the relationships between data recorded by the bolus and actual data recorded by independent devices were conducted. The bolus temperature and pressure were compared with actual temperature and pressure under controlled conditions. The pH drift was studied by comparing the difference between bolus and direct measurement over time. The capture of the data was calculated for each bolus in various experiments to examine the factors affecting the data capture rate of the boluses. Animal to animal variation was studied using boluses in a group of cows fed and managed under uniform conditions. An animal experiment involving fistulated cows eating two different diets was performed using boluses to monitor the changes of ruminal pH. There was no apparent interruption to normal animal behaviour as a result of using boluses. Regression relationships between bolus measurements and actual data for both temperature and pressure were developed and used for calibration of bolus data. The pH drift was a problem, as the regression relation between the pH difference and the time for one bolus from one experiment could not represent this bolus on other experiment. The data capture rate on the hourly basis ranged from 0 to 100%, but was usually between 30 to 70%. The data capture rate was affected by many factors and further studies to identify these factors are needed. A study of animal to animal variation suggests that in a comparison of 2 treatments, a minimum 3 cows per group would be required to detect the standard deviation of 0.11 for a pH difference of 5% of the mean (approximately 0.35 pH units). Seventeen cows per group would be required to detect the standard deviation of 0.33 for the same difference. The boluses effectively monitored the ruminal pH change in cows easting two different diets and the profile of change of pH was successfully analysed. Feeding 7.6 kg baleage twice a day cause pH to decrease at 0.009 pH units per minute during feeding, while offering a similar quantity of grass and hay once a day resulted in a decrease of 0.0009 pH units per minute during feeding. The beginning of pH increase was about 1 hour following feeding and continuous during resting and rumination. The level of pH increase did not differ significantly for two diets.. The Kahne devices appear to have advantages compared to other technologies for the measurement of parameters of the rumen environment on a real-time basis. Boluses are especially good at intensively monitoring the temperature, pressure, and pH in the rumen. The major limitations of this technology to be used are the data capture rate and the pH drift. By improving the limitations found in the experiment, the Kahne rumen sensor could become very useful for both scientific research and under commercial conditions for monitoring animal health.

Exposure of the fetus to adverse conditions in utero may result in developmental adaptations that alter metabolism and postnatal growth of the offspring. This thesis investigated the effects of dam size and nutrition during pregnancy on growth, metabolic function and lactational and productive performance of the female offspring to two years of age. Four-hundred and fifty heavy (60.8 kg ± 0.18) and 450 light (42.5 kg ± 0.17) dams were randomly allocated to ad libitum or maintenance nutritional regimens from days 21 - 140 of pregnancy, under pastoral grazing conditions. From one week prior to lambing, all dams were fed ad libitum until weaning. After weaning, female progeny were managed and fed under pastoral conditions as one group. Maternal nutrition during pregnancy affected lamb growth to weaning, however, after weaning lamb growth was affected by dam size. Dam size had no effect on glucose metabolism, adrenal function or fat metabolism in 16-month-old female twin offspring. Dam nutrition during pregnancy had a minor effect on glucose metabolism and no effect on adrenal function or lipolysis, however, it did possibly affect gluconeogenesis and/or glycogenolysis, with increased glucose production in ewes born to maintenance-fed dams. Ewes born to dams fed maintenance showed greater milk production, lactose percentage, lactose and crude protein yield. Ewes born to heavy dams showed greater milk production and lactose yield. Dam size had no effect on reproductive performance of the female offspring. Being born to a larger dam showed no advantages over being born to smaller dams, for number of lambs born and weight of lambs at birth and weaning. ‘Grand’dam maintenance nutrition increased lamb birth and weaning weight and lamb growth rates of the ‘grand’offspring. Ewes born to maintenance-fed dams could have an advantage over ewes born to ad libitum-fed dams in physiological stressful situations in life as their liver may be able to supply more glucose to support their growing conceptus and milk production to increase the chances of survival of their offspring. These results indicate that it is possible to programme the offspring by feeding their dams differently during pregnancy under grazing conditions. With a better understanding of how offspring can be programmed through different maternal nutritional regimens, it may be possible to significantly increase the production potential of the New Zealand ewe population.

The NZ dairy industry has adopted an encompassing measure of performance, total factor productivity (TFP), as a target measure to guide on-farm improvements. Dairy farmers pay a levy in order to fund agricultural research and extension. Extension services and R&D will continue to be of critical importance to maintain and improve productivity at the farm level. Consequently, it is in the best interest of the dairy industry to adequately target R&D and extension funds and make the best use of resources. To date, the methodology employed to estimate productivity growth has some shortcomings that seriously hamper the ability of potential users to extract useful information from it. First, productivity growth has been reported as an aggregate for the entire dairy industry. Second, it makes no assumption about the efficiency with which resources are being used. Third, it implicitly assumes that all farms face the same technology. Productivity growth can be achieved either through better (more efficient) use of the technology applied, through the adoption of a new technology (technical progress) or a combination of both. Given that the sources of productivity change—technical progress and technical efficiency change—are fundamentally different phenomena, they are, in turn, influenced by different factors. This distinction is important for policy orientation because different instruments/tools may be required to address them. Furthermore, empirical evidence suggests that a variety of farming systems have emerged as a result of dairy farming geographical expansion. Farm-level panel data were used to estimate the Malmquist productivity change index. This index can provide additional insights since it can be decomposed into two additional components, one that measures changes in technical efficiency (i.e., whether firms are getting closer to the production frontier over time), and one that measures changes in technology (i.e., whether the production frontier is moving outwards over time). Hence, it provides individual (farm) estimates of TFP. Moreover, the methodology applied allows to test whether farms in the two regions considered in this study are operating under the sametechnology. These two regions were the long-established dairy areas of Waikato-Taranaki and the newly developed dairy areas of Canterbury-Southland. Results for farms in Waikato-Taranaki indicate that annual TFP change is modest, ranging from 0.29% per annum to 0.59% per annum. Most importantly, technical progress is the only source of TFP change in all four models. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage investments in new R&D targeted to remove the technological constraints that impede the realisation of further productivity gains in the regions. However, important differences in the estimates of TFP, technical progress and change in technical efficiency between models were found for farms in Canterbury-Southland. Estimates of TFP change ranged from 0.7% per annum to 2.8% per annum. Even though technical progress and change in technical efficiency contributed to total factor productivity growth (TFPG), the latter component was the most important contributor in three of the four models. Moreover, in two models the rate of technical progress was negative (i.e., technical regress). The analyses indicate that dairy farms in Canterbury-Southland were on average 10% more productive than farms in Waikato-Taranaki when farms in both regions faced the frontier. These results were consistent for all the input/output set chosen. Furthermore, the null hypothesis that the two regions do not face the same production technology (i.e., each region has it own production frontier) was accepted irrespective of the input/output set chosen. The rejection of the null hypothesis, that farms in traditional and non-traditional dairy regions were operating under the same underlying technology (and hence face the same production frontier), called for a review of the traditional approach to R&D in one central experimental station, strengthening the need for a local approach through the promotion of networks and synergies with universities and other research institutions.

This PhD thesis consists of nine chapters describing aspects of the subsistence farms of western Nepal in general, and a need-based evaluation of multipurpose fodder trees (MFT) as a source of dry-season forage for ruminants in particular, as a basis for mitigating the current high rate of land degradation and loss of productivity in livestock production systems in the region. Understanding the complex farming systems that provide a living for 65% of the 27.1 million people in Nepal is the key to designing effective programmes of research and development. Evaluation methods include review of past work, farmers group workshops to identify current practice in the use of MFT in Nepal, studies on biomass production of Artocarpus lakoocha and Ficus glaberrima trees older than 50 years in Nepal and the propagation of F. benjamina, comparison of the feeding preferences of sheep for alternative browse species, and study of the nutritive value of alternative forage diets for lactating buffalo. Reviews showed 2.2 million cattle and 1 million buffalo are an extra burden to steep land where productivity is declining at the rate of 1.25% per year. Indigenous knowledge identified Ficus glaberrima with its three varieties (Maghe, Chaite and Jethe), A. lakoocha, F. benjamina and Bassia butyracea as the best four MFT for renovating degraded lands. A survey study showed significantly higher dry matter (DM) production by F. glaberrima than A. lakoocha (154 vs 91 kg DM /tree/year) during dry periods at low altitude (800 - 1000m). There was no significant difference in production of fat - corrected milk (FCM ) between buffalos eating A. lakoocha, F.glaberrima or a diet of 53% straw and 47% F. glaberrima (DM basis). Metabolisable energy balance (MJME/day) was greater in Artocarpus than Ficus, with the mixed diet intermediate (+1.60, -0.34 and -12.94 MJ ME/buffalo/day respectively, relative to requirements, P=0.0318). When fed together in an indoor trial, poplar (48% = 106 g DM/sheep/day) and willow (43% = 95 g DM/sheep/day) were preferred to Ficus benjamina (8% = 18 g DM/sheep/day) by sheep, reflecting the greater maturity and structural strength of leaves of Ficus. These results are used to develop recommendations for choice of MFT species and management strategies to improve the sustainability and productivity of livestock systems incorporating fodder trees

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-19T21:44:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 JoãoESC_DISSERT.pdf: 214568 bytes, checksum: 00a811db9ba56b96554f63a9acf7889b (MD5) JoãoESC_CAPA_DISSERT.pdf: 105086 bytes, checksum: 3b9a7f5411078c048823b558fd849bdb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-25T14:46:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 JoãoESC_DISSERT.pdf: 214568 bytes, checksum: 00a811db9ba56b96554f63a9acf7889b (MD5) JoãoESC_CAPA_DISSERT.pdf: 105086 bytes, checksum: 3b9a7f5411078c048823b558fd849bdb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-25T14:47:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 JoãoESC_DISSERT.pdf: 214568 bytes, checksum: 00a811db9ba56b96554f63a9acf7889b (MD5) JoãoESC_CAPA_DISSERT.pdf: 105086 bytes, checksum: 3b9a7f5411078c048823b558fd849bdb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T14:47:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 JoãoESC_DISSERT.pdf: 214568 bytes, checksum: 00a811db9ba56b96554f63a9acf7889b (MD5) JoãoESC_CAPA_DISSERT.pdf: 105086 bytes, checksum: 3b9a7f5411078c048823b558fd849bdb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In order to meet the forage potential of foods from chemical analysis and fractionation of nitrogen and carbohydrate portions, 12 species that have demonstrated good potential forage were collected: grasses, Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and Tanzania grass (Panicum maximun); legumes, Catingueira (bracteosa Caesalpinia), Jurema Preta (Mimosa hostilis, benth) and Leucaena (Leucaena spp.), all trees; and other herbaceous plants extract: Erva de Santa Luzia (Commelina erecta L.), Fato de Piaba (Richardia grandiflora), Jitirana (aegyptia Merremia), Jitirana Roxa (Ipomoea bahiensis, willd), Salsa-de-Praia (Ipomoea brasiliensis) , Favela (Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus) and Pau Branco (Auxemma oncocalyx). Conventional analyzes: dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) ether extract (EE) and ash were carried out according to AOAC (1990). For neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HEM) and lignin (LIG), adopted the methodology proposed by Van Soest et al. (1991). The nitrogen component, according to CNPCS, was divided into fractions A, B1, B2, B3 and C. Since carbohydrates were divided into fractions A + B1, B2 and C. Are observed in the results obtained, there was variation in ether extract (EE) of 1.3% to 6.1% of dry matter (DM%) for Tanzania grass and Leucaena, respectively. As for the Crude Protein (CP), the changes observed were 7.1% to 20.2% for the Buffel grass and Leucaena, also respectively. The variation of the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was observed from 20.0% to 71.7% for the grass Favela and Tanzania, respectively. The values found for neutral detergent fiber (ADF) were 14.3% and 44.4% for Favela Grass and Tanzania, respectively. In the case of lignin (LIG), the variations were 3.8% for Jurema Preta and Pau Brancoto 9.4% for Catingueira. For the fractionation of carbohydrates, and the Catingueira Fato Piaba showed greater proportions of fraction C (11.8% and 12.0%, respectively). The Grass and Buffel grass Tanzania showed the highest values for fraction B2, with 74.4% and 78.7%, respectively. The Catingueira and Salsa-the-Beach had the highest values for the portion of A + B1, with 48.4% and 50.6%, respectively. On fractionation of the nitrogenous portions, the species showed values ranging from 14.1% to 44.5% for Tanzania grass and Buffel Grass, respectively, for the fraction A (NNP). The Fato de Piaba and Leucaena species showed the highest values being 38.4% and 40.0% respectively for the fraction B1. The Grass and Buffel grass Tanzania were the species that showed the highest values for fraction B2, with 74.4% and 78.7%, respectively. In B3 fraction, the variation was 1.3% to 5.8% for the apparel and Piaba Catingueira respectively. The portions of the nitrogen fraction C showed the highest values in the plant Fato de Piaba and Pau Branco (6.5% and 5.2%), respectively / O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o potencial forrageiro de 12 (doze) espécies encontradas na Caatinga a partir de análises bromatológicas e do fracionamento das porções nitrogenadas e dos carboidratos. As espécies estudadas foram: Capim Buffel (Cenchrus ciliares), Capim Tanzânia (Panicum maximun); Catingueira (Caesalpinia bracteosa), Jurema Preta (Mimosa hostilis, benth), Leucena (Leucaena spp.), Erva de Santa Luzia (Commelina erecta L.), Fato de Piaba (Richardia grandiflora), Jitirana (Merremia aegyptia), Jitirana Roxa (Ipomoea bahiensis, willd), Salsa-da-Praia (Ipomoea brasiliensis), Favela (Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus) e Pau Branco (Auxemma oncocalyx). Foram realizadas análise de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) extrato etéreo (EE) e cinzas de acordo com AOAC (1990). Para análise de fibras, foram realizadas as determinações de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), celulose (CEL), hemicelulose (HEM) e lignina (LIG), segundo Van Soest et al. (1991). Para o componente nitrogenado, de acordo com Cornell, foram subdivididos em fração A, B1, B2, B3 e C. O Fracionamento dos carboidratos foram divididos nas frações A + B1, B2 e C. Observam-se nos resultados obtidos, que houve variação no extrato etéreo (EE) de 1,3% a 6,1% na matéria seca (MS%), para o Capim Tanzânia e a Leucena, respectivamente. Já para a Proteína Bruta (PB), as variações observadas foram de 7,1% a 20,2% para o Capim Buffel e Leucena, também respectivamente. A variação da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) observada foi de 20,0% a 71,7% para a Favela e o Capim Tanzânia, respectivamente. Os valores encontrados para a fibra em detergente neutro (FDA) foram de 14,3% a 44,4% para a Favela e Capim Tanzânia, respectivamente. Já no caso da lignina (LIG), as variações encontradas foram de 3,8% para a Jurema Preta e o Pau Branco a 9,4% para a Catingueira. Para o fracionamento dos carboidratos, a Catingueira e a Fato de Piaba mostraram maiores proporções da fração C (11,8% e 12,0%, respectivamente). O Capim Buffel e o capim Tanzânia apresentaram os maiores valores para a fração B2, com 74,4% e 78,7%, respectivamente. A Catingueira e a Salsa-da-Praia apresentaram os maiores valores para a porção A+B1, sendo 48,4% e 50,6%, respectivamente. No fracionamento das porções nitrogenadas, as espécies estudadas apresentaram valores que variaram de 14,1% a 44,5% para o Capim Tanzânia e Capim Buffel, respectivamente, para a fração A (NNP). As espécies Fato de Piaba e a Leucena apresentaram os maiores valores, sendo 38,4% e 40,0% respectivamente, para a fração B1. O Capim Buffel e o capim Tanzânia foram as espécies que apresentaram os maiores valores para a fração B2, com 74,4% e 78,7%, respectivamente. Na fração B3, a variação encontrada foi de 1,3% a 5,8% para a Fato de Piaba e Catingueira, respectivamente. A fração C das porções nitrogenadas apresentaram os maiores valores na planta Fato de Piaba e no Pau Branco (6,5% e 5,2%), respectivamente / 2017-07-19

Orientador: Irenilza de Alencar Naas / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T00:08:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_RaquelBaracatTosiRodriguesda_M.pdf: 872128 bytes, checksum: 8a76f30359f53555bcc5c8b1baa0610f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O Brasil é o maior produtor de carne do mundo e tem um importante papel no mercado exterior. Face às novas demandas internacionais de bem-estar animal, há necessidade de atualização da legislação brasileira, que data dos anos 30 e não reflete a atual produção animal no Brasil. Tendo em vista as condições de o agronegócio brasileiro ter crescido precisa-se atender a exigências de normas internacionais, entre outras coisas, aos assuntos relacionados ao bem-estar animal. Este tema tem hoje importância maior e, como o alojamento intensivo de animais domésticos está diretamente vinculado às questões de eficiência das construções rurais e da ambiência, tanto no sentido das condições de temperaturas, umidade relativa do ar e ventos, além da incidência de radiação solar, presença de gases agressivos e excesso de ruído, entre outros. Portanto, pesquisarem tais efeitos é necessário para melhor entendimento das reais necessidades do animal estar em boas condições. Na década de 30 surgiu o Decreto Lei no. 24.645, que expunha que todos os animais existentes no país são tutelados pelo Estado. A Lei 9.605/98 materializou a exigência legal prevista na Constituição Federal, sendo geral para outros temas ligados inclusive ao meio ambiente. Da mesma forma, a legislação que protege os animais dentro do conceito de produção do agronegócio, encontra-se obsoleta, enquanto o mercado demanda atualizações. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar e descrever um cenário das normas e legislações para os tipos de exigências nas áreas de manejo, ambiência e transporte, a fim de promover subsídios para um estabelecimento de normas adequadas à realidade nacional. O trabalho identificou os pontos críticos de alojamento, manejo e transporte, de acordo com normas européias vigentes e de acordo com os autores citados sobre a problemática na questão do bem-estar, que vem sendo cada vez mais questionado entre países, nesse caso, para avicultura de corte, suinocultura e bovinocultura de leite. O sistema de comparação estabelecido baseou-se em escores (notas) sendo aplicadas notas de 1 a 5 (muito ruim a muito bom) em função da existência de normas e legislações para cada país e/ou bloco econômico, para cada tipo de exigência, relativas ao nível de consciência da nação aos problemas enfrentados. Foram comparadas as normas de bem-estar com relação à avicultura de corte, suinocultura e bovinocultura de leite da União Européia (UE), do Brasil, da Austrália e dos Estados Unidos da América (EUA). Aplicou-se a análise comparativa da média dos escores das legislações e normas. Os resultados indicaram que, quando comparado entre países ou bloco econômico, o Brasil detém o menor escore, incluindo todos os tipos de exigências, e ainda que o escore médio das normas do Brasil é significativamente inferior (nível de significância de 95%) ao nível de escore médio das normas dos demais países. A legislação do Brasil para a avicultura de corte está, em média, com um déficit de 57,80% em relaçãoà legislação e normas, quando comparado com a média referente às normas e legislações existentes e usadas nos demais países. Para a bovinocultura de leite, o cenário referente à presença de normas e legislações para transporte interno está entre os mais preocupantes. Já para a produção de suínos, a comparação entre os níveis de exigência para todos os países estudados, aponta que o transporte interno dentro da fazenda está deficitário em normas e legislações. Há, portanto, necessidade de investir na questão de legislação e das normas de bem-estar animal no Brasil, assim como, nos países desenvolvidos, que necessitam também melhorar suas normas e legislações para alguns tipos de exigências / Abstract: Brazil is the producing greater of meat of the world and has an important exterior market. Face to the new international demands of animal well-being, there is the need to update the Brazilian legislation, that dates of years 30¿ and it does not reflect the actual animal Brazilian production. Regarding the conditions of the Brazilian agribusiness growth and meat export it is needed to take care of the requirements of international norms, among others things, to the subjects related to animal welfare. This matter has higher importance nowadays due the housing of domestic animals is directly tied with the issues of efficiency of agricultural constructions and environmental as in the sense of the temperature conditions as well as air relative humidity and winds and the incidence of solar radiation, presence of aggressive gases and excess of noise, among others. Research towards this subject needed for better understandings on animal necessities and to be in good conditions. In the decade of 30 the Decree Law number 24.645 indicated that all the existing animals in the country were tutored by the State. Law 9.605/98 foreseen legal requirement in the Federal Constitution, being wide open for other subjects also related to the environment. In the same way the legislation that protects the animals of in the agribusiness production concept is obsolete, while the market demand updates. This research aimed to study and describe a scenario of the norms and legislations for the following types of requirements: rearing environment, handling and transport, in order to subsidize establishing adequate norms to the national reality. The research identified the critical points of rearing, handling and transportation in accordance with effective Europeans norms, and in accordance with the authors refered in the current literature about the welfare issues that has being questioned between countries, in this in specific case for poultry, dairy cows, and pigs. The established system of comparison was based on given scores varying from 1-5 (very bad to very good) as function of norms and legislations existence for each country and/or economic block; for each type of requirement, relative to the consciousness of the nation to the specific problem. Poultry, swine and dairy cattle welfare norms from European Union (EU), Brazil, Australia and Unites States of America (USA) were compared. The comparative analysis of the means was applied to the scores of the legislations and norms. The results indicated that when compared to country or economical block Brazil detain the lowest score, including all types of demands, and the mean score of Brazilian norms was significant lower (significance level of 95%) than the average score level of the other countries norms. The Brazilian legislation for poultry production is in average with a deficit of 57.80% in relation of legislation and norms, while compared to the reference average of norms and legislations that exist and are used in other countries. For the dairy cattle the scenario related to the existence of norms and legislations within farming transport is one of the most concerning points. For the swine production the comparison between the demand levels for all studied countries point that within farming transportation is also deficiary in norms and legislations. There is then the need to invest in the question of animal welfare norms and legislation in Brazil as well as for those countries known developed that to improve their norms and legislations for some specific demands / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-07-28T12:41:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Guilherme Brunno de Medeiros Leal - 2016.pdf: 1377496 bytes, checksum: be97f29665e29f6b6646be9497341b6a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-07-28T14:26:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Guilherme Brunno de Medeiros Leal - 2016.pdf: 1377496 bytes, checksum: be97f29665e29f6b6646be9497341b6a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-28T14:26:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Guilherme Brunno de Medeiros Leal - 2016.pdf: 1377496 bytes, checksum: be97f29665e29f6b6646be9497341b6a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-09 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The welfare's absence in animal breeding has a direct impact on food production, affecting internal trade and especially exports. Environmental enrichment is the improvement of facilities in order to make the environment more appropriate to behavioral needs. Inserting objects in the environment such as, tires, chains, ropes, plastic bottles, wood or plastic bars are the most common types of environmental enrichment. However, only few tests have been made on swine's preference by the types of objects available to enrich its environment. It was aimed to evaluate the preferred behavior, as well as, animal performance (daily feed intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion) and lesion rates in pigs in the nursery stage using different types of objects (tire and metal chain), and scenarios (suspended, embedded in the wall, fixed on the floor). The experiment was performed in a commercial farm from July 30 to September 21, 2015. The animals were housed in collective cages, partially slatted floor, equipped with semi-automatic feeders and nipple drinkers. Every room with eight cages 113,02 ft² each, which makes a 2712,51 ft² experimental area. 696 pigs were used in Choice Genetics® breed, with an average age of 21 days, average weight of 12,34 pounds, divided between males and females. The pigs were divided into the treatment groups of 29 animals. The experimental design was a randomized block, with four different presentation scenarios of objects (control = without enriching object; T + C suspended = tire + suspended metal chain; T + C wall = tire and embedded metal chain on the wall; T + C floor = tire and fixed metal chain on the floor), repeated six times in a row. Camcorders were used for filming and subsequent evaluation of the behavior recorded every 10 minutes during 11 hours per day (7 a.m. to 6 p.m.), once in a week, 41 days. In the treatments with environmental enrichment, there were differences in the interaction with enriching objects (P <0.05). Regarding the presentation and the type of object, the animals preferred the suspended position and metal chain, respectively. The animal performance factors (daily feed intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion), and lesion rates, were not influenced by environmental enrichment. / A ausência do bem-estar na produção animal, repercute diretamente na produção dos alimentos, afetando o comércio interno e, principalmente, as exportações. O enriquecimento ambiental consiste no aperfeiçoamento das instalações com o objetivo de tornar o ambiente mais adequado às necessidades comportamentais. Inserir no ambiente, pneus, correntes, cordas, garrafas pet, barras de madeiras ou plástico são os tipos mais comuns de enriquecimento ambiental. Entretanto, poucos testes têm sido realizados quanto à preferência dos suínos pelos tipos de objetos disponíveis para enriquecimento do ambiente. Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento preferencial, desempenho zootécnico (consumo diário de ração, ganho em peso diário, conversão alimentar) e escore de lesão em suínos na fase de creche com diferentes tipos de objetos (pneu e corrente de metal), e esquemas de apresentação (suspenso, enraizado na parede, fixo no piso). O experimento foi conduzido em granja comercial, no período de 30 de julho a 21 de setembro de 2015. Os animais foram alojados em baias coletivas, de piso parcialmente ripado, providas de comedouro semiautomático e bebedouro tipo chupeta. Cada sala com 8 baias de 10,5 m2 cada, totalizando uma área experimental de 252 m2. Foram utilizados 696 suínos da linhagem Choice Genetics®, com idade média de 21 dias, peso médio inicial de 5,6 kg, divididos entre machos e fêmeas. Os suínos foram distribuídos nos tratamentos em grupos de 29 animais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro diferentes esquemas de apresentação dos objetos (Controle – sem objeto enriquecedor; P + C suspenso – pneu + corrente de metal suspensa; P + C parede – pneu e corrente de metal enraizado na parede; P + C piso – pneu e corrente de metal fixo no piso), repetidos seis vezes no tempo. Foram utilizadas câmeras filmadoras, para gravação de imagens e posterior avaliação dos comportamentos a cada 10 minutos durante 11 horas diárias (7 h às 18 h), uma vez por semana, durante 41 dias. Nos tratamentos com enriquecimento ambiental houve diferença na interação com os objetos enriquecedores (P<0,05). Em relação a apresentação e o tipo de objeto, os animais preferiram quando na posição suspenso e corrente de metal, respectivamente. As variáveis de desempenho zootécnico (consumo diário de ração, ganho em peso diário, conversão alimentar) e escore de lesão não foram influenciadas pelo enriquecimento ambiental.