京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23912号 / 工博第4999号 / 新制||工||1780(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科物質エネルギー化学専攻 / (主査)教授 陰山 洋, 教授 阿部 竜, 教授 安部 武志 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2000--Köln.

A via de amplificação da secreção de insulina estimulada por glicose (GSIS) é um fenômeno discutido na literatura, cujos componentes são amplamente debatidos. Evidências sugerem que a condutância a Cl- compõe parte desta via. Porém, o mecanismo pelo qual essa condutância desempenharia papel na via de amplificação ainda é debatido, e, além disso, as ferramentas farmacológicas para estudo dessas afeta o transporte de outros ânions, como bicarbonato (HCO3-). Buscamos neste trabalho compreender a contribuição do transporte desses ânions para a via de amplificação da GSIS levando em consideração a distribuição de Cl- e HCO3- extracelular em células INS-1E. Concluímos que o transporte de ânions nas células INS-1E não contribui para a via de amplificação da GSIS, porém essas células não expressaram os canais CFTR e Anoctamina 1 que foram relacionados com esse fenômeno. Acreditamos que em células secretoras de insulina que expressem esses canais, o transporte de ânions possua alguma relevância funcional. / The amplification pathway of glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is a phenomenon discussed in the literature, which components are broadly debated. Evidence suggests that Cl- conductance composes part of this pathway. However, the mechanism that this conductance would play role on the amplification pathway still is debated, and, besides that, the pharmacological tools to study these affects transport of other anions, such as bicarbonate (HCO3-). We aimed in this study to understand the contribuition of anion transport for the amplification of GSIS considering the Cl- and HCO3- extracellular distribuition in INS-1E cells. We concluded that anion transport in INS-1E cell line do not contribute for the amplification pathway of GSIS, however those cells do not express CFTR and Anoctamin 1 channels which were related with this phenomenon. We believe that in insulin secretin cells that express those channels, the anion transport may have a functional relevance.

A novel free radical-based substitution reaction was developed for grafting aromatic/heteroaromatic compounds to perfluorosulfonic acid polymers (PFSAs). Two proton-exchange membranes perfluorobenzoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorobenzenesulfonic acid (PFBSA)—were synthesized for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells via the free radical-based reaction. The physical properties, in-plane ionic conductivities and fuel cell performance of two membranes were investigated. They exhibited different electrochemical and physical properties, possibly due to the formation of unique dimerized/trimerized structure of –CO2H groups in the PFBA membrane. A free radical-based thermolytic reaction under a high temperature (180 oC)/pressure (1000 psi) condition in the presence of TFA and hydrogen peroxide is first demonstrated. A novel perfluorotetrafluoroaniline (PFTFAn) polymer was synthesized from PFSA and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroaniline in one step via the thermolytic reaction. After doping H2SO4 in the PFTFAn polymer, a new conjugated acid membrane (H2SO4-doped PFTFAn) was obtained. The H2SO4-doped PFTFAn membrane displayed better chemical stability and mechanical properties than NafionTM due to the removal of –SO3H groups. The second part of this thesis deals with fluoropolymer-based anion-exchange membranes. A new class of coordinated metal/perfluoropolymer type composite membranes were synthesized and characterized for anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). A membrane comprised of perfluoro(phenyl-2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine) polymer, ZrO(ClO4)2 nanoclusters, and 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine displayed the highest conductivity of 23.1 mS/cm at 60 oC. The chemical stability test of composite membrane showed no conductivity loss after refluxing in 7 M KOH solution at 120 oC for 2,200 h. A H+ coordinated cage-shape molecule with a benzyl group (Bn-proton cage) was designed and synthesized as a base-stable anion-exchange group. By employing the free radical-based reaction, Bn-proton cage was grafted to a fluoropolymer to yield a stable anion-conductive membrane under alkaline conditions. The third part of this thesis is our design, synthesis and test of ionic liquids for reversible SO2 absorption. Novel di-cationic ionic liquids (DILs) were designed and synthesized for SO2 absorption. DILs were found to have better SO2 absorption capabilities than mono-cationic ionic liquids (MILs). A chloride-based DIL comprised of two N-methylimidazolium cations and a PEG9 (HO-(CH2CH2O)9-H) chain could reversibly uptake 3.710 mole SO2 per mole DIL under ambient conditions. The anion, temperature and water impact on SO2 absorption in DILs was investigated. Although replacing chloride with triflate or tosylate groups led to a reduced SO2 absorption for the DILs, a high selectivity against CO2 was observed in CO2 absorption test.

xx, 281 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / More than two-thirds of all enzyme substrates and cofactors are anionic, emphasizing the essential role that anions play in biological processes. Moreover, anions can have detrimental effects on the environment by causing ground water contamination when anions such as perchlorate, phosphate and nitrate develop in intolerable levels. Owing to the prevalent nature of anions, traditional strategies employed to target anions--including hydrogen bonding, metal ion coordination and electrostatic interactions--have been extensively studied. An alternative approach to anion binding would complement the powerful array of existing techniques. Recently, in the supramolecular chemistry community, new insight has been cast on how anions attractively interact with electron-deficient arenes, suggesting that aromatic rings are a viable anion binding strategy to balance existing methods. Chapter I provides a historical perspective of anions interacting with electron- deficient arenes. This outlook has its origins in the late 1800s with the discovery of colored charge-transfer complexes between donor and acceptor molecules and continues with the progression of the field leading up to the recent supramolecular fascination. Chapter II represents our initial efforts at measuring anion/arene interactions in solution. In particular, sulfonamide based hydrogen bonding receptors were developed with pendant aromatic rings to test the strength of anion/arene interactions in solution. Complementary computational chemistry and crystallography were utilized to supplement the solution studies. Chapter III describes our quantum calculations and crystallographic efforts at using only electron-deficient arenes to bind halides. A Cambridge Structure Database survey supports our emphasis of understanding multiple anion/arene interactions. Chapter IV illustrates how tripodal anion receptors can be developed to bind anions using only electron-deficient aromatic rings. Furthermore, subtle changes in anion binding geometries are observed with isomeric receptors and corroborated with Density Functional Theory calculations. Chapter V is dedicated to the preparation of electron-deficient anion receptors that are conformationally stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Chapter VI is committed to using our knowledge of anion binding to study a series of ethynyl-pyridine sulfonamides capable of hydrogen bonding to small molecules and anions. In conclusion, Chapter VII is a summary and future prospective for the field of anion/arene interactions. This dissertation includes previously published and co-authored material. / Adviser: Darren W. Johnson

abstract: The field of Ionic Liquid (IL) research has received considerable attention during the past decade. Unique physicochemical properties of these low melting salts have made them very promising for applications in a many areas of science and technology such as electrolyte research, green chemistry and electrodeposition. One of the most important parameters dictating their physicochemical behavior is the basicity of their anion. Using four sets of Protic Ionic Liquids (PILs) and spectroscopic characterization of them, a qualitative order for anion basicity of ILs is obtained. Protic Ionic Liquids are made by proton transfer form a Brønsted acid to a base. The extent of this transfer is determined by the free energy change of the proton transfer process. For the cases with large enough free energy change during the process, the result is a fully ionic material whereas if the proton transfer is not complete, a mixture of ions, neutral molecules and aggregates is resulted. NMR and IR spectroscopies along with electrochemical and mechanical characterization of four sets of PILs are used to study the degree of ionicity. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Chemistry 2016

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de synthèses de matériaux innovants contenant des entités cationiques que sont le guanidinium et l’ammonium. Ces entités cationiques confèrent des propriétés intéressantes et fonctionnelles pour chacun des systèmes ioniques suivants : tensio-actifs, liquides ioniques et ionosilices. A cet effet, nous avons procédé à l’étude de deux familles de composés : les sels de guanidiniums et les ionosilices. Pour les sels de guanidiniums, nous avons étudié la formation et les propriétés d’auto-assemblage de tensio-actifs en utilisant différentes techniques de mesures (conductivité, tension de surface et calorimétrie). Ce remarquable synthon moléculaire qu’est le guanidinium a été aussi mis en avant comme liquide ionique pour l’extraction du méthyl orange, du diclofenac et du chromate. Quant aux ionosilices, bien qu’ils présentent aussi des propriétés intéressantes pour l’extraction ionique et l’adsorption de principes actifs, leur mise en forme reste cependant un paramètre clef pour cibler leur application. En effet, la mise en forme des ionosilices en nanoparticules permet l’extension des applications dans le domaine de la nanomedecine. Ainsi, durant cette thèse, des nanoparticules avec des sous-structures ioniques ammoniums sont synthétisées pour la première fois et utilisées comme nano-vecteur pour le relarguage d’un anti-inflammatoire (diclofenac). Par ailleurs, dans le but d’une extraction ionique en flux continu, des matériaux contenant des fonctions ioniques sous forme de monolithe ont été synthétisés à partir de précurseur ammonium par voie sol gel. Ainsi cette thèse nous a permis de trouver les éléments théoriques, illustratifs et expérimentaux des différentes facettes de la formation de matières à base d’unités cationiques aux propriétés remarquables que sont les sels de guanidiniums et les sels d’ammoniums. / This dissertation deals with innovative synthetic materials bearing cationic entities that are guanidinium and ammonium. These cationic entities give interesting and functional properties for each ionic system studied: surfactant, ionic liquid and ionosilica. For this purpose, we investigated two families groups composed of: guanidiniums salts and ionosilica. Regarding guanidiniums salts, we studied the formation and self-assembly behavior of guanidinium surfactants using different measurement techniques (conductivity, surface tension and calorimetry). This remarkable molecular synthon that represents guanidinium was also highlighted as an ionic liquid for the extraction of methyl orange, diclofenac and chromate. As for ionosilicas, although they also have advantageous properties for ion extraction and adsorption of the active ingredients, however their shaping remains a key parameter for targeting their application. In fact, the design of ionosilica material as nanoparticle allows applications extension in the field of nanomedicine. So during this thesis, nanoparticles containing ammonium substructures were synthesized for the first time and used as a nano-vector to deliver an anti-inflammatory drug (diclofenac). Furthermore, with the aim of ionic extraction in continuous flow, materials containing ionic functions as monolith were synthesized from ammonium precursor via sol gel route. This thesis allowed us to find the theoretical, experimental and illustrative elements of the different aspects of materials formation based on cationic entities with remarkable properties that are guanidiniums and ammonium salts.

Submitted by LUANA CHIQUETTO PARACATÚ null (luanachiquetto@hotmail.com) on 2016-07-14T18:15:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - Luana Chiquetto.pdf: 2823701 bytes, checksum: 584996ba0cd6c6754d03400de9c6de73 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-18T20:01:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 paracatu_lc_dr_arafcf.pdf: 2823701 bytes, checksum: 584996ba0cd6c6754d03400de9c6de73 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T20:01:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paracatu_lc_dr_arafcf.pdf: 2823701 bytes, checksum: 584996ba0cd6c6754d03400de9c6de73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Inúmeras patologias têm a sua gênese e/ou progressão relacionadas à produção desregulada de intermediários oxidantes. O complexo multienzimático NADPH oxidase é um dos componentes de maior relevância neste contexto, pois é uma das principais fontes de ânion superóxido no organismo animal. Sendo expresso em inúmeros tecidos, incluindo leucócitos e células do tecido endotelial, o desenvolvimento de inibidores eficientes deste complexo enzimático poderá significar uma nova terapêutica para o tratamento de doenças inflamatórias crônicas. Com objetivo de explorar a relação entre a estrutura molecular, as propriedades químicas e atividades biológicas, utilizamos o éster fenetílico do ácido cafeico (CAPE) como inibidor do complexo enzimático NADPH oxidase e comparamos sua eficácia com o seu precursor ácido cafeico e os derivados, éster fenetílico do ácido cinâmico e o ácido clorogênico, correlacionando-os a respeito a sua hidrofobicidade, propriedades redox e inibição do complexo NADPH oxidase em leucócitos ativados. A hipótese seria de que um aumento da hidrofobicidade provocado pela esterificação do ácido cafeico poderia facilitar o seu acesso à membrana celular e assim alterar seu efeito como possível inibidor de NADPH Oxidase. Os resultados, em ensaios in vitro, mostraram que as alterações na hidrofobicidade não provocaram alterações significativas no potencial de oxidação e potencial antioxidantes dos compostos testados. Quando testados em leucócitos ativados (modelos ex vivo), a esterificação provocou uma melhora significativa na capacidade de inibição do complexo NADPH oxidase. Este potente efeito se propagou às EROs decorrentes de ânion superóxido e produzidas por leucócitos, como peróxido de hidrogênio e ácido hipocloroso, entretanto, sem alterar a capacidade fagocítica dos leucócitos. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que nos ensaios celulares o CAPE foi o composto mais potente em relação ao seu precursor ácido e ácido clorogênico, sendo significativamente mais efetivo na inibição da produção das EROs. Da mesma forma, CAPE foi o inibidor mais eficaz da expressão de TNF-α e IL-10 por Staphylococcus aureus células estimuladas. Em conclusão, a presença do grupo catecol e a maior hidrofobicidade, do CAPE, foram essenciais para os efeitos biológicos, confirmando nossa hipótese. Considerando-se o envolvimento da NADPH-oxidases na génese e progressão de doenças inflamatórias, CAPE deve ser considerada como uma droga anti-inflamatória promissora. / Several diseases have their genesis and / or progression related to unregulated production of oxidants intermediates. The multienzymatic complex NADPH oxidase is one of the most important components in this context because it is a major source of superoxide anion in animal organisms. It is expressed in numerous tissues, including leukocytes and endothelial tissue cells. Developing effective inhibitors of this enzyme complex may indicate a new therapy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Several studies have described numerous anti-inflammatory properties attributed to caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component found in propolis. In order to explore the relationship between the molecular structure, chemical properties and biological activities, we used CAPE to inhibit the enzyme complex NADPH oxidase and compare its efficacy with the its precursor caffeic acid and derivatives, phenethyl ester of cinnamic acid and chlorogenic acid, correlating them with regard to hydrophobicity, redox properties and inhibition of NADPH oxidase complex on activated leukocytes. The hypothesis was that an increase of hydrophobicity caused by the esterification of caffeic acid could facilitate access to cell membranes and thereby alter its effect as a possible inhibitor of NADPH oxidase. The results (in vitro), showed that the changes in hydrophobicity did not provoke significant changes in the oxidation potential and antiradical potency of the tested compounds. But when tested in activated leukocytes (ex vivo), the esterification caused a significant improvement in the ability to inhibit the NADPH oxidase complex. This potent inhibition effect resulted also in the blockage of production of hypochlorous acid, however, without altering the phagocytic ability of leukocytes. The results of this study show that in cellular assays, CAPE was the most potent compound in comparison to caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, significantly more effective in inhibiting the production of ROS. Likewise, CAPE was the most effective inhibitor of expression of TNF-α and IL-10 in Staphylococcus aureus stimulated cells. In conclusion, the presence of the catechol moiety and the higher hydrophobicity of CAPE were essential for the biological effects. Considering the involvement of NADPH oxidases in the genesis and progression of inflammatory diseases, CAPE should be considered as a promising anti-inflammatory drug.

abstract: Biofuel from microbial biomass is a viable alternative to current energy production practices that could mitigate greenhouse gas levels and reduce dependency on fossil fuels. Sustainable production of microbial biomass requires efficient utilization of nutrients like phosphorus (P). P is a limited resource which is vital for global food security. This paper seeks to understand the fate of P through biofuel production and proposes a proof-of-concept process to recover P from microbial biomass. The photosynthetic cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is found to contain 1.4% P by dry weight. After the crude lipids are extracted for biofuel processing, 92% of the intercellular P is found within the residual biomass. Most intercellular P is associated with nucleic acids which remain within the cell after lipids are extracted. Phospholipids comprise a small percentage of cellular P. A wet chemical advanced oxidation process of adding 30% hydrogen peroxide followed by 10 min of microwave heating converts 92% of the total cellular P from organic-P and polyphosphate into orthophosphate. P was then isolated and concentrated from the complex digested matrix by use of resins. An anion exchange resin impregnated with iron nanoparticles demonstrates high affinity for P by sorbing 98% of the influent P through 20 bed volumes, but only was able to release 23% of it when regenerated. A strong base anion exchange resin sorbed 87% of the influent P through 20 bed volumes then released 50% of it upon regeneration. The overall P recovery process was able to recover 48% of the starting intercellular P into a pure and concentrated nutrient solution available for reuse. Further optimization of elution could improve P recovery, but this provides a proof-of-concept for converting residual biomass after lipid extraction to a beneficial P source. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2012