Forestry has major negative effect with damage on cultural heritage in forest land. To avoid this, forestry needs to find new methods to search for and identify remains. In this study it was examined if shaded terrain models and historical maps could be used to identify ancient and cultural heritage in forest land. A field inventory was conducted to compare the cultural heritage objects identified in the digital maps with those found in the forest. The result showed that it is possible to identify ancient and cultural heritage using shaded terrain models and historical maps. 8 of the identified objects were also identified in field as real remnants. In historical maps, two remains were interpreted and identified, one of which was also identified in shaded terrain model. The conclusion was that shaded terrain model is an uncertain method to use, but together with other data it can be helpful to find cultural heritage. Forestry has major negative effect with damage on cultural heritage in forest land. To avoid this, forestry needs to find new methods to search for and identify remains. In this study it was examined if shaded terrain models and historical maps could be used to identify ancient and cultural heritage in forest land. A field inventory was conducted to compare the cultural heritage objects identified in the digital maps with those found in the forest. The result showed that it is possible to identify ancient and cultural heritage using shaded terrain models and historical maps. 8 of the identified objects were also identified in field as real remnants. In historical maps, two remains were interpreted and identified, one of which was also identified in shaded terrain model. The conclusion was that shaded terrain model is an uncertain method to use, but together with other data it can be helpful to find cultural heritage. / Forn- och kulturlämningar är historiska spår från våra förfäder och som till stor del återfinns i våra skogar. Skogsbrukets framfart har visat sig ha en stor negativ påverkan på lämningarna. SCA, Länsstyrelsen, Skogsstyrelsen och andra skogliga bolag har år 2020 satt upp en nollvision, inga forn- och kulturlämningar ska skadas. För att uppnå detta behöver skogsbruket hitta nya metoder för att söka ut och identifiera lämningar.   I denna studie utfördes en analys av skuggad terrängmodell och historiska kartor för att undersöka om det är möjligt att identifiera forn- och kulturlämningar i skogsmark. Efter analysen utfördes en fältinventering för att fastställa om de tolkade lämningarna var verkliga lämningar och vilka lämningstyper det i så fall var. Studien avgränsades till trakter i Västernorrland och till lämningstyperna; fångstgrop, kolbotten, tjärdal, röse, stenmur, stig och husgrund.   Resultatet visar att det är möjligt att identifiera forn- och kulturlämningar med hjälp av skuggad terrängmodell och historiska kartor. 8 av de tolkade lämningarna identifierades som verkliga lämningar. I historiska kartor tolkades och identifierades 2 lämningar, varav en även var identifierade i skuggad terrängmodell. Slutsatsen blev att enbart använda sig av skuggad terrängmodell för identifiering av forn- och kulturlämningar bedömdes vara en osäker metod i sig, men som komplement till andra data kan det vara en hjälp för att identifiera lämningar.

This PhD thesis concerns urban mining, an umbrella term for different recycling strategies aimed to recover materials from the built environment. More specifically, it focuses on hibernating urban infrastructures, that is: cables and pipes that have been left behind in their subsurface location after they were disconnected. I term this subsurface urban realm of system rejects the “Urk World”. “Urk” is short for “urkopplad”, the Swedish word for “disconnected”, an abbreviation often found on old infrastructure maps denoting discarded system parts. Since urks contain high concentrations of copper, my normative stance is that the Urk World should be “mined” as a contribution towards diminishing the persistently wasteful handling of mineral resources in society. The thesis has three focus areas. The first of these discusses how the Urk World has emerged, that is: how the creation of urks is sustained in sociotechnical processes related to infrastructure’s provision. The second concerns the potential of urk mining, how much copper the Urk World contains, where these quantities are located and by which implications they could be recovered. The third focus area is devoted to the politics of urks, and is concerned with the political embeddedness of infrastructure and where politics might intervene for the sake of increased urk recovery. Five papers complete the thesis. The first paper investigates how much copper, aluminium and steel there is in the Urk World of the Swedish city of Norrköping, and how these quantities are spatially dispersed in the urban environment. The second paper is based on interviews with system owners and repair crews, and investigates how urks come into existence in relation to three different infrastructural processes: maintenance, larger installation projects and shutdown. The third paper describes how environmental systems analysis can be beneficially coupled with theories and methods from the social sciences to create knowledge useful to aid the development of urk recycling schemes. The fourth article makes use of the inherent ambiguities of urks to investigate a spectrum of locations where politics aimed for increased urk recovery can intervene as well as what is at stake there. The fifth and final paper investigates urks in Linköping’s power grid in spatial and weight terms, and analyses the implications of urk recovery from several different viewpoints. In overall terms, the major contribution of the thesis is how it improves the knowledge of societal stocks of materials, thereby giving an increased recognition of the built environment as a resource base. In overall scientific terms, it sets an example of how a coherent interdisciplinary research design can provide knowledge useful for the implementation of urk recycling schemes as well as for political decision–making for increased urk recovery.

Corporations around the world are today acknowledging more and more the need of long-term sustainability strategies integrated into their core businesses. This has led to the use of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) framework. H&M and UNIQLO are no different. They are established global retailing companies and heavily affected by the consumers demand of a sustainable work process. The demands are often heard when news hits of problems in the supply-chain. This can be issues like unsatisfactory working conditions in factories, environmental issues caused by production and general imbalance of labor policies. Such problems have put pressure on the companies to enact a proper reporting framework for their sustainability efforts and that is the focus of this thesis. The objective is to understand how well the organizations’ have been using CSR and the goal is to look at their behavior within their supply chain processes and their environmental focus. We will then benchmark them according to the sustainability measurement framework called Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). GRI is a framework widely used by the top global companies today and as it has a diversified perspective on CSR; it can expand the views of CSR from the consumer and the corporate perspective to a global reporting perspective. That perspective is unbiased and globally accepted. The conclusions drawn in the end of the thesis, shows the similarities and differences of the companies CSR actions and the gap that they need to fill to really strengthen their focus on CSR. A way forward is to understand these gaps and create a strategy which will help the companies overcome these obstacles in the long run. / Företag runt om i världen i dag erkänner mer och mer behovet av långsiktigt hållbara strategier integreras i sin kärnverksamhet. Detta har lett till användandet av Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) ram. H & M och UNIQLO är inte annorlunda. De är etablerade globala detaljhandelsföretag och som drabbats hårt av konsumenterna efterfrågan på ett hållbart arbetsprocessen. Kraven är ofta hörs när nyheten träffar av problem i försörjningskedjan. Det kan vara frågor som otillfredsställande arbetsförhållanden i fabriker, miljöfrågor som orsakas av produktion och allmän obalans i arbetsmarknadspolitiska åtgärder. Sådana problem har satt press på företagen att anta en korrekt rapportering ramar för deras hållbarhetsarbete och det är fokus för denna uppsats. Målet är att förstå hur väl organisationerna har använt CSR och målet är att titta på deras beteende inom ramen för sina processer leverantörskedjan och deras miljöfokus. Vi kommer då att jämföra dem enligt en hållbar mätning ramverk kallat Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). GRI är ett ramverk ofta används av högsta internationella företag idag och eftersom den har ett diversifierat perspektiv på företagens sociala ansvar, det kan utöka åsikter om företagens sociala ansvar från konsumenten och företagets perspektiv på en global rapportering perspektiv. Detta perspektiv är opartiskt och globalt accepterad. De slutsatser som dras i slutet av avhandlingen visar likheter och skillnader i de bolag CSR insatser och det tomrum som de behöver för att fylla för att verkligen stärka sitt fokus på socialt ansvarstagande. En väg framåt är att förstå dessa skillnader och skapa en strategi som kommer att hjälpa företagen att övervinna dessa hinder i det långa loppet.

This thesis explores how to apply an approach of strategic sustainable development to e-waste management through a case study at the National University of Rwanda (NUR). Interviews and surveys were conducted, and workshops and presentations were hosted during a site visit to NUR. No e-waste management system is in place in Rwanda, while the country is working to increase ICT capacity. At NUR, awareness of e-waste challenges is low, and management currently consists of storage and limited low-tech pre-processing. Suggested actions were prioritized and delivered to NUR in an action plan under three project categories: project core, e-waste management, and e-waste education and research with the aim of establishing a pilot project of e-waste management to make NUR an e-waste leader. A Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development was used to ensure e-waste is managed in a strategic way that leads to an e-waste management approach that could exist in a sustainable society. This research concludes that strategic sustainable e-waste management is possible at NUR and presents six theme areas to guide the development of an e-waste project with a systems perspective.

Tourism represents 10.3% of the global GDP. Moving abroad for holidays has never been simpler and cheaper. Destinations answer tourist's demands, they build more hotel complex, create new fun activities, provide more resources. This way of life seems paradisiac for visitors; however it does not look that good for local communities. Often left aside by capitalist corporations, their resources and environment are depleting, crowds of visitors invade their space and unsustainability is deeply rooted. The result is the installation of more inequalities and gap between social classes. An alternative to this Pandora's box was created about 50 years ago, although it only started to develop recently, claiming it is the solution to most of our environmental tourism issues: ecotourism. If you look for this type of holidays, you will find the Azores. Eight award winner as a green destination. It was decided this research would focus on its biggest island: Sao Miguel. One will investigate what is the reality behind the green curtain. To do so, the learning of local stakeholders towards ecotourism and how it affects their current actions and their sight for the future of the island's tourism will be explored.

The fully integrated 3-D, time dependant, hydrodynamic and sediment transport numerical model ECOMSED was used to simulate flow and sediment transport in rivers. ECOMSED was originally developed for large water bodies such as lakes and oceans and solves the primitive equations of RANS along with a second order turbulence model in an orthogonal curvilinear σ- coordinate system. The availability of the model as an open FORTRAN source code made modifications and addition of new models possible. A new bed load transport model was implemented in the code as well as improvements in treatment of river roughness parameterization, bed form effects, and automatic update of flow depth due to bed evolution. The model was applied to 1- km long reach of the River Klarälven, Sweden, where it bifurcates into two west and east channels. The water surface and the flow division in the channels were made in agreement with field data by spatially varying the roughness. However, the spatial distribution of the bed shear stress was not realistic. Improvements were made in the bottom boundary condition to represent the variable effects of bed forms on roughness depending on the flow regime and the flow depth. The improved model realistically reproduced the flow field as well as the sediment transport processes in the river Klarälven. / QC 20101123

The increasingly power load of datacenters worldwide and consequently, the increase on heat dissipation by electronic components, have been highlighting the importance of efficiently designing cooling solutions for such systems. In fact, bad management of the cooling system can greatly increase the total electricity consumption in a datacenter. This being said, TeliaSonera in order to decrease the total electricity consumption in its datacenters, has developed a new cooling solution known as the Green Room concept. Therefore in order to evaluate the potential environmental benefits related to this product, this work was developed. The Life Cycle Assessment methodology in accordance to ISO 14040/43 standards was applied to assess its environmental performance, from cradle-to-grave. Moreover the software SimaPro, the Ecoinvent database and the ReCiPe impact assessment method were also utilized. The results emphasized the phases and activities during Green Room life cycle presenting the highest potential impacts. This being said, the utilization phase presented for every impact category analyzed the highest potential impacts, with exception of ozone depletion category, which was dominated by material extraction and manufacturing phase, due to the presence of R134a refrigerant. In addition transportation phase presented the lowest values for every category and the end of life phase exposed considerable impact mitigation for the whole life cycle. Moreover extraction and manufacturing phases presented copper, steel and the refrigerant R134a as the most impacting materials for damage to human health, damage to ecosystems and damage to resources, respectively. Finally, improvements were proposed in order to increase the environmental performance of this cooling system.

This thesis was conducted to investigate the impacts of fiber composites on theenvironment. Composition, properties and application of fiber compositeswere also studied. On the basis of its application, taking into account previousstudies information was gathered related to impacts of these fiber composites.In order to study impacts of fiber composites in marine application a detailstudy was conducted where using the LCA method and Sima Pro softwarethree ship superstructures of the ship Stena Hollandica were compared. Thesewere steel superstructure, balsawood core superstructure and PVC foamsuperstructure. The results showed that over the lifecycle the impacts of PVCand balsawood superstructure were almost the same and were better than thesteel superstructure. The main contribution of impacts over the lifetime wasdue to the fuel consumed. When only the superstructure was consideredseparately from the life cycle the best choice was balsawood and the PVC foamsuperstructure had the most impacts. Overall it was found that balsawoodcould be considered as the best alternative as a material for the construction ofthis ship superstructure.

With the development of China's economy, it is found that the importance of corporate social responsibility is increasing. SME as a large proportion of the economy, its importance is evident. Logistics industry in China developed very fast in recent 30 years, it has formed a large-scale industry. Due to the nature of logistics industry, the impact on environment is huge, the demand of CSR is increasing. Many large companies have already adopted CSR in recent years, but SMEs receive less attention. In this thesis, we conducted a case study of a small logistics company which has implemented CSR from its very beginning. From the case study, we compared the company’s behaviors and the existing theories and explained how does a SME work with CSR. It is approved that most of CSR theories can apply to a Chinese logistics SME. The company applied CSR into business strategy from the very beginning, communication with stakeholders plays a very important role in CSR strategy, and the company owner’s personal attitude and background plays a decisive role. In the end, we found out the advantages that CSR can bring to Chinese logistics SME. It can improve company’s reputation, employee’s loyalty and customer’s satisfaction, thus improve company’s sales and other business opportunities.

Determination of the subsurface geology is very important for the rock quarry industry. This is primarily done by drilling and mapping of the surface geology. However in Sweden the bedrock is often completely covered by Quaternary sediments making the prediction of subsurface geology quite difficult. Incorrect prediction of the rock-mass quality can lead to economic problems for the quarry. By performing geophysical measurements a more complete understanding of the subsurface geology can be determined. This study shows that by doing 2D-parallel data sampling a 3D inversion of the dataset is possible, which greatly enhances the visualization of the subsurface. Furthermore the electrical resistivity technique together with the induced polarization method proved to be very efficient in detecting fracture frequency, identification of major fracture zones, and variations in rock-mass quality all of which can affect the aggregate quality. With this technique not only the rock-mass quality is determined but also the thickness of the overburden. Implementation of geophysics can be a valuable tool for the quarry industry, resulting in substantial economic benefits. / QC 20101118