O hidrÃide calcÃrio do gÃnero Mil/epora ocorre em regiÃes tropicais de todo o planeta como um componente regular dos recifes de coral. MilÃporas sÃo encontradas em profundidades menores que 1 atà 40 m. Os corais vivos criam uma sÃrie rica de habitats para um grande nÃmero de espÃcies fornecendo substrato para os organismos sedentÃrios e alimento ou abrigo para os organismos mÃveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e quantificar toda a macrofauna encontrada em colÃnias de Mil/epora a/cicornis na Ãrea de ProteÃÃo Estadual dos Recifes de Coral (RN). As 26 amostras foram coletadas manualmente atravÃs de mergulho autÃnomo, em profundidades de 1 a 3 m. No perÃodo de julho e novembro de 2004 e fevereiro de 2005, as colÃnias foram envolvidas por sacos plÃsticos e, em seguida, extraÃdas do substrato com o auxÃlio de martelo e talhadeira. Posteriormente, as amostras foram fixadas com formalina 4%. No laboratÃrio, as colÃnias foram analisadas para a retirada dos epibiontes e, em seguida, cuidadosamente fragmentadas para a remoÃÃo da fauna perfurante. Foram registrados 1.234 indivÃduos e 95 espÃcies de organismos nÃo coloniais dos grupos Crustacea, Echinodermata, Mollusca, Nemertea, Polychaeta e Sipuncula, e 86 colÃnias e 26 espÃcies de organismos coloniais dos tÃxons Cnidaria, Porifera e Tunicata. Os crustÃceos apresentaram o maior nÃmero de indivÃduos e espÃcies, seguidos por poliquetas e moluscos. Segundo coeficiente de correlaÃÃo de Spearman, o nÃmero de indivÃduos e espÃcies dos organismos nÃo coloniais associados aumenta com o crescimento da colÃnia. Em relaÃÃo à fauna colonial, os tunicados possuÃram maior nÃmero de colÃnias e os porÃferas, maior nÃmero de espÃcies. A epifauna dos grupos coloniais e nÃo coloniais foi mais numerosa que a endofauna. ComparaÃÃes entre milÃporas e corais escleractÃnios podem ser traÃadas devido a uma possÃvel convergÃncia funcional desses tÃxons. à possÃvel supor que as associaÃÃes com corais nÃo dependem exclusivamente da espÃcie hospedeira, pois espÃcies distintas habitam a mesma espÃcie de coral em regiÃes diferentes. Provavelmente o substrato exerÃe papel mais importante, cujas formas promovem a formaÃÃo de habitats distintos. / The limestone of the genus hidrÃide Mil / epora occurs in tropical regions around the planet as a regular component of coral reefs. MilÃporas are found at depths less than 1 to 40 m. The live coral create a rich variety of habitats for many species by providing substrate for sedentary organisms and food or shelter for the bodies moving. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify all the macrofauna found in colonies of Mil / epora a / cicornis Area of Protection of Coral Reefs of the State (RN). The 26 samples were collected manually through autonomous diving in depths from 1 to 3 m. In the period from July to November 2004 and February 2005, the colonies were surrounded by plastic bags and then extracted from the substrate with the aid of hammer and chisel. Subsequently, the samples were fixed with formalin 4%. In the laboratory, the colonies were tested for the withdrawal of epibiontes and then carefully to remove fragmented fauna Perforating. 1234 individuals were recorded and 95 species of non-colonial groups of Crustacea, Echinodermata, Mollusca, Nemertea, and Sipuncula Polychaeta, and 86 colonies and 26 species of organisms colonial taxa of Cnidaria, Porifera and Tunicata. The crustaceans had the highest number of individuals and species, followed by polychaetes and molluscs. According to Spearman correlation coefficient, the number of individuals and species of non-colonial increases associated with the growth of the colony. Regarding colonial fauna, tunicates owned the largest number of colonies and Porifera, greater number of species. The epifauna of non-colonial and colonial groups was larger that endofauna. Comparisons between milÃporas and coral escleractÃnios can be drawn due to a possible functional convergence of these taxa. You can assume that the associations with corals do not depend exclusively on the host species, as different species inhabit the same species of coral in different regions. Probably the most important role exercise substrate, which forms promote the formation of distinct habitats.

Over-enrichment of nutrients in coastal waters has been a growing problem as population growth has enhanced agricultural and industrial processes. Enhanced nitrogen (N) fluxes from land to coast continue to be the result of over fertilization and pollution deposition. This over-enrichment of nutrients has led to eutrophication and hypoxic conditions in coastal environments. This study was conducted along the Gulf of Mexico, through the state of Texas, in order to quantify all agricultural and industrial sources of N in a region which contains a large precipitation gradient, three major metropolitan areas, and one of the top livestock industries in the United States. Nitrogen inputs from fertilizer, livestock, crop fixation, and oxidized deposition from both dry and wet atmospheric processes were quantified and compiled into a Texas Anthropogenic N Budget (TX-ANB). In addition, comparisons and regional enhancements were made to the Net Anthropogenic Nitrogen Input dataset (NANI toolbox), which is a national dataset developed at Cornell University by Hong et al. [2011]. These enhancements ultimately will help understand the full pathways of anthropogenic influences on coastal systems in a regional setting. All three datasets (NANI, NANI Regional, and TX-ANB) indicate agriculture to be the primary contributor to the N cycle in Texas, with TX-ANB showing 38% of inputs from fertilizer, 37% of inputs from livestock, and 2% of inputs from legumes. N input due to atmospheric deposition of oxidized N clearly highlights urban areas, indicating a strong influence of urbanization on the N cycle due to anthropogenic impacts; 23% of N input in Texas is the result of deposition of oxidized N. Quantification of inputs spatially indicates a strong enhancement of N from human influence in the coastal plain where nutrient export is heightened by major storm events. This enhancement of N along a coastal drainage area will likely have a negative impact on downstream environments. / text

Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-05-25T16:57:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) dissertação Cláudio Oceanografia.pdf: 1598552 bytes, checksum: 2f98d7d6edbf021730ab15fbc7a05dcd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T16:57:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) dissertação Cláudio Oceanografia.pdf: 1598552 bytes, checksum: 2f98d7d6edbf021730ab15fbc7a05dcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / Os ambientes costeiros estão entre os mais ameaçados do mundo. O turismo corresponde a um dos principais processos antrópicos, geralmente feito de forma desordenada, degradando os recifes. Porto de Galinhas (aprox 70 km de recife) é um dos maiores pólos turísticos do Brasil recebendo cerca de 400 mil visitantes na alta estação (novembro a fevereiro). Por falta de uma fiscalização eficiente, impactos como pisoteio e atracamentos das jangadas nos corais estão destruindo a área, modificando a comunidade do local. Para avaliar a qualidade do ambiente, além de parâmetros físicos, são necessários indicadores biológicos, sendo os peixes os mais utilizados. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar possíveis mudanças na comunidade que vive no topo e crista recifal, determinando quais espécies seriam consideradas bioindicadores. A chamada “piscina dos oito” foi selecionada como área de estudo, que foi separada em duas áreas: tratamento e controle. Os pontos selecionados possuem características geomorfológicas semelhantes, diferenciando-se pela ocupação (tratamento) ou não (controle) das Jangadas. Um total de 48 censos, no período de jul/12 a jun/13 (24 no domingo e 24 na segunda) foram realizados. No estudo, foram contabilizados 3.508 indivíduos, pertencentes a 31 espécies de 16 famílias de peixes nas duas áreas amostradas nos recifes de Porto de Galinhas. Na área tratamento foram vistas 21 espécies, número menor quando comparado com a área controle no qual que foram identificados 28. As famílias mais representativas foram Labridae (8 espécies), seguida por Pomacentridae (4 espécies). Pomacentridae, marcadamente representada por Stegastes fuscus (n= 2.344), representando 66% do total identificado. Foi verificada diferença na diversidade de espécies entre as áreas tratamento e controle. Este resultado mostrou-se significativo (p=0,001), no qual a área controle apresenta uma maior diversidade de espécies. Os dados coletados indicam uma mudança na estrutura da comunidade situada na crista recifal em Porto de Galinhas. Algumas espécies aproveitam-se do impacto decorrente das jangadas, que remove a cobertura algal e os organismos que ali vivem, facilitando a disponibilidade de alimento. Outras espécies reagem diferentemente a estes impactos abrigando-se embaixo das jangadas, provavelmente em busca de sobra e/ou proteção, enquanto outras fogem e somente são encontradas na área controle. Pode-se concluir que os impactos antropogênicos decorrentes do uso excessivo de jangadas estão modificando a diversidade, abundancia e comportamento na comunidade de peixes na “piscina dos oito” de Porto de Galinhas. / Coastal environments are among the most threatened in the world. Tourism represents one of the main anthropogenic processes, usually done in a disorderly manner, with that, degrading reefs. Porto de Galinhas (approx. 70km reef ) is one of the biggest tourist centers in Brazil with about 400 thousand visitors in the high season (November to February). For lack of effective monitoring, the impact of rafts such as trampling and docking are destroying reefs in the area, modifying the local community. To evaluate the quality of the environment, and physical parameters, biological indicators are needed, the fish is the most used. The objective was to determine possible changes in the community that lives at the top and reef’s crest, determining which species would be considered bio-indicators. The so-called "Piscina dos oito" was selected as study field, which was separated into two areas: treatment and control. The selected points have similar geo-morphological characteristics, differentiating them by occupation (treatment ) or not (control ) of the rafts . 3,508 individuals belonging to 31 species of 16 families of fish sampled in two areas on the reefs of Porto de Galinhas were identified. In the treatment area 21 species were seen, a lower number compared with the control area in which they have been identified 28. The most representative families were Labridae (8 species), followed by Pomacentridae (4 species). Pomacentridae, highly represented by Stegastes fuscus (n=2,344), representing 66 % of the total identified. Difference in species diversity between the treatment and control areas was observed during the research months (july/12 to june/13) for both Sunday and Monday. This result was significant (p=0.001), in which the control area has a greater diversity of species. The data collected indicate a change in the structure of the reef’s crest community located in Porto de Galinhas. Some species take advantage of the arising impact of the rafts, which removes the alga cover and the organisms that live there, making it easier for food. Other species react differently to these impacts sheltering beneath the rafts, probably in search of leftovers and/or protection, while others flee and are only found in the control area. It can be concluded that anthropogenic impacts resulting from excessive use of rafts are changing the diversity, abundance and behavior in fish community "Piscina dos Oito" Porto de Galinhas.

Master of Science / Biology / David A. Haukos / The lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) is an endemic North American prairie grouse once widely distributed in the southwestern Great Plains. Recent population declines and continued threats to lesser prairie-chicken populations prompted the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to list the species as “threatened” under the protection of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 in May 2014. The northern extent of the species range in Kansas and Colorado supports 2/3 of the remaining range-wide population of lesser prairie-chickens, but has thus far been relatively understudied. Concern for species viability has created a need to fill current knowledge gaps in lesser prairie-chicken ecology, provide more recent demographic information, and develop appropriate conservation actions. I evaluated female survival, movement, space use, and effects of anthropogenic features during the breeding seasons of 2013 and 2014. I captured and radio-tagged 201 females with satellite GPS (N = 114) and VHF (N = 82) transmitters within the three ecoregions of Kansas and Colorado. Mean daily movement varied by region, year, and breeding season period but the amount of space used was consistent between ecoregions and years. On average, females moved 1352 m ± 12 [SE] per day. Females moved the greatest distances during the lekking period of the breeding season with females moving 2074 m ± 36 per day. Females were most sedentary during the brooding period moving only 780 m ± 14 per day. Mean breeding season home range size was estimated to be 340 ha ± 27. The lekking period had the greatest amount of movement as a result of females visiting leks to find mates, copulate, and search for nest locations. Female’s movements were reduced during the brooding period because of physical limitations of the brood mobility. Variation in movement between ecoregions was most likely a product of fragmentation as females moved 10-30% more in northwest Kansas compared to the study sites, which was characterized by northwest Kansas having the greatest degree of fragmentation. Survival varied by ecoregion with females in northwest Kansas having the lowest probability of surviving the 6-month breeding season compared to other ecoregions. Estimated 6-month breeding season survival during 2013 and 2014 was 0.455 (95% CI = 0.38 – 0.53). Survival was lowest during the nesting period, which claimed 59.5% of all observed mortalities. Survival increased from 2013 to 2014 in northwest Kansas as grassland habitats recovered from extreme drought conditions in 2013. Drought was less severe in south-central Kansas and survival rates remained fairly consistent across years. Avian and mammalian predators caused 45.7% and 34.3% of breeding season mortalities, respectively. Other mortalities were either cause by snakes or were unknown (5.7%, 14.3%). Overhead cover may have been limited from drought conditions causing nesting females to be more visible to avian predators during incubation. When pooled across years and ecoregions, rump-mounted GPS transmitters did not adversely affect female survival when compared to commonly used necklace style VHF transmitter (VHF: 0.48 95% CI = 0.39 – 0.58; GPS: 0.50 95% CI = 0.38 – 0.64). Distance to distribution power lines and lek were significant predictors of female space use within their home range with females behaviorally avoiding distribution power lines and using space closer to leks. Space use decreased with increasing oil well density. Females avoided areas that had well densities of 23 wells/250 ha. Observed female locations were further from anthropogenic features but closer to leks on average than at random. Avoidance behavior of anthropogenic features may result in functional habitat loss and reduce the amount of suitable habitat available; compounding previously fragmented landscapes. Anthropogenic features may limit movement by acting as barriers on the landscape and potentially disrupt population connectivity. Furthermore, habitats selected for nesting and brooding may result in potential ecological traps because of reduce breeding success when impacted by increased occurrence and densities of anthropogenic features. Reduced breeding success can have significant negative impacts on population persistence. Average home range size across all ecoregions indicated that female lesser prairie-chickens need at least 340 ha of habitat to fulfill her life-history requirements during the breeding season. Brooding habitats need to be in close proximity (≤ 750 m) to nesting cover to reduce distance traversed by newly hatched broods. Reducing grazing pressure will ensure that sufficient vertical habitat structure is available during the nesting period and increase female survival; especially in times of drought. Mangers should restrict construction of anthropogenic features near or within suitable lesser prairie-chicken habitat with emphasis on distribution power lines. Well densities should not exceed 1 well/60 acres (11 wells/section) for a >10% probability of use. However, because the affect that density of wells has on demographic rates of lesser prairie-chickens has yet to be determined, a conservative approach where well densities in or adjacent to grassland patches should be minimized as much as possible is best.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Lucia Helena Gomes Coelho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, 2016. / A poluição dos recursos hídricos é um problema gerado pelo descarte -muitas vezes irregulare inadequado-dos dejetos, efluentes industriais e esgotos domésticos. A matéria orgânica presente neste ambiente pode ser considerada um indicador de poluição ambiental. Para sua determinação e quantificação, utilizam-se indicadoresdiretos e indiretos, sendo um deles o valor de concentração do carbono orgânico total (Corg) presente em umaamostra de água. O nitrogênio, em suas variadas espécies químicas, também é um indicadorque determina a característica de águas residuárias e de corpos hídricos. Em um curso d'água, a determinação química da forma predominante do nitrogênio pode fornecer indicações sobre o estágio da poluição eventualmente ocasionada pelolançamento de esgotos a montante.O nitrogênio Kjeldahl(NNKT) é o indicador nitrogenado característico de uma poluição recente, além de ser a forma dominanteno esgoto domésticobruto. A Região Metropolitana de São Paulo é uma das áreas demaioradensamento urbano do mundo, com consequente comprometimento da qualidade de seus recursos hídricos, sendolocalizada na área da Bacia do Alto Tietê. A Represa Billings é uma das responsáveis pelo abastecimento público de água nessa região. Em vista disso, o objetivo desta pesquisa foio de avaliar a viabilidade do uso da razão molar Corg/NNKTcomo indicadora da qualidade da água na represa Billings, além da sua correlação com o uso do solo.Para tanto, foi feito olevantamento de dados secundários destes parâmetros em cinco pontos amostrais da represa, sendo possível identificar qualitativamente os locais que possuem os maiores impactos antropogênicos ocasionados por despejo de esgoto. Assim como para o sedimento, foi calculada arazão molar Corg/NNKT, e obtiveram-se menoresvalores desta razãopara locais com elevados aportes de matéria orgânica de origem antrópica. Apesar daanálise estatística da razãoCorg/NNKTnão ter apresentado boa correlação com outras variáveis indicadoras de qualidade da água, esta pode ser um indicador qualitativo de interferência antrópica, uma vez que as estações de monitoramento mais impactadaspor aglomerados de moradias no entorno e que não possuem umainfraestrutura adequada, contribuindo assim para a poluição local do meio, são as que apresentaram os menores valores de razão Corg/NNKT, tendoas áreas mais preservadas um valor mais alto dessa relação. / The pollution of water resources is a problem generated by the disposal of waste, industrial effluents and domestic sewage,which are frequently irregular and inappropriate . The organic matter present in the environment isconsidered an indicator of environmental pollution. For its determination and quantification,direct and indirect indicators are used, being one of them the value of the concentration of total organic carbon (Corg) present in a water sample. Nitrogen, in its diverse chemical species, is also an indicator that determines the characteristics of wastewater and water bodies. In a watercourse, the chemical determination of the predominant form of nitrogen can indicate the stage of pollution eventually caused by the dumping of sewage upstream. The Kjeldahl nitrogen (NNKT) is the typical nitrogenous indicator for recent pollution and it is the dominant form in gross domestic sewages. The Metropolitan Area of São Paulois located in the area of the Alto Tiete basin and can be considered one of the greatest urban density in the world, with consequent impairment of the water resources quality,. The Billings Dam is one of the basins responsible for the public water supply in this area. For this reason, the main objective of this research was to evaluate the feasibility of using the molar ratio Corg/NNKTas an indicator of water quality in the Billings Dam, in addition to its correlation withtheland use. The gathering of secondary data of these parameters was made in five sampling points of the dam, where it was possible to qualitatively identify the sites with the largest anthropogenic impacts caused by the sewage disposal. As well as for the sediment, the molar ratio Corg/NNKTwas used andthe lower values of this ratiowere obtainedin sites with high inputs of organic matter from anthropogenic source. Despite the fact that the statistical analysis of Corg/NNKTratios have not shown good correlation with other water quality variables , this value can be used as a qualitative indicator of anthropogenic interference, since the monitoring stations -which are the most affected by surrounding housing clusters and do not have an adequate infrastructure, contributing to local pollution of the environment -werethe ones with the lowest Corg/ NNKTvalues, aswell asthe most preserved areas showed a higher value in this relation.

L'évaluation écologique des cours d'eau ne prend pas en compte les différents processus qui y sont réalisés, faute d'indicateur disponibles. L'objectif de cette thèse a été de documenter l'utilisation de la décomposition des litières végétales d'origine terrestre comme indicateur de l'intégrité fonctionnelle des rivières de plaine et de piedmont suivies par l'Agence de l'Eau Adour-Garonne. Partie 1. Sur une douzaine de sites suivis pour la pollution par les pesticides, le taux de décomposition est divisé par deux entre le site le moins et le plus contaminé, entrainant le passage d'une décomposition co-assurée par les invertébrés et les microorganismes dans les sites les moins contaminés à un processus réalisé seulement par les microorganismes dans les sites les plus contaminés, compromettant le processus dans les rivières les plus contaminées. Cette altération est observée à des concentrations en pesticides pourtant inférieures aux seuils fixés par l'Union Européenne. Partie 2. Sur 58 sites qui maximisent l'amplitude des classes de qualité écologiques, l'absence de corrélation observée entre les indices biologiques basés sur les invertébrés (IBGN, I2M2) et les diatomées (IBD) et le processus de décomposition suggère que les perturbations, selon leur nature et/ou leur intensité, altèrent différentiellement la composition des communautés et les activité de transformation de la matière organique. Partie 3. Une grille d'évaluation de la qualité fonctionnelle des rivières croisant deux variables, ktotal et le ratio kinvertébré/kmicrobien est proposée à partir de 84 sites de suivi et de sites de référence tirés de la bibliographie. Cette grille montre qu'à l'échelle régionale, le processus de décomposition est plus affecté dans sa composante liée à l'activité des invertébrés qu'à celle liée aux microorganismes. En suivant les critères d'évaluation de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau, cette grille d'évaluation met en évidence que seulement 28 % des sites étudiés atteindrait un bon état fonctionnel. Cette thèse a permit de documenter la réflexion menée sur le développement d'indicateurs fonctionnels et plaide pour l'inclusion de la décomposition des litières végétales dans l'évaluation évaluation écologique par une approche croisée, telle que formalisée par un graphique structure x fonction à double entrée. / The aim of this thesis was to document, at regional scale (SW France), the application of litter decomposition and associated metrics as a proxy of functional integrity of stream ecosystems. The Introduction exposed the underlying arguments, mainly relying on (1) the importance of this ecosystem process, which provides most carbon sources to the aquatic food web, and (2) the need to complement the structural metrics routinely used in biomonitoring schemes by a functional component. Chapter I dealt with the capacity, by using litter decomposition, to discriminate the effects of pesticides from other stressors in 12 agricultural streams selected along a contamination gradient. The decomposition rate was twice as low in the most contaminated site compared with the less contaminated one, and the relationship was monotonous along the gradient. Only the activity of invertebrate decomposers was affected, translating into the switch from a decomposition co-dominated by invertebrates and microorganisms in the less contaminated sites to a process only achieved by microorganisms in the most contaminated ones. Taxonomic richness and density of invertebrate decomposers together with a specific indicator based on invertebrate traits followed the same trends as the invertebrate-driven decomposition rate, kinvertebrate, while fungal biomass, sporulation rate and taxonomic richness remained unaffected. Consequently, the presence of pesticides compromised leaf breakdown, as microbial decomposers did not compensate for the invertebrate decomposers decline. This occurred while pesticides concentrations even in the most contaminated stream were under the European Union's Uniform Principles thresholds for targeted species. This study showed that litter breakdown, particularly the ratio of total to microbial-driven breakdown rate, is a pertinent proxy to assess the functional integrity of pesticide-contaminated streams. Chapter II compared the biological evaluation, as routinely undertaken in monitoring schemes from structural indicators based on invertebrates (IBGN and I2M2) and diatoms (BDI), with the functional indication based on litter decomposition. No correlation was found between structural and functional indicators on 58 streams, whereas the 3 structural indicators were strongly correlated each other. Redundancy analysis showed a negative relationship between ktotal or kinvertebrate and the proportion of cultures in the riparian corridor, while kmicrobial responded to the same environmental parameters (substratum coarseness, temperature) as structural indicators. The lack of correlation between invertebrate-based structural metrics and kinvertebrate suggested that disturbances, depending on their nature and/or intensity, differentially impair community composition and community activity in organic matter processing. In the view of proposing functional metrics, Chapter III concerned the distribution patterns of decomposition parameters on our study sites together with reference sites from the literature. Strong links were detected between decomposers community, decomposition rate and environmental settings, as exemplified by positive correlations between ktotal or kinvertebrate and detritivores abundance, kmicrobial and fungal biomass or sporulation rate, and the ratios ktotal/kmicrobial or kinvertebrate/kmicrobial and the abundance of decomposers. We propose a rating grid of stream ecosystem functional quality crossing two entries, ktotal and kinvertebrate/kmicrobial. At the regional scale, this grid shows that litter decomposition is more affected in its invertebrate component than in the microbial one. The Discussion exposes the main results in context and opens to perspectives, particularly about the question of reference sites. In conclusion, our results strongly argue for a crossed evaluation of ecological quality of running waters, as formalized by a chart with structure × fonction double entry.

Usamos a distribuição natural dos isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio para investigar qual é o principal recurso alimentar basal para as teias tróficas dos córregos florestados do sistema hidrográfico Guapi-Macacu e avaliamos se os isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio de consumidores aquáticos respondem ao uso e ocupação do solo local neste sistema hidrográfico. As hipóteses do presente trabalho são: (1) a principal fonte de energia para os animais de córregos florestados é fornecida pela produção autóctone, o perifíton; (2) as δ13C e δ15N dos consumidores aquáticos são relacionadas positivamente com as percentagens das áreas impactadas por agricultura, pastagem e ocupação urbana. Coletamos perifíton, matéria orgânica particulada fina e animais em vinte e um córregos para análise de isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio. Usamos fotos aéreas para classificar e calcular a área de uso antrópico em um raio de duzentos metros das coordenadas geográficas do ponto de coleta. O perifíton foi o recurso basal para: os peixes predadores, Characidium sp., Rhamdioglanis sp., Trichomycterus sp.; o peixe onívoro Phalloceros caudimaculatus; o peixe pastador, Schizolecis guntheri; o camarão onívoro, Macrobrachium potiuna; os caranguejos onívoros, Trichodactylus sp.; os Plecoptera predadores, Anacroneuria sp.; os Odonata predadores, Aeshnidae sp. e Libellulidae sp. A matéria proveniente da vegetação terrestre foi o principal recurso dos Trichoptera cortador e coletor-filtrador Phylloicus sp. e Smicridea sp., respectivamente. A δ13C dos Rhamdioglanis sp. foi marginalmente relacionada com a percentagem da área de impacto antrópico (p=0,072; N=6). As δ13C dos Anacroneuria sp., dos Smicridea sp., dos Characidium sp., dos Hypoptomatinae, dos Macrobrachium spp., dos Phalloceros caudimaculatus, dos Scleromystax barbatus e dos Trichomycterus sp. não foram relacionadas com a percentagem da área impactada. Apenas os Macrobrachium spp. (p=0,052; N=11) e os S. barbatus (p=0,069; N=6) tiveram suas δ15N marginalmente relacionadas com a percentagem da área de impactada. Estes resultados sugerem que a δ13C e a δ15N dos consumidores aquáticos não foram bons indicadores de impacto local no sistema hidrográfico Guapi-Macacu. / We used the natural distribution of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen to investigate the principal basal food resources for the food web of the forested streams of the Guapi-Macacu watershed system and we evaluated if the stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen of aquatic consumers responded to the land use and occupation in the catchment. The hypotheses of the present work are: (1) the principal energy source for the animals from forested streams comes from autochthonous production, the periphyton; (2) the δ13C and δ15N of the aquatic consumers are positively related to the percentage of the impacted areas by agriculture, pasture and urban occupation. We collected periphyton, fine particulate organic matter and animals in twenty one streams for stable isotopes analyses of carbon and nitrogen. We used aerial photos to classify and calculate the area of human use in a radius of two hundred meters from the geographic coordinate of the collection point. Periphyton was the basal resource for: the predatory fish Characidium sp., Rhamdioglanis sp., Trichomycterus sp.; the omnivorous fish Phalloceros caudimaculatus; the grazer fish, Schizolecis guntheri; the omnivore shrimp, Macrobrachium potiuna; the omnivore crab, Trichodactylus sp.; the predators Plecoptera, Anacroneuria sp.; the predators Odonata, Aeshnidae sp. e Libellulidae sp.. The material proceeding from terrestrial vegetation was the principal source of the scraper and collector-filter Trichoptera, Phylloicus sp. and Smicridea sp., respectively. The δ13C of Rhamdioglanis sp. was marginally related to the percentage of human impact area (p=0,072; N=6). The δ13C of the Anacroneuria sp., Smicridea sp., Characidium sp., Hypoptomatinae, Macrobrachium spp., Phalloceros caudimaculatus, Scleromystax barbatus and the Trichomycterus sp. were not related to the percentage of the impacted area. Only the Macrobrachium sp. (p=0,052; N=11) and the S. barbatus (p=0,069; N=6) had their δ15N marginally related to the percentage of the impacted area. These results suggest that the δ13C e a δ15N of the aquatic consumers were not good indicators of local impact in the Guapi-Macacu watershed system.

Usamos a distribuição natural dos isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio para investigar qual é o principal recurso alimentar basal para as teias tróficas dos córregos florestados do sistema hidrográfico Guapi-Macacu e avaliamos se os isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio de consumidores aquáticos respondem ao uso e ocupação do solo local neste sistema hidrográfico. As hipóteses do presente trabalho são: (1) a principal fonte de energia para os animais de córregos florestados é fornecida pela produção autóctone, o perifíton; (2) as δ13C e δ15N dos consumidores aquáticos são relacionadas positivamente com as percentagens das áreas impactadas por agricultura, pastagem e ocupação urbana. Coletamos perifíton, matéria orgânica particulada fina e animais em vinte e um córregos para análise de isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio. Usamos fotos aéreas para classificar e calcular a área de uso antrópico em um raio de duzentos metros das coordenadas geográficas do ponto de coleta. O perifíton foi o recurso basal para: os peixes predadores, Characidium sp., Rhamdioglanis sp., Trichomycterus sp.; o peixe onívoro Phalloceros caudimaculatus; o peixe pastador, Schizolecis guntheri; o camarão onívoro, Macrobrachium potiuna; os caranguejos onívoros, Trichodactylus sp.; os Plecoptera predadores, Anacroneuria sp.; os Odonata predadores, Aeshnidae sp. e Libellulidae sp. A matéria proveniente da vegetação terrestre foi o principal recurso dos Trichoptera cortador e coletor-filtrador Phylloicus sp. e Smicridea sp., respectivamente. A δ13C dos Rhamdioglanis sp. foi marginalmente relacionada com a percentagem da área de impacto antrópico (p=0,072; N=6). As δ13C dos Anacroneuria sp., dos Smicridea sp., dos Characidium sp., dos Hypoptomatinae, dos Macrobrachium spp., dos Phalloceros caudimaculatus, dos Scleromystax barbatus e dos Trichomycterus sp. não foram relacionadas com a percentagem da área impactada. Apenas os Macrobrachium spp. (p=0,052; N=11) e os S. barbatus (p=0,069; N=6) tiveram suas δ15N marginalmente relacionadas com a percentagem da área de impactada. Estes resultados sugerem que a δ13C e a δ15N dos consumidores aquáticos não foram bons indicadores de impacto local no sistema hidrográfico Guapi-Macacu. / We used the natural distribution of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen to investigate the principal basal food resources for the food web of the forested streams of the Guapi-Macacu watershed system and we evaluated if the stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen of aquatic consumers responded to the land use and occupation in the catchment. The hypotheses of the present work are: (1) the principal energy source for the animals from forested streams comes from autochthonous production, the periphyton; (2) the δ13C and δ15N of the aquatic consumers are positively related to the percentage of the impacted areas by agriculture, pasture and urban occupation. We collected periphyton, fine particulate organic matter and animals in twenty one streams for stable isotopes analyses of carbon and nitrogen. We used aerial photos to classify and calculate the area of human use in a radius of two hundred meters from the geographic coordinate of the collection point. Periphyton was the basal resource for: the predatory fish Characidium sp., Rhamdioglanis sp., Trichomycterus sp.; the omnivorous fish Phalloceros caudimaculatus; the grazer fish, Schizolecis guntheri; the omnivore shrimp, Macrobrachium potiuna; the omnivore crab, Trichodactylus sp.; the predators Plecoptera, Anacroneuria sp.; the predators Odonata, Aeshnidae sp. e Libellulidae sp.. The material proceeding from terrestrial vegetation was the principal source of the scraper and collector-filter Trichoptera, Phylloicus sp. and Smicridea sp., respectively. The δ13C of Rhamdioglanis sp. was marginally related to the percentage of human impact area (p=0,072; N=6). The δ13C of the Anacroneuria sp., Smicridea sp., Characidium sp., Hypoptomatinae, Macrobrachium spp., Phalloceros caudimaculatus, Scleromystax barbatus and the Trichomycterus sp. were not related to the percentage of the impacted area. Only the Macrobrachium sp. (p=0,052; N=11) and the S. barbatus (p=0,069; N=6) had their δ15N marginally related to the percentage of the impacted area. These results suggest that the δ13C e a δ15N of the aquatic consumers were not good indicators of local impact in the Guapi-Macacu watershed system.

La production sonore biologique, étudiée par acoustique passive, doit être évaluée comme méthode complémentaire pour l’étude des effets des perturbations anthropiques sur les milieux côtiers.Alors que les sons émis par les mammifères marins et les poissons sont largement documentés, ceux issus des invertébrés benthiques restent peu décrits, même si ces derniers peuvent assurer des fonctions-clés dans les systèmes marins. L’enjeu principal de cette thèse était d’évaluer la pertinence de l’utilisation de l’acoustique passive comme outil écologique en s’appuyant sur la biophonie des invertébrés benthiques d’habitats côtiers tempérés et plus particulièrement en prenant comme habitat-modèle les bancs de maërl de la rade de Brest. Nous avons mis en évidence l’existence d’espèces sonifères remarquables qui constituent de bons candidats pour leur suivi en milieu naturel. Ces travaux ont de plus montré l’importante contribution de certains invertébrés benthiques dans le paysage sonore sous-marin, encourageant à ne plus imputer systématiquement les sons benthiques uniquement aux « crevettes claqueuses ». Le deuxième volet de cette thèse a montré que les variations de production sonore des invertébrés benthiques, à l’échelle individuelle ou collective, offrent des informations précieuses sur la mise en évidence de stress tels qu’un bloom d’algues toxiques ou l’impact du dragage. Ainsi, le nombre de mouvements sonifères des coquilles Saint-Jacques est doublé en présence de fortes concentrations d’algues toxiques, et le paysage sonore des bancs de maërl fortement pêchés est trois fois plus silencieux et moins complexe que celui du maërl préservé. Les résultats de ce travail de thèse, discutés dans un contexte de développement d’outils pour l’évaluation de l’état de santé des écosystèmes marins, permettent l’émergence de nouvelles hypothèses de travail en écologie marine. / Biological sound production, as studied by passive acoustics, should be considered as a complementary method to study the effect of anthropogenic disturbances on coastal systems. While sounds emitted by marine mammals and fish are well documented, those from benthic invertebrates are poorly described, although they can play key roles in marine ecosystems. The main goal of this PhD work was to evaluate the suitability of passive acoustics as an ecological tool based on sound production by benthic invertebrates living in temperate coastal habitats, and particularly in maerl beds of the Bay of Brest.We highlighted the existence of interesting soniferous species that appear to be good candidates to monitor in the field. This work also showed the important contribution of some benthic invertebrates to the underwater soundscape, suggesting that benthic sounds should not be attributed only to snapping shrimps. The second part of this PhD thesis emphasized that changes in benthic invertebrate sound production, at individual or collective scales, provides valuable information on the detection of stress such as a toxic algal blooms or the impact of dredging. Thus, the number of soniferous movements made by the great scallop doubles in the presence of high concentrations of toxic algae, and the soundscape of heavily fished maerl beds is three times quieter and less complex than preserved ones. The results of this PhD thesis, which are discussed in the context of tool development for the assessment of marine ecosystem health, raise new working hypotheses in marine ecology.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Natália Pirani Ghilardi-Lopes / Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Gustavo Muniz Dias / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução e Diversidade, São Bernardo do Campo, 2018. / Os ecossistemas bentônicos estão entre os ambientes marinhos mais produtivos e também entre os mais afetados por atividades antropogênicas. Em áreas de costão rochoso como o litoral norte de São Paulo - Brasil, um dos maiores impactos é causado devido ao pisoteio. Essa ação mecânica pode promover danos a estruturas importantes ou até mesmo arrancar o organismo do substrato, afetando a dinâmica das populações e indiretamente a diversidade e o funcionamento da comunidade. As algas marinhas do gênero Sargassum são muito comuns em várias regiões costeiras ao redor do mundo, incluindo a região rochosa subtidal do litoral do sudeste do Brasil, desempenhando um papel importante como estruturadora de habitats e fonte de alimento para muitos organismos marinhos. Desta forma, para avaliar possíveis danos morfológicos e fisiológicos causados pelo pisoteamento, utilizamos uma abordagem experimental baseada em um desenho aninhado em bancos de Sargassum spp. de três diferentes locais, utilizando a metodologia de transectos e nove quadrados de 40 x 40 cm divididos em três tratamentos, simulamos diferentes intensidades de pisoteio: controle (sem pisoteio); baixa intensidade de pisoteio (150 passos sobre as unidades de amostragem) e alta intensidade de pisoteio (300 passos sobre as unidades de amostragem), para testar os impactos esperados em diferentes períodos do ano. Foram quantificados: 1) a performance fotossintética; 2) a concentração de pigmentos fotossintetizantes e compostos fenólicos totais e 3) parâmetros morfológicos e reprodutivos como comprimento, biomassa seca e esforço reprodutivo, imediatamente após o pisoteio e após 90 e 180 dias, totalizando nove conjuntos de tratamento (três intensidades de pisoteio x três períodos de coleta). O pisoteio alterou os padrões fisiológicos causando uma diminuição no desempenho fotossintético e na concentração de pigmentos e aumento de compostos fenólicos totais dependendo do local onde foi realizado o estudo. Considerando os parâmetros morfológicos e reprodutivos, não foram observadas diferenças devido ao pisoteio no comprimento e na biomassa seca, mas o experimento diminuiu significativamente o esforço reprodutivo independente do período ou local estudado. O pisoteio é uma ação humana, por isso é importante conhecer a visão das pessoas sobre o ambiente marinho para a sugestão de medidas mitigadoras de forma mais eficiente. Desta forma, um estudo de percepção ambiental foi realizado com base na escala NEP (New Environmental Paradigm) através do uso de questionários on-line, cujas respostas foram comparadas através do teste de Kruskal-Wallis, considerando gênero, idade, nível educacional, área de trabalho, local de residência, freqüência que visita à praia, número de dias que passam na praia e tipo de atividade ao visitar este ambiente como fatores de agrupamento. Os resultados demonstraram uma consciência dos participantes da pesquisa de que estamos atingindo o limite de recursos que a Terra pode oferecer e que a maioria da interferência humana no meio ambiente é negativa, no entanto, ainda existe uma crença de que os homens são capazes de dominar a natureza e de que os recursos marinhos são ilimitados. Além disso, a maioria dos entrevistados considera que as mudanças climáticas; o aumento do nível do mar e a acidificação do oceano são assuntos tratados com exagero. Entre os fatores avaliados, a idade, o nível educacional, a freqüência de visita à praia e a área de trabalho resultaram em diferenças significativas para algumas das questões, indicando a necessidade do investimento em educação ambiental desde o início da idade escolar e a importância de uma divulgação científica de boa qualidade. Desta forma, as principais conclusões do presente trabalho são: 1) as respostas morfológicas e fisiológicas em Sargassum spp ao pisoteio, dependem do local e do período; 2) a reprodução desta alga é negativamente afetada pelo pisoteio, independentemente do local e do período e 3) a percepção em relação ao ambiente marinho foi influenciada por algumas características das pessoas que participaram do estudo, como idade, nível educacional, área de trabalho e frequência com que visitam a praia. Assim, um gerenciamento eficiente de nossas áreas marinhas e costeiras, deve levar em conta parâmetros ecológicos e sociológicos de cada caso não sendo possível um procedimento generalizado. / Benthic ecosystems are among the most productive marine environments and also among those most affected by anthropogenic activities. In areas of rocky shores as in the northern coast of São Paulo - Brazil, one of the greatest impact is caused due to trampling. This mechanical action can promote damage to important structures or even detach the organisms from the substrate, affecting the dynamics of the populations and indirectly the community diversity and functioning. The seaweeds of the genus Sargassum are very common in several coastal regions around the world including the subtidal rocky-shores from southeastern Brazil, playing an important role as a habitat engineer and food source to many marine organisms. Thus, in order to establish possible morphological and physiological damages caused by trampling on this seaweed, we used an experimental approach based on a nested design. In three diferent sites, using the transect methodology and nine quadrat points of 40 x 40 cm divided into three treatments, we simulated different intensities of trampling: control (no trampling); low trampling intensity (150 steps over the sampling units) and high trampling intensity (300 steps over the sampling units), to mimic the impacts expected along different periods of the year and quantified: 1) the photosynthetic performance; 2) pigment and total phenolics concentration and 3) morphological and reproductive parameters as length, dry biomass and reproductive effort, immediately after the trampling procedures and after 90 and 180 days, totalizing nine treatment sets (three trampling intensities x three times). Trampling changed physiological patterns causing a decrease in the photosynthetic performance and pigment concentration and increasing total phenolics compounds depending on the local where this kind of impact occurs. Considering the morphological and reproductive parameters, trampling significantly decreased the reproductive effort, despite site and period. Trampling is a human action, so it is important to know people's view about the marine environment in order to suggest mitigating measures more efficiently. In this way, an environmental perception study was carried out based on the NEP (New Environmental Paradigm) scale using online questionnaires which responses were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test considering gender, age, educational level, branch of work, place of residence, frequency of beach attendance, number of days spent on the beach, and type of activity when visiting this environment as grouping factors. The results demonstrated an awareness on the part of the respondents that we are reaching the Earth`s limit and that the majority of the human interference on the environment is negative, however, there was still a belief that men is able to dominate nature and that the marine resources are unlimited. Besides that, most respondents think that climate change; sea level rise and ocean acidification has been treated with exaggerated concern. Amongst the factors tested, the age, educational level, frequency of beach attendance and branch of work resulted in significant differences for some of the questions, indicating the necessity of educational investment since the beginning of the school age and the importance of a scientific dissemination of good quality. The main conclusions of the present work are: 1) morphological and physiological responses to trampling are site and period dependent; 2) reproduction is negatively affected by trampling regardless of site and period and 3) the perception regarding the marine environment was influenced by some characteristics of the people which participated in the study. So, in order to efficiently manage our marine and coastal areas both ecological and sociological parameters must be taken into account and no generalized procedure is possible.