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Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-05-19T19:46:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - André Felipe Alves de Andrade - 2016.pdf: 2007118 bytes, checksum: 69341ce5bc6c459857d1feff5d92366e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T13:54:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - André Felipe Alves de Andrade - 2016.pdf: 2007118 bytes, checksum: 69341ce5bc6c459857d1feff5d92366e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-20T13:54:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - André Felipe Alves de Andrade - 2016.pdf: 2007118 bytes, checksum: 69341ce5bc6c459857d1feff5d92366e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Coral reefs are of extreme importance to both nature and society, due to being responsible for several services and harbouring hundreds of species. Despite such critical importance, reef corals current suffered heavy losses since the Anthropocene, with 20% of world´s corals damaged beyond recovery due to human pressure and coastal development. This scenario is even worse, since corals are especially vulnerable to climate change and the entire ecosystem could go extinct by 2050. In this study we focus on comparing the already established impacts from human development and the yet happen losses from climate change on Brazilian corals, a unique fauna that still have gaps in knowledge. We created environmental suitability models for 24 species and quantified individual losses from both climate change and human activities. From the individual results we derived an overall pattern, in which we found out that future losses from climate alteration are equivalent to current losses from human activities. We then used the spatial distribution of those activities and key areas for conservation, determined with software Zonation, to select six areas in the Brazilian exclusive economic zone where proactive and reactive conservation strategies should be implanted, given its importance to biodiversity and concentrated anthropogenic impacts. Overall suitability losses were of approximately 30% for both sources and 60% of the areas will continue to be suitable in the future. Therefore, Brazilian corals will experience heavy losses from climate, especially the loss of highly suitable areas, which are compared to effects from human economic activities. Coral situation is likely to be even worse, if we were to consider bleaching, ocean acidification and diseases, events expected to increase with the rising temperature. / Ecological Niche Modelling (ENM) is widely used for conservation purposes, predicting species invasion, evolutionary aspects and a whole array of applications. However, for most cases, evaluating the efficiency of those models poses as problematic, as commonly used methods (i.e. random methods) do not assure the required independence between data used to create the model and data used to evaluate the model. We developed a new transferabilitybased framework that ensures the much-needed independence between subsets. We created an alternate approach that geographically splits occurrence datasets, while intrinsically controls issues related to previous transferability approaches, such as overfitting, extrapolation and sampling bias. We used 26 Atlantic coral species to perform three different geographical divisions quantifying the effect of different splits on model predictive efficiency. We demonstrate that transferability should be used as an effective method to evaluate ENMs. Geographical split of the area in deciles proved as a reliable evaluation method, assuring independence between datasets and being less prone to common transferability issues. Our odds-and-evens framework provides improvements to the ongoing debate of ENMs evaluating by its transferability. This new method corrects the issue of artificiality causing sampling bias and overfitting, common in previous methodologies, while also is less prone to extrapolation issues, a common problem in transferability approaches. Moreover, the framework appears as a feasible and useful alternative to the problematic and commonly used random partition of datasets evaluation.

Les activités anthropiques affectent les cycles biogéochimiques globaux, principalement par l'ajout de nutriments dans les écosystèmes. Il est donc crucial de déterminer dans quelle mesure les cycles biogéochimiques globaux peuvent être régulés. Les autotrophes peuvent réguler les réservoirs de nutriments par la consommation des ressources, mais la majorité des ressources leur sont inaccessibles à l'échelle globale. Par des modèles théoriques, nous avons cherché à évaluer la manière dont les autotrophes répondent à la fertilisation à l'échelle globale et leur capacité à réguler les concentrations des nutriments quand leur accessibilité est limitée. Nous avons également étudié les mécanismes qui déterminent la régulation des rapports de Redfield dans l'océan, ainsi que les effets de l'ajout de nutriments sur la production primaire océanique totale. Nous avons montré que les organismes ne régulent pas efficacement les réservoirs de nutriments. Le couplage des cycles biogéochimiques et la compétition entre groupes fonctionnels peuvent altérer, négativement ou positivement, la régulation des cycles biogéochimiques globaux par les organismes. Une régulation inefficace des concentrations de nutriments n'exclut par contre pas une forte régulation des rapports entre ces nutriments, comme dans le cas des rapports de Redfield. La fertilisation des écosystèmes terrestres et océaniques risque donc de fortement impacter la production primaire et les cycles biogéochimiques globaux, à de courtes comme à de grandes échelles de temps. / Anthropogenic activities heavily impact global biogeochemical cycles, mainly through nutrient fertilisation of ecosystems; thus it is crucial to assess the extent to which global biogeochemical cycles are regulated. Autotrophs can regulate nutrient pools locally through resource consumption, but most resources are inaccessible to them at global scales. We used theoretical models to assess how organisms respond nutrient fertilisation at global scales and how they can regulate the concentration of these nutrients when their accessibility of is limited. We further investigated the mechanisms driving the regulation of Redfield ratios in oceans, and the effects of nutrient fertilisation on total oceanic primary production. We showed that organisms cannot efficiently regulate nutrient pools. Mechanisms such as coupling of nutrient cycles and competition between functional groups can alter the strength of biotic regulation of global biogeochemical cycles, either positively or negatively. An inefficient regulation of inaccessible nutrient concentration, however, does not exclude a strong biotic regulation of nutrient ratios, as is the case with Redfield ratios in oceans. Nutrient fertilization of oceanic and terrestrial ecosystems is thus likely to have a strong impact on primary production and global nutrient cycles at both small and long timescales.

<p>Докторска дисертација &bdquo;Вишекритеријумски приступ организацији функционалних заштитних зона природних добара у циљу смањења антропогених утицаја&ldquo; урађена је као резултат потребе за јачањем улоге заштитне зоне у очувању биодиверзитета, функционалности екосистема и квалитета екосистемских услуга, уз одрживо коришћење простора и ресурса. Анализа могућности формирања функционалних заштитних зона и утврђивање кључних критеријума за успостављање ових просторних целина, вршени су за подручја која припадају Панонском биогеографском региону.<br />Услед изузетне комплексности ове проблематике, чије решавање захтева мултидисциплинаран приступ уз комбинацију природних и друштвених наука, примењен је већи број метода истраживања ради упоређивања резултата и доношења закључака којима би се најприближније одговорило еколошким, социо-економским и другим потребама одрживог развоја. Анализа података извршена је применом модела и коришћењем математички изражених поступака, који су добијени адаптацијом постојећих модела и поступака, са мањим или већим изменама и одређеним новинама. Највеће измене извршене су у оквиру поступака везаним за одређивање статуса угрожене животне средине и приоритета за санацију и ремедијацију који су, у оригиналном облику, наведену легислативу из области заштите животне средине чинили тешко применљивом у пракси. Модел Леополдових матрица у великој мери олакшава спровођење поступка процене утицаја на животну средину, а за потребе практичне примене ове дисертације прилагођен је захтевима заштите природе. Значајан допринос докторске дисертације организацији функционалних заштитних зона дају једначине које су постављене у циљу побољшања процене потенцијалног и укупног релативног губитка станишта, насталог под утицајем антропогених фактора.</p> / <p>Doktorska disertacija &bdquo;Višekriterijumski pristup organizaciji funkcionalnih zaštitnih zona prirodnih dobara u cilju smanjenja antropogenih uticaja&ldquo; urađena je kao rezultat potrebe za jačanjem uloge zaštitne zone u očuvanju biodiverziteta, funkcionalnosti ekosistema i kvaliteta ekosistemskih usluga, uz održivo korišćenje prostora i resursa. Analiza mogućnosti formiranja funkcionalnih zaštitnih zona i utvrđivanje ključnih kriterijuma za uspostavljanje ovih prostornih celina, vršeni su za područja koja pripadaju Panonskom biogeografskom regionu.<br />Usled izuzetne kompleksnosti ove problematike, čije rešavanje zahteva multidisciplinaran pristup uz kombinaciju prirodnih i društvenih nauka, primenjen je veći broj metoda istraživanja radi upoređivanja rezultata i donošenja zaključaka kojima bi se najpribližnije odgovorilo ekološkim, socio-ekonomskim i drugim potrebama održivog razvoja. Analiza podataka izvršena je primenom modela i korišćenjem matematički izraženih postupaka, koji su dobijeni adaptacijom postojećih modela i postupaka, sa manjim ili većim izmenama i određenim novinama. Najveće izmene izvršene su u okviru postupaka vezanim za određivanje statusa ugrožene životne sredine i prioriteta za sanaciju i remedijaciju koji su, u originalnom obliku, navedenu legislativu iz oblasti zaštite životne sredine činili teško primenljivom u praksi. Model Leopoldovih matrica u velikoj meri olakšava sprovođenje postupka procene uticaja na životnu sredinu, a za potrebe praktične primene ove disertacije prilagođen je zahtevima zaštite prirode. Značajan doprinos doktorske disertacije organizaciji funkcionalnih zaštitnih zona daju jednačine koje su postavljene u cilju poboljšanja procene potencijalnog i ukupnog relativnog gubitka staništa, nastalog pod uticajem antropogenih faktora.</p> / <p>A Doctoral thesis entitled &ldquo;Multicriteria Approach to Organising Functional Protective Zones of Natural Resources Aiming to Reduce Anthropogenic Impact&rdquo; was developed as a result of the necessity for strengthening the role of the protective zone in the preservation of biodiversity, ecosystem functionality and the quality of ecosystem services, while utilising the space and resources in a sustainable manner. The analysis of the possibility of establishing functional protective zones and identificaton of key criteria for establishing these spatial entireties were carried out for areas belonging to the Pannonian bio-geographical region. The area of central Banat in the vicinity of protected areas &ndash; &ldquo;Slano Kopovo&rdquo; Special Nature Reserve (SNR), &ldquo;Rusanda&rdquo; Nature Park and &ldquo;Okanj Bara&rdquo; Special Nature Reserve was chosen for this research.<br />Due to extreme complexity of this subject matter, whose solving requires multi-disciplinary approach combining science and humanities, a few research methods were applied in order to compare results and make conclusions which would most appropriately meet the ecological, socio-economical and other needs of sustainable development. The data analysis was conducted by applying the model and using mathematically expressed procedures obtained through the adaption of existing models and procedures, with minor or major modifications and certain innovation. The greatest changes were made within the procedures related to the determination of a status of endangered environment and priorities for recovery and remediation which, in their original form, made even the mentioned legislation in the field of environmental protection difficult to apply in practice.<br />The model of Leopold matrix greatly facilitates the implementation of the procedure of assessment of impacts on the environment and in order to use this Doctoral thesis appropriately, it is adapted to the requirements of the nature protection. A significant contribution of the Doctoral thesis to the organisation of functional protective zones is provided by equations developed in order to improve the assessment of the potential and total relative loss of habitats which occurred as a result of pollution.</p>