Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, San Francisco with the University of California, Berkeley, 2008. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-09, Section: A, page: 3607. Adviser: Vincanne Adams.

Thesis (M.A.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 1995. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-113).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, San Francisco, 2010. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 71-05, Section: A, page: . Adviser: Vincanne Adams.

This thesis examines how Shia Muslims react to sudden, unexplained, and prolonged pain. In doing so, the thesis frames physical pain not only as physiological phenomenon but also as a phenomenon that is defined by historical, cultural and social context. Sudden, unexplained and prolonged pain not only produces physical hurt, it also has the capacity to interrupt individuals' social activities and as a consequence their identities and the meanings with which they are associated. For this reason, it is argued that biomedicine and psychology are not always capable of giving satisfactory accounts of the experience of pain. This failure frequently leads individuals who succumb to sudden, unexplained and prolonged pain to look for meaning in religious or quasi-religious experience. The thesis first explores historically divergent conceptions of pain. It then gives an overview of biomedical, psychological and sociological and anthropological conceptions of pain. A theoretical framework is developed that connects the experience of pain with broader social meanings, identity and the body. This framework is used to analyse qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews with Shia Muslim scholars and Shia Muslim respondents who have experienced or are experiencing sudden unexplored pain. It is shown that the religious worldview provides believers with cultural resources that allow them to negotiate the crisis of meaning and identity provoked by the experience of sudden, unexplained, prolonged pain.

Criança dependente de tecnologia corresponde àquela que necessita de algum dispositivo para compensar a perda de uma função vital. Os avanços da prática médica têm imprimido transformações no cuidado dessas crianças, antes cuidadas e mantidas no ambiente hospitalar, as quais, na atualidade, permanecem em suas casas sob os cuidados de seus pais, os quais assumem um duplo papel: de genitores e profissionais de saúde. Este estudo tem como objetivos: 1- caracterizar as crianças dependentes de tecnologia residentes no município de Ribeirão Preto segundo as variáveis: sexo, idade, condições do nascimento, origem da necessidade especial de saúde e demandas de cuidados; 2- identificar, a partir da construção do genograma e ecomapa, a rede de cuidados às crianças dependentes de tecnologia e 3- compreender a experiência do cuidado às crianças dependentes de tecnologia a partir da vivência das mães. Considerando os objetivos propostos foi necessária sua operacionalização em duas etapas. A primeira, que contemplou o primeiro objetivo, constou de um estudo descritivo exploratório, de abordagem quantitativa, com a participação de 102 mães ou responsáveis, sendo que a coleta de dados foi realizada mediante aplicação de formulário durante visita domiciliar. Como resultados, a faixa etária predominante foi de 1 a 4 anos; 57% do sexo masculino; 7,8% das mães não fizeram pré- natal; 96% nasceram em instituições hospitalares e 63,7% de parto cesárea, sendo que a prematuridade ocorreu em 29,3%. Quanto à origem das necessidades especiais de saúde, 65,7% possuíam problema congênito; 30,4% tiveram intercorrências durante o parto e ou no período neonatal e 30,4% as apresentaram ao longo da vida, definidas como causas adquiridas. Quanto à demanda de cuidados, todas exigiam cuidado tecnológico e habitual modificado, 92 necessitavam de cuidado medicamentoso e 74 de cuidado de desenvolvimento. A segunda etapa contemplou o segundo e terceiro objetivos, utilizando, como base teórica, a antropologia médica e, metodológica, a análise da narrativa. Participaram dessa etapa doze mães de crianças dependentes de tecnologia. Como técnica para obtenção das narrativas, utilizamos a entrevista aberta, também realizada no domicílio. As narrativas foram organizadas em três categorias temáticas: a (re)construção da experiência do adoecimento, na qual identificamos os acontecimentos passados relacionados ao diagnóstico, ao desconforto, à frustração e ao medo do preconceito e a busca por outras explicações, além da biológica, especialmente no que se refere às religiosas; a reorganização da vida e as redes sociais diante dos rearranjos na dinâmica intrafamiliar e extrafamiliar, do itinerário terapêutico, da sobrecarga materna, do impacto da condição nas relações familiares e das redes sociais disponíveis para o cuidado de um filho dependente de tecnologia e a prática de cuidado do filho dependente de tecnologia e suas relações com os subsistemas de cuidados à saúde, discutindo o processo de alta hospitalar, as dificuldades do subsistema familiar no manejo dos dispositivos tecnológicos, a insatisfação em relação ao subsistema profissional, o papel da enfermagem como membro atuante do subsistema profissional e a busca pelo subsistema popular. Este estudo permitiu identificar os limites do modelo biomédico e forneceu subsídios para um projeto de cuidado em saúde que considere os valores morais e as crenças das famílias diante do adoecimento de uma criança dependente de tecnologia. Os resultados encontrados poderão colaborar para mudanças no processo de trabalho em saúde, de forma que sua fundamentação não seja norteada apenas pelo modelo biomédico, possibilitando que as dimensões socioculturais sejam integradas ao movimento de cuidado em saúde. / Technology-dependent children are children who need some device to compensate for the loss of a vital function. Advances in medical practices have caused transformations in care for these children, who used to be cared for and maintained in the hospital context, but today stay at home under their parents\' care, who take on a double role: genitors and health professionals. The aims of this study are to: 1- characterize technology-dependent children in Ribeirão Preto according to the variables: gender, age, birth conditions, origin of special health need and care demands; 2- identify, based on the construction of the genogram and ecomap, the care network for technology- dependent children and 3- understand the care experience for technology-dependent children based on the mothers\' perspective. In view of the proposed objectives, two phases were needed to put the research in practice. In the first, which addressed the first objective, a descriptive and exploratory quantitative study was undertaken, involving 102 mothers or responsible caregivers. Data were collected through the application of a form during a home visit. Results showed that: the predominant age range was between 1 and 4 years; 57% were male; 7.8% of the mothers did not get prenatal consultations; 96% were born in hospitals and 63.7% through caesarean delivery, with 29.3% of cases of premature birth. As regards the origin of the special health needs, 65.7% suffered from a congenital problem; in 30.4%, problems occurred during birth and/or the neonatal period and, in 30.4% across the lifetime, defined as acquired causes. Concerning care demands, all children required technological and modified habitual care, 92 needed medication care and 74 developmental care. The second phase responded to the second and third objectives, using medical anthropology as the theoretical and narrative analysis as the methodological basis. Participants in this phase were twelve mothers of technology-dependent children. Open interviews were used to collect the narratives, also held at the mothers\' homes. The narratives were organized in three theme categories: the (re)construction of the disease experience, in which we identified past events related to the diagnosis, discomfort, frustration, fear of prejudice and search for other explanations than the biological, especially considering religious; the reorganization of life and social networks in view of rearrangements in intra and extra-family dynamics, the therapeutic itinerary, the maternal burden, the impact of the condition on family relations and the social networks available for care delivery to a technology-dependent child; and care practice for a technology-dependent child and its relations with health care subsystems, discussing the hospital discharge process, difficulties for the family subsystem to manage technological devices; dissatisfaction with the professional subsystem, the role of nursing as an active member of the professional subsystem and the search for the popular subsystem. This study permitted identifying the limits of the biomedical model and provided support for a health care project that takes into account the families\' moral values and beliefs in view of the disease of a technology-dependent child. The results found can collaborate towards changes in the health work process, so that its foundation are guided not only by the biomedical model, but also allow the integration of the sociocultural dimensions into the health care movement.

Criança dependente de tecnologia corresponde àquela que necessita de algum dispositivo para compensar a perda de uma função vital. Os avanços da prática médica têm imprimido transformações no cuidado dessas crianças, antes cuidadas e mantidas no ambiente hospitalar, as quais, na atualidade, permanecem em suas casas sob os cuidados de seus pais, os quais assumem um duplo papel: de genitores e profissionais de saúde. Este estudo tem como objetivos: 1- caracterizar as crianças dependentes de tecnologia residentes no município de Ribeirão Preto segundo as variáveis: sexo, idade, condições do nascimento, origem da necessidade especial de saúde e demandas de cuidados; 2- identificar, a partir da construção do genograma e ecomapa, a rede de cuidados às crianças dependentes de tecnologia e 3- compreender a experiência do cuidado às crianças dependentes de tecnologia a partir da vivência das mães. Considerando os objetivos propostos foi necessária sua operacionalização em duas etapas. A primeira, que contemplou o primeiro objetivo, constou de um estudo descritivo exploratório, de abordagem quantitativa, com a participação de 102 mães ou responsáveis, sendo que a coleta de dados foi realizada mediante aplicação de formulário durante visita domiciliar. Como resultados, a faixa etária predominante foi de 1 a 4 anos; 57% do sexo masculino; 7,8% das mães não fizeram pré- natal; 96% nasceram em instituições hospitalares e 63,7% de parto cesárea, sendo que a prematuridade ocorreu em 29,3%. Quanto à origem das necessidades especiais de saúde, 65,7% possuíam problema congênito; 30,4% tiveram intercorrências durante o parto e ou no período neonatal e 30,4% as apresentaram ao longo da vida, definidas como causas adquiridas. Quanto à demanda de cuidados, todas exigiam cuidado tecnológico e habitual modificado, 92 necessitavam de cuidado medicamentoso e 74 de cuidado de desenvolvimento. A segunda etapa contemplou o segundo e terceiro objetivos, utilizando, como base teórica, a antropologia médica e, metodológica, a análise da narrativa. Participaram dessa etapa doze mães de crianças dependentes de tecnologia. Como técnica para obtenção das narrativas, utilizamos a entrevista aberta, também realizada no domicílio. As narrativas foram organizadas em três categorias temáticas: a (re)construção da experiência do adoecimento, na qual identificamos os acontecimentos passados relacionados ao diagnóstico, ao desconforto, à frustração e ao medo do preconceito e a busca por outras explicações, além da biológica, especialmente no que se refere às religiosas; a reorganização da vida e as redes sociais diante dos rearranjos na dinâmica intrafamiliar e extrafamiliar, do itinerário terapêutico, da sobrecarga materna, do impacto da condição nas relações familiares e das redes sociais disponíveis para o cuidado de um filho dependente de tecnologia e a prática de cuidado do filho dependente de tecnologia e suas relações com os subsistemas de cuidados à saúde, discutindo o processo de alta hospitalar, as dificuldades do subsistema familiar no manejo dos dispositivos tecnológicos, a insatisfação em relação ao subsistema profissional, o papel da enfermagem como membro atuante do subsistema profissional e a busca pelo subsistema popular. Este estudo permitiu identificar os limites do modelo biomédico e forneceu subsídios para um projeto de cuidado em saúde que considere os valores morais e as crenças das famílias diante do adoecimento de uma criança dependente de tecnologia. Os resultados encontrados poderão colaborar para mudanças no processo de trabalho em saúde, de forma que sua fundamentação não seja norteada apenas pelo modelo biomédico, possibilitando que as dimensões socioculturais sejam integradas ao movimento de cuidado em saúde. / Technology-dependent children are children who need some device to compensate for the loss of a vital function. Advances in medical practices have caused transformations in care for these children, who used to be cared for and maintained in the hospital context, but today stay at home under their parents\' care, who take on a double role: genitors and health professionals. The aims of this study are to: 1- characterize technology-dependent children in Ribeirão Preto according to the variables: gender, age, birth conditions, origin of special health need and care demands; 2- identify, based on the construction of the genogram and ecomap, the care network for technology- dependent children and 3- understand the care experience for technology-dependent children based on the mothers\' perspective. In view of the proposed objectives, two phases were needed to put the research in practice. In the first, which addressed the first objective, a descriptive and exploratory quantitative study was undertaken, involving 102 mothers or responsible caregivers. Data were collected through the application of a form during a home visit. Results showed that: the predominant age range was between 1 and 4 years; 57% were male; 7.8% of the mothers did not get prenatal consultations; 96% were born in hospitals and 63.7% through caesarean delivery, with 29.3% of cases of premature birth. As regards the origin of the special health needs, 65.7% suffered from a congenital problem; in 30.4%, problems occurred during birth and/or the neonatal period and, in 30.4% across the lifetime, defined as acquired causes. Concerning care demands, all children required technological and modified habitual care, 92 needed medication care and 74 developmental care. The second phase responded to the second and third objectives, using medical anthropology as the theoretical and narrative analysis as the methodological basis. Participants in this phase were twelve mothers of technology-dependent children. Open interviews were used to collect the narratives, also held at the mothers\' homes. The narratives were organized in three theme categories: the (re)construction of the disease experience, in which we identified past events related to the diagnosis, discomfort, frustration, fear of prejudice and search for other explanations than the biological, especially considering religious; the reorganization of life and social networks in view of rearrangements in intra and extra-family dynamics, the therapeutic itinerary, the maternal burden, the impact of the condition on family relations and the social networks available for care delivery to a technology-dependent child; and care practice for a technology-dependent child and its relations with health care subsystems, discussing the hospital discharge process, difficulties for the family subsystem to manage technological devices; dissatisfaction with the professional subsystem, the role of nursing as an active member of the professional subsystem and the search for the popular subsystem. This study permitted identifying the limits of the biomedical model and provided support for a health care project that takes into account the families\' moral values and beliefs in view of the disease of a technology-dependent child. The results found can collaborate towards changes in the health work process, so that its foundation are guided not only by the biomedical model, but also allow the integration of the sociocultural dimensions into the health care movement.

Beginning in the ninth century, Chaco Canyon saw the construction of distinctive, large-scale masonry architecture that has come to characterize the Chaco culture system. However, the great houses of Chaco Canyon were abandoned long before European contact, leaving behind no record of why these large structures were originally built or what function they served. Pueblo Bonito, which was among the earliest and most centrally located of the Chaco great houses, entombed dozens of individuals in two small clusters of intramural burial chambers. Many of the remains were disarticulated, while others were buried with a remarkable array of grave goods, engendering a range of theories regarding who these persons were and why they were buried within the walls of this important structure. To address these questions, the present study uses methods derived from bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology by first reassociating the commingled human skeletal remains, then performing taphonomic and pathological analysis of these individuals. Reassociation of these remains prior to analysis permits more accurate assessment of sex and age of these individuals, as well as of their health status of these individuals in life and their treatment at death. Results of this study do not support previous interpretations that these burials represent sociopolitical elites, nor that they were the victims of human sacrifice, fallen warriors, or victims of cannibalism. This research does not indicate that the disarticulated bodies result from natural taphonomic processes, looting or vandalism, and points to a different perspective on Chaco mortuary behavior. This research offers a fresh perspective on who these persons may have been and what their disposition within the walls of Pueblo Bonito might signify / acase@tulane.edu

<p>This dissertation examines how perceptions of beauty in Brazil reflect both the existing social inequalities and the struggles to produce a more egalitarian society. While hegemonic discourses about beauty in Brazil foster an upper-middle class, white standard, the working-class make claims to citizenship by redefining beauty according to their own affective, sensory experiences. As I see it, the affective relationship that plastic surgery patients have towards their own bodies is central to understanding why beauty is a source of social recognition in Brazil. In this dissertation, I argue that even though discourse attempts to discipline the body to perceive only the "truths" it produces, subjects reinhabit discourses through their immediate sensory experiences, opening up the political space to generate social change.</p> <p>In order to access this form of "cosmetic citizenship," however, working-class patients undergo low-cost aesthetic surgeries in public hospitals, which are subsidized by the State and help build the national reputation of plastic surgeons. I argue that this national investment in beauty establishes personal appearance as a precondition for citizenship and inclusion in the nation. While media narratives construct beauty as a vehicle for upward mobility in Brazil, the medical discourse about beauty imagines the Brazilian population as becoming progressively homogeneous through "miscegenation" and surgery. These discourses depend on the raciology established by Neo-Lamarckian eugenics at the beginning of the twentieth century, and later popularized by the work of Gilberto Freyre.</p> / Dissertation

This thesis describes the place of alcohol in the lives of people from Rarotonga, Cook Islands. It incorporates historical and ethnographic analyses to provide the broad context of drinking by people aged from their teens to late thirties. / The historical component of this study describes specific accounts of alcohol consumption, and situates these with regard to changes that occurred in Rarotonga from the early 19th century. Prior to contact with Papa’a (Europeans), people of Rarotonga neither produced nor consumed alcoholic beverages. Thus, the use of alcohol was a phenomenon intimately bound up with global exploration, proselytisation and trade. I trace historical changes in the distribution of power, resources, religious practice, and social discourse, and show how alcohol practice, distribution, and trade was linked to these changes from missionary contact onward. / This history informs the ethnography of contemporary drinking practices. Individual and group practices and understandings of alcohol are described. I also describe the contribution of state policy, commercial interests, government institutions, and religious organisations to the place of alcohol in Rarotonga. Alcohol is a transformative substance that changes the comportment of drinkers. But its effect is ambiguous, and recognised as such. ‘Drunken’ behaviours are often explained as originating in concerns and desires that pertain in sobriety. Thus, the status of alcohol consumption as an explanation for specific behaviours is equivocal, and contested. / Drinking is a means by which relationships between friends, kin and strangers are initiated and/or maintained. The particular significance of alcohol to the maintenance of (drinking) relationships is not only due to social constructions of meanings and practices associated with drinking; pharmacological effects of alcohol increase the social salience of drinking. Drinking both alters bodies and alters relationships between drinkers. In this sense, it embodies social meanings and understandings of drinking practice. / Finally, I suggest that in Rarotonga, the association of drinking with emotional experience and behaviour is also, in part, attributable to the ‘embodied’ experience of alcohol. The form of emotional experience, and the form of embodied experience of alcohol, are similar. These are associated with one another through analogy (and so by the social construction of each) by embodied experience.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-06, Section: A, page: 2529. Adviser: R. Barry Lewis. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-215) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.