Thesis (M.A.)--California State University, Dominguez Hills, 2000. / Typescript. "Spring 2000." eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-108) and abstract.

Thesis (M.A.)--California State University, Dominguez Hills, 2000. / Typescript. "Spring 2000." eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-108) and abstract.

Desde a entrada dos visigodos nas terras do Império Romano percebemos uma intenção clara da aristocracia dirigente de fixação do povo em um território e de normatização de um poder sistemático. Ao longo dos séculos IV ao VII esse processo esbarrou em diversos fatores, como as disputas entre as aristocracias pelo poder e a fragilidade da transmissão do poder entre os visigodos, que não possuíam o critério hereditário para isso. Dessa forma, a partir do governo de Leovigildo notamos uma tentativa de normatização política e de reforço da autoridade do rei e da monarquia por meio da unidade religiosa. Para conquistar essa unidade religiosa não alcançada por Leovigildo, seu filho Recaredo buscou o apoio legitimador da Igreja Católica. A partir desse episódio, os governantes que o sucederam também deram continuidade a essa política de unificação religiosa, o que contribuía para o fortalecimento do poder real e da monarquia enquanto instituição.Para buscar essa unidade religiosa os cânones conciliares da Península Ibérica passaram a sistematizar um vasto corpo de legislação antijudaica. Nesse sentido, questionamos se essas medidas contribuíam para o reforço da unidade religiosa e política na região, além de contribuir para o reforço da identidade entre a aristocracia católica, já que agora esses possuíam um inimigo em comum para combater, no caso os judeus. Essa união gerada para combater um inimigo compartilhado pode ter favorecido a governabilidade na região, já que o rei é quem liderava esse processo de combate àqueles que comprometiam a salvação do reino. / Since the entry of the Visigoths in the lands of the Roman Empire perceive a clear intention of the ruling aristocracy attachment of the people in a territory and standardization of a systematic power. Over the centuries IV to VII this process ran on several factors, such as disputes between the aristocracy and the fragility of the power transmission of power between the Visigoths, who had no hereditary criterion for this. Thus, from the government Leovigild noticed an attempt to standardize policy and strengthening the authority of the king and the monarchy through religious unity. To conquer this religious unity not achieved by Leovigild his son Reccared sought support legitimizing the Catholic Church. From this episode, the rulers who succeeded him also continued this policy of religious unity, which contributed to the strengthening of royal power and the monarchy as an institution. To get that religious unity conciliar canons of the Iberian Peninsula began to systematize a large body of anti-Jewish legislation. Accordingly, we question whether these measures contributed to strengthening the unity of religion and politics in the region and contribute to the strengthening of the identity of the Catholic aristocracy, now that these had a common enemy to fight, if the Jews. This union created to fight an enemy may have favored the shared governance in the region, as the king who is leading this process to combat those who committed the salvation of the kingdom.

Desde a entrada dos visigodos nas terras do Império Romano percebemos uma intenção clara da aristocracia dirigente de fixação do povo em um território e de normatização de um poder sistemático. Ao longo dos séculos IV ao VII esse processo esbarrou em diversos fatores, como as disputas entre as aristocracias pelo poder e a fragilidade da transmissão do poder entre os visigodos, que não possuíam o critério hereditário para isso. Dessa forma, a partir do governo de Leovigildo notamos uma tentativa de normatização política e de reforço da autoridade do rei e da monarquia por meio da unidade religiosa. Para conquistar essa unidade religiosa não alcançada por Leovigildo, seu filho Recaredo buscou o apoio legitimador da Igreja Católica. A partir desse episódio, os governantes que o sucederam também deram continuidade a essa política de unificação religiosa, o que contribuía para o fortalecimento do poder real e da monarquia enquanto instituição.Para buscar essa unidade religiosa os cânones conciliares da Península Ibérica passaram a sistematizar um vasto corpo de legislação antijudaica. Nesse sentido, questionamos se essas medidas contribuíam para o reforço da unidade religiosa e política na região, além de contribuir para o reforço da identidade entre a aristocracia católica, já que agora esses possuíam um inimigo em comum para combater, no caso os judeus. Essa união gerada para combater um inimigo compartilhado pode ter favorecido a governabilidade na região, já que o rei é quem liderava esse processo de combate àqueles que comprometiam a salvação do reino. / Since the entry of the Visigoths in the lands of the Roman Empire perceive a clear intention of the ruling aristocracy attachment of the people in a territory and standardization of a systematic power. Over the centuries IV to VII this process ran on several factors, such as disputes between the aristocracy and the fragility of the power transmission of power between the Visigoths, who had no hereditary criterion for this. Thus, from the government Leovigild noticed an attempt to standardize policy and strengthening the authority of the king and the monarchy through religious unity. To conquer this religious unity not achieved by Leovigild his son Reccared sought support legitimizing the Catholic Church. From this episode, the rulers who succeeded him also continued this policy of religious unity, which contributed to the strengthening of royal power and the monarchy as an institution. To get that religious unity conciliar canons of the Iberian Peninsula began to systematize a large body of anti-Jewish legislation. Accordingly, we question whether these measures contributed to strengthening the unity of religion and politics in the region and contribute to the strengthening of the identity of the Catholic aristocracy, now that these had a common enemy to fight, if the Jews. This union created to fight an enemy may have favored the shared governance in the region, as the king who is leading this process to combat those who committed the salvation of the kingdom.

This study analyzes narratives of individual Jewish experiences of discrimination and genocidal violence in Hungary during the period of 1920–1945. The aim is to increase our knowledge and understanding of the events through an investigation of survivor testimonies concerning anti-Jewish laws and the Holocaust. The main focus is on how survivors perceived the treatment to which they and their fellow Jews were exposed, and how they responded to the persecution they faced. Perceptions and responses are analyzed through multiple factors such as gender, age, social class, and geographical place. The period under investigation stretches from 1920, when the law of Numerus Clausus (a quota system influencing admission to universities) was introduced, until the end of the Second World War in early 1945. Focus is placed on the war years, especially on 1944, the year of German occupation and the fascist Arrow Cross rule. Experiences from the labour service system, the Jewish houses in Budapest, and the ghettos, as well as of hiding and resistance, are some of the recurring themes which are examined here. Extensive interviews, along with eyewitness reports and memoirs, form the empirical basis of the study. The results demonstrate the complexity of individual experiences during times of upheaval, and the importance of the above factors is evident within the testimonies. The survivors’ experiences greatly depended on gender, age, social class, geographical place, civil status, religious orientation, as well as “race”. However, the importance of the different factors changed over time. For instance, in the beginning of this period, discrimination had a direct impact on adult males, while children, women, and the elderly were indirectly affected. Furthermore, persons belonging to the upper classes could circumvent the anti-Jewish laws in various ways. Ultimately, differences in treatment decreased, according to the testimonies. Women, children, and the elderly also became victims, as did individuals from all social classes.